1980년대 한미관계: 레이건-전두환 정부 간 안보·통상관계의 불균형을 중심으로

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 국제대학원 국제학과, 2017. 8. 신성호.1980년대 한미관계를 다룬 기존의 연구들은 광주혁명과 미국의 개입에 초점을 맞추어 한미관계를 조명해왔으며, 이 과정에서 한미 안보 및 외교 관계에 대한 연구가 집중적으로 이루어져왔다. 80년대를 대표하는 미국의 레이건 정부와 한국의 전두환 정부는 과거 한미관계에 비해 상대적으로 매우 우호적인 관계를 맺은 것으로 평가된다. 그러나 한미통상관계를 다룬 연구들을 살펴보면 동 시기는 레이건 정부의 보호무역주의가 심화되며 한미 간 통상 긴장이 고조되는 시기임을 알 수 있다. 따라서 본 논문은 기밀 해제된 레이건 시기 미국 정부의 문건과 전두환 시기 한국 외교부 문서를 바탕으로 80년대 두 정부가 안보 동맹의 강화와 통상 갈등의 심화라는 불균형적 관계를 맺고 있었음을 재 입증한다. 이를 통해 80년대 한미관계를 보다 통합적인 시각에서 재조명하고 최근 미 트럼프 정부의 보호무역주의 및 자국우선주의 기조가 강화되며 트럼프 행정부와 레이건 행정부 정책의 유사성이 대두되는 가운데 현대 한미관계에 미치는 함의를 도출하고자 하였다.Established studies reviewing on Korea-U.S. relation in the 1980s have mainly examined Gwangju Uprising and the issue of the responsibility for the U.S. intervention focusing on security and diplomatic relations between the two nations. The relations between the two governments representing the 1980s were assessed as rather amicable based on the strengthened security ties. However, studies focusing on trade relations between the two governments view the 1980s as the era of intensified tensions. Thus, by examining declassified documents published by the U.S. government and Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Korea, the paper re-verifies the asymmetric nature of the relationsstrengthened security alliance and intensified trade conflicts between the two nations. In addition, as Trump administration proclaims protectionism glorifying the Reagan era, reviewing the systematic differences between the past and current Korea-U.S. relations would be a meaningful work. Through this, the paper reviews the relations more comprehensively hoping to contribute to understand not only the current situations Korea is facing but also the future challenges it would encounter with the U.S.I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW 5 III. RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND METHODS 11 3.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 11 3.2 METHODS 13 3.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 14 IV. THE BEGINNING OF THE TWO GOVERNMENTS 15 4.1 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE GOVERNMENTS 15 4.2 SECURITY ENVIRONMENT BEFORE THE 1980s 16 4.3 ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT BEFORE THE 1980s 17 V. STRENGTHENED SECURITY TIES 20 5.1 CHUNS VISIT TO THE U.S. IN 1981 20 5.2 THE U.S. SECURITY POLICIES TOWARDS KOREA IN 1983 25 VI. GROWING PRESSURES AND EMPHASIS ON ECONOMIC TIES 29 6.1 THE U.S. ECONOMY AND KOR U.S. TRADE IN THE EARLY 80S 31 6.2 GROWING PRESSURES 34 6.2.1 1983 KOR U.S. TRADE COMMITTEES MEETING 34 6.2.2 1984 KOR U.S. COMMERCE MINISTERS MEETINGS 38 6.3 MANIFESTATION OF THE U.S.s TRADE PRESSURE 40 GATT BEEF CASE 40 VII. CONCLUSION 45 7.1 ANALYSIS 45 7.2 IMPLICATIONS 49Maste

Functional study of O-GlcNAc modification on extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2

