7 research outputs found
A Study on Requirements and Effects of Illegality Defence
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๋ฒ๊ณผ๋ํ ๋ฒํ๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ๊ถ์์ค.Article 746 of the Civil Act stipulates that, if a person transferred property or rendered service for an illegal cause, he/she may demand restitution only when the illegal cause existed only on the part of the recipient. On the other hand, when an illegal agreement is made and preformed, in general both the parties are more or less responsible for the illegal transaction. Therefore, should courts interpret the provision narrowly according to its wording only, the restitutionary remedies are likely to be rejected with almost no exception. This study addresses the issues concerning a defence of illegality, paying keen attention to vagueness and abstractness of the illegal cause prescribed by this stipulation and the harsh results for the transferor when this article is applied.
A defence of illegality originates in Roman law. The Roman maxims, Ex Turpi Causa non oritur actio and In Pari Delicto est conditio defendtis, are the two pillars of the defence and frequently referred to in recent court opinions in common law countries. In this context, the maxims have maintained a sort of binding force until now in such jurisdictions. In civil law countries like Germany, they have stipulations regarding the defence in the chapter of unjust enrichment of the civil code. So, in the nations including Japan and Korea whose civil codes are modeled on German one, discussions are mainly focused on literal interpretation of the codified provisions, as if they are totally separated from the maxims. However, the goal or purpose to be realized by applying the maxims and that purported in the statutory clauses concerning the defence of illegality are not different just as they have a common origin. In this context, I introduced important court decisions delivered in Great Britain and the United States and analyzed them. That is because I thought the interpretation of illegality and the determination on whether restitutionary claims should be granted in common law courts could offer an critical implication in applying Article 746 of Civil Act.
For Article 746 to be applied, a case has to meet the requirements of illegal cause and transfer of economic benefits. If a case lacks either of them, a defence of illegality is precluded. This thesis introduces court precedents and scholaric opinions on the definition of illegality and the threshold therefor, and then discusses the relevant issues. Furthermore, it suggests that a court should review the two requirements as a whole one, not separated from each other. This approach may lead to a desirable and reasonable conclusion of law when the time frame between an illegal cause and the subsequent transfer of property is long enough during which social norms regulating the transaction has altered. Also, this is the case when a contract is legitimate and valid but the parties thereto commit irregularities in performing the contract. In addition, I suggested that the public policy underlying the related laws should be considered in deciding whether a transaction was illegal or not.
It is generally accepted that transfer of property means an act by which a person conveys an economic benefit at his/her expense. In such type of contracts as lease, loan and safekeeping (deposit), the party who makes use of a specific property or consumes a certain amount of fungibles is supposed to return the thing or the same amount to the other party when the contract comes to an end. In light of the nature of this type of transactions, a question may be raised whether Article 746 is applied to the object itself of such a contract when it is illegal and void. In such tractions as lease, rent, loan for use and safekeeping, the recipient has the right to possess and make use of it, but not the title. Consequently, this work concludes, the object of such a contract is not transferred and so Article 746 is not applicable. On the other hand, in a case of loan for consumption, the borrower obtains the ownership of cash or fungibles. The original sum of money is transferred to the borrower and the defence of illegality can be raised when the lender asks the borrower to repay the principal.
Finally this writing touches on the criteria by which the restitutionary claims based on unjust enrichment are granted or rejected. It analyzes a legal theory where contribution of each party to the illegal and void transaction should be relatively compared and the result be reflected in conclusion of law. When the transferor of property is more culpable, the restitutionary claims are dismissed. The Supreme Court of Korea deviated from the wording of only on the part of the recipient and opined that should the enriched party be conspicuously responsible, he/she was liable to return the property or benefit. The Supreme Court opinion has lowered the threshold of restitutionary claims being granted. It is in line with the comparative-culpability approach. A Japanese trial court recently adopted this theory and rendered a judgment that the enriched party should return the property or benefit in proportion to his/her responsibility compared with the other partys. In addition, this thesis reasons that the public policies sought by the related statutes and the public interest in general are the critical factors to be considered in deciding whether to uphold a defence of illegality.๋ฏผ๋ฒ ์ 746์กฐ์ ์ํ๋ฉด, ๋ถ๋ฒ์์ธ์ ๊ธฐํ์ฌ ๊ธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํ ์๋ ๋ถ๋ฒ์์ธ์ด ์๋๋ฐฉ์๊ฒ๋ง ์๋ ๋์ ํํ์ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ธ๋ถ๋ฌผ์ ๊ดํ์ฌ ์๋๋ฐฉ์ผ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋ถ๋น์ด๋๋ฐํ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฐ๋ฐ ๊ธ์ฌ์ ์์ธ์ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ฑ์ด ์๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋น์ฌ์ ์๋ฐฉ์ด ์ ๋์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ ์์ด๋ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ฑ์ ๋ํ์ฌ ๊ณต๋์ฑ
์์ด ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋์กฐ๋ฅผ ์๊ฒฉํ ์ ์ฉํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ์์ต์์๊ฒ ๋ค์๊ฐ์ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ฑ์ด ์์์๋ ๋ถ๋น์ด๋๋ฐํ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๊ฐ ์ ๋ฉด ๋ถ์ ๋๋ ๊ฐํนํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์ด๋๋๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ ์ 746์กฐ์ ์ ์ฉ์ ์์ด์ ์๊ฑด์ ์ถ์์ฑ๊ณผ ํจ๊ณผ์ ๊ทน๋จ์ฑ์ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ๋ฉด์ ๊ด๋ จ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํ์ด๋๊ฐ๋ค.