의과대학/석사O-GlcNAcylation is a post-translational modification on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins, attached to and removed from serine or threonine residues by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). O-GlcNAcylation is known to affect various cellular mechanisms, one of which is cell proliferation. The mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway is involved in cell proliferation, and activation of this pathway if known to increase OGT expression and O-GlcNAcylation. This study aims to identify presence of O-GlcNAcylation in the MAPK pathway, specifically on ERK2, and determine the function of ERK2 O-GlcNAcylation in the pathway. Here we discovered that OGA inhibition increased nuclear localization of ERK2, indicating a relevance between the MAPK pathway and O-GlcNAcylation. Through immunoprecipitation and lectin precipitation of ERK2, we identified O-GlcNAcylation on both endogenous and exogenous ERK2. Co-immunoprecipitation results of MEK1 and ERK2 showed that OGT induced O-GlcNAcylation change corresponded to an increase in ERK2-MEK1 interaction. Examination of subcellular fractionation results showed that upon OGT overexpression, ERK2 nuclear localization was decreased. In conclusion, we have observed that ERK2 is O-GlcNAcylated, and that this modification increased the interaction between ERK2 and MEK1, leading to decreased nuclear localization of ERK2 in HEK293 cells.ope

Létude sur les pronoms personnels sujets

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 불어불문학과, 2014. 2. 장재성.이 연구는 언어변화이론을 중심으로 프랑스어 주어인칭대명사 본 논문에서는 주어인칭대명사를 PPS(Pronom personnel sujet)로 약칭한다. 어휘 의미·기능을 연구하는 것을 목표로 한다. 프랑스어 pps는 오랜 시간동안 여러 언어학 분야에서 연구의 대상이 되었지만, 그 간의 연구들에서는 대개 한 측면에서만 pps를 관찰하였기에 pps의 본질적인 성격을 규명하는데 한계점을 보인다. 이러한 관점에서 이 글에서는 프랑스어 pps의 의미와 기능을 규명하기 위해 통시적· 공시적이며 범언어적인 관점으로 다양한 언어학적 층위에서 pps를 관찰한다. 또한 pps의 용법이 변화한 원인을 추정하기 위해 언어 변화 양상의 보편적 원리로부터 프랑스어 pps 용법 변화에 대한 새로운 설명을 제안할 것이며, 이 새로운 제안을 토대로 프랑스어 pps가 동사활용의 어말음 대체요소로 나타난 수·인칭 표지자가 아닌 독립적인 언어적 기능과 의미를 갖는 요소임을 밝힌다. 명시적 주어를 의무적으로 부과하지 않는 대부분의 로망어와 달리 프랑스어는 주어를 필수적으로 요구한다. 가장 일반적으로 프랑스어의 주어자리에 명사 및 인칭대명사가 사용된다. 몇몇의 연구자들은 pps에 명사구와 동일한 지위를 부여하지 않으며 현대 프랑스어 pps를 라틴어와 고대 프랑스어의 동사활용접사에 비견한 요소로 간주한다. 이러한 입장은 현대 프랑스어 pps가 고대 프랑스어 시기의 동사활용접사 약화의 결과로 수·인칭 표지자로서 사용되었다는 일반적 관점을 토대로 한다. 이와 더불어 현대 프랑스어는 일반 명사와 달리 접어의 속성을 보인다. 일반 명사와 대조되는 프랑스어 pps의 통사속성은 pps를 수·인칭 표지자로 간주하는 입장을 뒷받침한다. 그러나, 프랑스어 pps가 고대프랑스어 동사활용 접사를 대체하는 수·인칭 표지자라는 견해로는 설명되지 않은 부분들이 있다. 먼저, pps는 문장의 주요성분인 주어로서 문장의 머리가 되는 성분이다. 동사접사는 문법요소로서 의미적 기능을 갖지 않는다. 주요성분인 주어가 문법요소인 동사접사의 대체 수단으로 사용되었다는 주장은 모순점을 갖는다. 다음으로 동사의 일치자질과 pps의 용법이 필연적이지 않음을 보여주는 예들이 있다. 스위스 로망드어 및 이탈리아 북부방언은 영주어 언어nul sujet에서 pps를 의무적으로 요구하는 언어로 변모했지만 풍부한 동사 일치표지는 마모되지 않았다. 위의 문제를 토대로 프랑스어 pps의 의문점을 제시하고자 한다. 1. 현대 프랑스어 pps는 고대 프랑스어시기에 발생한 동사활용 어말음의 약화로 인한 동사활용접사를 대체하기 위한 수단으로 사용된 것일까? 2. 현대 프랑스어에서의 의무적인 pps의 사용은 고유한 기능과 의미를 갖지 않을까? 먼저, 음성적, 생성문법의 통사적 설명을 살펴본다. 이 설명들은 차이를 갖지만 동사 어미의 일치자질의 손실과 주요하게 결부되어 있다. 다음으로 선호도에 의한 사용으로 pps 용법 변화를 설명한 최근의 연구들을 살펴본다. Vance&Sprouse(1999)는 Kroch(1979)의 경쟁원리를 따라 pps 용법 변화를 설명한다. 영주어 형태는 명시적 형태의 pps와 경쟁 상태에 있었으며, 명시적 pps의 잉여적 정보로 인해 명시적 pps가 영주어 보다 선호되었다. 그 결과로서, pps 사용이 의무화되었다고 설명한다. 이를 통해 프랑스어 pps 용법 변화를 습득의 최적화에 의한 선호도로 설명한 Vance&Sprouse(1999) 및 Lafond(2003)의 제안이 설득력 있음을 확인하며 동시에 설명되지 못하는 부분을 발견한다. 다음으로 언어변화의 보편원리에 따라 위의 제안의 결핍을 보충하고자 단순화원리와, 의미형태일치원리를 통해 pps 용법 변화 원인을 추정한다. 한 단어의 형태로 주어와 동사를 표현하는 영주어 형태보다, 주어를 요구하며 단순화된 굴절 동사를 사용하는 것이 주어와 동사의 의미 형태 일치 차원에서 언어의 효율성이 더 높은 것으로 간주할 수 있다. 더불어, 사회구조 변화에 따른 언중의 변화와 언어변화의 상관관계를 토대로 pps 용법 변화의 설득력을 높인다. 사회적 변화에 따라 언어 변화의 요구도 동반된다. 시민계층의 성장 등 사회구조 변화로 인해 프랑스에서는 언어사용 환경과 언중의 변화가 발생했다. pps 용법의 변화도 이러한 사회변화에 따라 유인되었다. 마지막으로 pps는 그 빈번한 사용으로 인해 음성적 층위에서 접어화된 양상으로 나타날 뿐이며 실은 실증적 어휘기능을 갖는 통사성분임을 확인한다. Chafe(1976)에서 밝힌 바와 같이 동사가 일치하는 것은 주어로서 굴절은 주어에 의해 구성된다. 마지막으로, 주어로서 pps를 동사의 수·일치자로 간주해야 한다는 주장에 모순이 있음을 확인한다.목 차 국문초록 ⅰ 서론 1 Ⅰ. 기능범주로서 PPS 8 1.1 pps 접어속성 8 1.2 주어로서 pps 12 1.2.1 보편문법의 주어속성: 확대투사원리 12 1.2.2 pro-drop언어 13 1.2.3 pro-drop과 일치 자질과의 상관관계 17 1.2.4 pro-drop어 매개변인 19 Ⅱ. PPS 용법변화에 대한 기존 연구 22 2.1 전통적 설명 22 2.1.1 어말음 손실 : Foulet(1935) 23 2.1.2 SV어순 : Franzén(1939) 26 2.1.3 V2리듬 체계 : Wartburg(1934,1963) 28 2.2 생성문법의 매개변인 변화 설명 31 2.2.1 보어절 SVO어순의 영향 : Adams(1987) 31 2.2.2 pro인식 조건 변화 : Roberts(1993) 37 2.2.3 pro위치 변화 : Vance(1997) 42 2.3 선호도원리 설명 43 2.3.1 경쟁관계 가설 : Vance&Sprouse(1999) 43 2.3.2 최적성 이론 : Lafond(2003) 46 Ⅲ. 언어변화 양상을 통한 PPS기능 재해석 51 3.1 언어단순화 51 3.1.1 효율성원리 52 3.1.2 투명성원리: 의미·형태 일치 원리 54 3.2 통합적 체계에서 분석적 체계로의 교체 55 3.2.1 인도유럽어의 분석적 체계 변화 예 57 3.2.2 분석적 체계의 pps 58 3.3 언중변화에 의한 PPS기능 변화 61 3.3.1 프랑스 언중의 변화와 PPS사용과의 관련성 61 3.2.2 언중변화에 따른 PPS사용의 예 62 Ⅳ. 실증적 어휘기능으로서의 PPS 71 4.1 실증적 의미 및 기능 71 4.1.1 조응의 기능 72 4.1.2 사회적 매개 기능 72 4.1.3 주체성 실현 매개 74 4.2 명시적 PPS 접어 속성 설명 77 4.2.1 음성층위 접어 77 4.2.2 빈도에 의한 접어화 79 4.2.2 북부 이탈리아 방언의 접어 비교 82 결론 87 참고문헌 90 불문요약 Résumé 102Maste