๋ถ๋ฒ์์ธ๊ธ์ฌ์ ๋๋ ๋ก๋ง๋ฒ์ ๊ธฐ์์ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ก๋ง๋ฒ์ ๋ฒ์ธ์ ์๊ตญ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋ฑ ํ๋ก๋ฒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ํ๊ฒฐ์์๋ ํ์ฌ์๋ ๊ทธ๋๋ก ์ธ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์์ ์ ๋๋ก ๊ท๋ฒ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋
์ผ ๋ฑ ์ค์ ๋ฒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์๋ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ์ ๋ถ๋น์ด๋ ํธ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ํ ๋ช
๋ฌธ์ ๊ท์ ์ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋
์ผ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ์ ๊ณ์ํ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์์๋ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ ๊ท์ ์ ํด์๋ก ์ ๋๋ฌ์ธ๊ณ ๋
ผ์๊ฐ ์งํ๋๊ณ ์์ด ๋ก๋ง๋ฒ์ ๋ฒ์ธ๊ณผ ๋๋จ์ด์ ธ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ๋ณด์ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ๋ถ๋ฒ์์ธ๊ธ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ถ๊ตฌํ๋ ์ด์์ ์ด ์ ๋์ ๊ธฐ์์ด ๊ฐ๋ฏ์ด ํ๋ก๋ฒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์ ์ค์ ๋ฒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ ์ฌ์ด์ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ก๋ก์์ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ํฐ ์๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ ํ๋ก๋ค์ ์๊ฐํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ ์๊ฒ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ์๋ฏธ๋ฒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ์์์ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ฑ์ ํด์๊ณผ ๋ฐํ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์ ์ธ๋ถ์ ๊ดํ ํ๋จ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ์ ํด์, ์ ์ฉ์ ์์ด์ ์ค์ํ ๋จ์๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ด๋ค.
๋ฏผ๋ฒ ์ 746์กฐ๊ฐ ์ ์ฉ๋๊ธฐ ์ํ ์๊ฑด์ ๋ถ๋ฒ์์ธ๊ณผ ์ด์ ๊ธฐํ ๊ธ์ฌ์ด๋ค. ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์๊ฑด ์ค ํ๋๋ผ๋ ๋น ์ง๋ฉด ๋ ์ด์ ๋ถ๋ฒ์์ธ๊ธ์ฌ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ์ง ์๋๋ค. ์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ ๊ฐ๋
๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๊ดํ์ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ํ๋ก์ ํ์ค์ ์๊ฐํ๊ณ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ฑ์ ์๊ฑด์ ๊ธ์ฌ๋ก๋ถํฐ ๋
๋ฆฝํ์ฌ ํ๋จํ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๊ธ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ์ํ์์ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ฑ์ ํ๋จํ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ๊ทผ์ ์์ธํ์์ ๊ธ์ฌ ์ฌ์ด์ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๊ฒฉ์ด ์๊ณ ๊ทธ ์ฌ์ด ์ํ์๊ท์ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ ํจํ์ง๋ง ๊ทธ ์ดํ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์ฌ(ไปๅจ)๋์ด ์๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋์ถํ๋ ๋ฐ ์ ์ฉํ ์ด๋ก ์ ๋๊ตฌ๊ฐ ๋ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ฑ์ ๊ธ์ง๊ท๋ฒ์ ์
๋ฒ์ทจ์ง๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ์ฌ ํ๋จํ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค.