Comparison of quality of life according to relevant factors of osteoporotic vertebral fracture in postmenopausal females : a multicenter study

Dept. of Medicine/석사The World Health Organization defines osteoporosis as a skeletal disease characterized by bone quantity decrease and substructure disorder, which results in a higher possibility of bone fracture. The most frequent clinical aspect of osteoporosis is vertebral fracture, of which pain and after effects usually change the way of life. The medical expenses of these patients are increasing annually. It is reported that vertebral compression fractures accompanying osteoporosis happen among 25% of females over 70, and 50% of females over 80. Furthermore, vertebral compression fracture can cause vertebral body deformity or increase the angle of vertebral kyphosis drastically; such effects can cause continuous pain, as well as serious inconvenience and disability. In this nationwide, observational, and cross-sectional epidemiology study in Korea, we continuously recruited postmenopausal females between 50 and 80 years old who visited any of 62 orthopaedic offices at university, general, and private hospitals. We analyzed and compared the quality of life (EQ-5D index) according to fracture, the number of fractured vertebral bodies, history of falls, and bone density. The average age of the subjects was 63.2, and the average age at the time of menopause was 48.8. The average age of the subjects with a fracture was 65.8 and their EQ-5D index was 0.787; for subjects, without fracture, the average age was 61.3, and the EQ-5D index was 0.825. The EQ-5D index of the patients with fracture yet without fracture history was 0.805, while that of the patients with a history was 0.750. Also, depending on the number of fractures, the EQ-5D index was 0.825, 0.793, 0.807, 0.760, and 0.778 for no fracture, one, two, three, and four fractures, respectively.The EQ-5D index decreased with age after menopause, the number of fractured vertebral bodies, and an increase in the number of falls. Through early diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, we expected a decrease in the number of vertebral fractures and an increase in the quality of life.ope

이동된 중심정맥도관으로 인한 간헐적 심계항진 환자의 경피적 도관 제거

The totally implantable venous port device is used in patients undergoing chemotherapy. The complications associated with this device include venous thrombosis, infection, catheter fracture, extravasation, and intravascular dislodgement. The incidence of port catheter dislodgement is low. The treatment of choice for port dislocation involves immediate retrieval of the distal migrated part, and percutaneous transcatheter retrieval is regarded as the standard method. A 40-year-old female presented with intermittent palpitation. She was referred from the Department of General Surgery after detection of a fractured and dislocated implantable venous port system into the main pulmonary artery. We successfully retrieved the dislocated fractured device using a -Fr pigtail catheter and snare catheter. We herein report this case with a literature review.ope

Evaluating diagnostic content of AI-generated chest radiography: A multi-center visual Turing test

Background Accurate interpretation of chest radiographs requires years of medical training, and many countries face a shortage of medical professionals to meet such requirements. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have aided diagnoses; however, their performance is often limited due to data imbalance. The aim of this study was to augment imbalanced medical data using generative adversarial networks (GANs) and evaluate the clinical quality of the generated images via a multi-center visual Turing test. Methods Using six chest radiograph datasets, (MIMIC, CheXPert, CXR8, JSRT, VBD, and OpenI), starGAN v2 generated chest radiographs with specific pathologies. Five board-certified radiologists from three university hospitals, each with at least five years of clinical experience, evaluated the image quality through a visual Turing test. Further evaluations were performed to investigate whether GAN augmentation enhanced the convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier performances. Results In terms of identifying GAN images as artificial, there was no significant difference in the sensitivity between radiologists and random guessing (result of radiologists: 147/275 (53.5%) vs result of random guessing: 137.5/275, (50%); p = .284). GAN augmentation enhanced CNN classifier performance by 11.7%. Conclusion Radiologists effectively classified chest pathologies with synthesized radiographs, suggesting that the images contained adequate clinical information. Furthermore, GAN augmentation enhanced CNN performance, providing a bypass to overcome data imbalance in medical AI training. CNN based methods rely on the amount and quality of training data; the present study showed that GAN augmentation could effectively augment training data for medical AI. © 2023 Myong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ope

Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features Associated with Positive Resection Margins in Patients with Invasive Lobular Carcinoma

Objective: To investigate preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings associated with resection margin status in patients with invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) who underwent breast-conserving surgery. Materials and methods: One hundred and one patients with ILC who underwent preoperative MRI were included. MRI (tumor size, multifocality, type of enhancing lesion, distribution of non-mass enhancement [NME], and degree of background parenchymal enhancement) and clinicopathological features (age, pathologic tumor size, presence of ductal carcinoma in situ [DCIS] or lobular carcinoma in situ, presence of lymph node metastases, and estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor/human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 status) were analyzed. A positive resection margin was defined as the presence of invasive cancer or DCIS at the inked surface. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine pre- and postoperative variables associated with positive resection margins. Results: Among the 101 patients, 21 (20.8%) showed positive resection margins. In the univariable analysis, NME, multifocality, axillary lymph node metastasis, and pathologic tumor size were associated with positive resection margins. With respect to preoperative MRI findings, multifocality (odds ratio [OR] = 3.977, p = 0.009) and NME (OR = 2.741, p = 0.063) were associated with positive resection margins in the multivariable analysis, although NME showed borderline significance. Conclusion: In patients with ILC, multifocality and the presence of NME on preoperative breast MRI were associated with positive resection margins.ope

Utility of CT Radiomics for Prediction of PD-L1 Expression in Advanced Lung Adenocarcinomas

Background: We aimed to assess if quantitative radiomic features can predict programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in advanced stage lung adenocarcinoma. Methods: This retrospective study included 153 patients who had advanced stage (>IIIA by TNM classification) lung adenocarcinoma with pretreatment thin section computed tomography (CT) images and PD-L1 expression test results in their pathology reports. Clinicopathological data were collected from electronic medical records. Visual analysis and radiomic feature extraction of the tumor from pretreatment CT were performed. We constructed two models for multivariate logistic regression analysis (one based on clinical variables, and the other based on a combination of clinical variables and radiomic features), and compared c-statistics of the receiver operating characteristic curves of each model to identify the model with the higher predictability. Results: Among 153 patients, 53 patients were classified as PD-L1 positive and 100 patients as PD-L1 negative. There was no significant difference in clinical characteristics or imaging findings on visual analysis between the two groups (P > 0.05 for all). Rad-score by radiomic analysis was higher in the PD-L1 positive group than in the PD-L1 negative group with a statistical significance (-0.378 ± 1.537 vs. -1.171 ± 0.822, P = 0.0008). A prediction model that uses clinical variables and CT radiomic features showed higher performance compared to a prediction model that uses clinical variables only (c-statistic = 0.646 vs. 0.550, P = 0.0299). Conclusions: Quantitative CT radiomic features can predict PD-L1 expression in advanced stage lung adenocarcinoma. A prediction model composed of clinical variables and CT radiomic features may facilitate noninvasive assessment of PD-L1 expression. Key points: Significant findings of the study Quantitative CT radiomic features can help predict PD-L1 expression, whereas none of the qualitative imaging findings is associated with PD-L1 positivity. What this study adds A prediction model composed of clinical variables and CT radiomic features may facilitate noninvasive assessment of PD-L1 expression.ope