๊ธ์ฌ๋ ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฐ์ ๊ฐ์น ์๋ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด ๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ด๋์ ์ด์ ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค. ๋์ฐจํ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ๋์ฃผ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์ฃผ์๊ฒ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฌผ์ ์ ์ ๋ฅผ ์ด์ ํ์ฌ ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉ, ์์ต์ ํ ์ ์๋๋ก ํ๊ณ , ๋ฐํ์๊ธฐ์ ์๋ฌผ ๋๋ ๊ทธ ๋ฑ๊ฐ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฐํํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ด์ฉ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋์ฐจํ ๊ณ์ฝ์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๋น์ถ์ด๋ณผ ๋, ์ ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ด์ต ๋๋ ๊ทธ ๋๊ฐ์ ๊ดํ์ฌ ๊ธ์ฌ๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ช
๋ฐฑํ์ง๋ง ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฌผ ์์ฒด์ ๊ธ์ฌ๊ฐ ์์๋ค๊ณ ๋ณผ ๊ฒ์ธ์ง์ ๊ดํ์ฌ๋ ๋คํผ์ด ์์ ์ ์๋ค. ์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋์ฐจ, ์๋์ฐจ ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฌผ ์์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ ๊ฒ์ด ์์ ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๊ทธ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ธ์ฌ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋์ง๋ง ์๋น๋์ฐจ, ์๋น์์น ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ด ์ฐจ์ฃผ๊ฐ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฌผ์ ์์ ๊ถ์ ์ทจ๋ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๊ธ์ฌ์ ํด๋นํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ถ๋ฒ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์๋์ฐจ๊ณ์ฝ์์ ์๋์ธ์ด ์์ฐจ์ธ์ ์๋๋ก ์์ ๊ถ์ ๊ธฐํ์ฌ ๋ชฉ์ ๋ฌผ์ ๋ฐํ์ ์ฒญ๊ตฌํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ 746์กฐ๊ฐ ์ ์ฉ๋์ง ์์ง๋ง ๋ถ๋ฒ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์๋น๋์ฐจ์์ ๋์ฃผ๊ฐ ์ฐจ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์๋๋ก ๋์ฌ๊ธ์ ๋ฐํ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์๋ ๋์กฐ๊ฐ ์ ์ฉ๋๋ค.
๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก, ๋ฏผ๋ฒ ์ 746์กฐ ๋ณธ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ฐํ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๋์กฐ ๋จ์๋ฅผ ์ ์ฉํ์ฌ ๋ฐํ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ฉํด์ผ ํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ๊ตฌ๋ถ ๊ธฐ์ค์ ๊ดํ์ฌ ๋
ผํ์๋ค. ์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ฑ๋น๊ต๋ก ์ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๋๋ฒ์์ด ๋ถ๋ฒ์ฑํ์ ์ค์ ์ทจํ์ฌ ๋์กฐ ๋จ์๊ฐ ์ ์ฉ๋๋ ๋ฒ์๋ฅผ ๋ํ ๊ฒ์ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ฑ๋น๊ต๋ก ๊ณผ ์ผ๋งฅ์ํตํ๋ค. ๋ ๋์๊ฐ ์ผ๋ณธ์ ํ๊ธ์ฌ ํ๋ก ์ค์๋ ๊ธ์ฌ์์ ์์ต์ ์ฌ์ด์ ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ๋ฒ์ฑ์ ๋น์จ์ ์ ํ ๋ค์ ๊ทธ ๋น์จ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐํ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ์ฉํ ์ฌ๋ก๋ ์๋๋ฐ, ์ด๋ฌํ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ์ ์
๋ฒ๋ก ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒํ ํ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ์๋ค. ๋ํ ์ด ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ๊ธ์ง๊ท๋ฒ ๋๋ ๊ด๋ จ ๋ฒ๊ท์ ์
๋ฒ์ทจ์ง์ ๊ณต์ต์ ๋ํ ๊ณ ๋ ค๊ฐ ๋ฐํ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ฉํ ๊ฒ์ธ์ง ๊ฒฐ์ ํ๋ ๋งค์ฐ ์ค์ํ ์์์์ ๋ฐํ๋ค.์ 1์ฅ ์๋ก 1
์ 1์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ชฉ์ 1
์ 2์ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ 2
์ 2์ฅ ๋ถ๋ฒ์์ธ๊ธ์ฌ์ ๊ดํ ๊ธฐ์ด ๋
ผ์ 4
์ 1์ ๋
ผ์์ ํ์์ฑ 4
์ 2์ ์ ๋์ ์ทจ์ง ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด๋ จ๋ ๋
ผ์ 5
์ 3์ ์ธ๊ตญ์ ๋ถ๋ฒ์์ธ๊ธ์ฌ์ ๋ 21
์ 4์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋๋ผ์์์ ๋ถ๋ฒ์ฑ ํ๋จ๊ธฐ์ค ๋ฐ ํจ๊ณผ 58
์ 3์ฅ ๋ถ๋ฒ์์ธ๊ธ์ฌ ํ๋จ๊ธฐ์ค ๋ฐ ํจ๊ณผ 69
์ 1์ ๋
ผ์์ ๋์๊ณผ ๋ฒ์ 69
์ 2์ ๋ถ๋ฒ์์ธ๊ธ์ฌ ์ฌ๋ถ ํ๋จ๊ธฐ์ค 70
์ 3์ ๋ถ๋ฒ์์ธ๊ธ์ฌ ์ธ์ ํจ๊ณผ 96
์ 4์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 107
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 109Maste