Diagnostic performances and unnecessary US-FNA rates of various TIRADS after application of equal size thresholds

We compared the diagnostic performances and unnecessary FNA rates of several guidelines and modified versions using the size threshold of the ACR TIRADS. Our Institutional Review Board approved this retrospective study and waived the requirement for informed consent and all methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. A total of 1,384 thyroid nodules in 1,301 patients with definitive cytopathologic findings were included. US categories were assigned according to each guideline. We applied the size threshold suggested by the ACR TIRADS for FNA to the Kwak, ATA and EU guidelines and defined these modified guidelines as the modified Kwak (mKwak), modified ATA (mATA) and modified EU (mEU) guidelines. Diagnostic performances and unnecessary FNA rates of all guidelines were evaluated. Of 1,384 thyroid nodules, 291 (21%) were malignant. Among the original guidelines, the ACR TIRADS had the highest specificity, accuracy, LR and AUC (62.2%, 66%, 2.128 and 0.713). The mKwak, mATA and mEU guidelines had higher specificity, accuracy, LR and AUC (P < 0.001 for all), and fewer unnecessary FNAs, compared with their original guidelines. Among all original and modified guidelines, the mKwak guideline had the highest specificity, accuracy, LR and AUC (64%, 68.6%, 2.389 and 0.75). The unnecessary FNA rate was the lowest with the mKwak guideline (61.1%). The highest sensitivity was observed with the ATA guideline (98.6%). After incorporating the size threshold of the ACR TIRADS to other TIRADS, all guidelines showed higher diagnostic accuracy and lower unnecessary FNA rates than their original versions. The mKwak guideline showed the best diagnostic performances.ope

Risk Factors for Developing Hyponatremia in Thyroid Cancer Patients Undergoing Radioactive Iodine Therapy

BACKGROUND: Due to the alarming increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer worldwide, more patients are receiving postoperative radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy and these patients are given a low-iodine diet along with levothyroxine withdrawal to induce a hypothyroid state to maximize the uptake of RAI by thyroid tissues. Recently, the reported cases of patients suffering from life-threatening severe hyponatremia following postoperative RAI therapy have increased. This study aimed to systematically assess risk factors for developing hyponatremia following RAI therapy in post-thyroidectomy patients. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of all thyroid cancer patients who underwent thyroidectomy and postoperative RAI therapy from July 2009 to February 2012. Demographic and biochemical parameters including serum sodium and thyroid function tests were assessed along with medication history. RESULTS: A total of 2229 patients (47.0±11.0 years, female 76.3%) were enrolled in the analysis. Three hundred seven patients (13.8%) of all patients developed hyponatremia; 44 patients (2.0%) developed moderate to severe hyponatremia (serum Na+≤130 mEq/L) and another 263 (11.8%) patients showed mild hyponatremia (130 mEq/L<serum Na+≤135 mEq/L). In univariate analysis, old age, female sex, presence of hypertension, presence of diabetes, use of thiazide diuretics, use of angiotensin receptor blocker or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, lung metastasis, and hyponatremia and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate at the start of RAI therapy were significantly associated with hyponatremia in patients undergoing RAI therapy after total thyroidectomy. Multivariate analysis showed that old age, female sex, use of thiazide diuretics, and hyponatremia at the initiation of RAI therapy were independent risk factors for the development of hyponatremia. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that age greater than 60 years, female sex, use of thiazide, and hyponatremia at the initiation of RAI therapy are important risk factors for developing hyponatremia following RAI therapy in post-thyroidectomy patients.ope