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    ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ํ™” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ FDG PET์—์„œ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋‡Œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ํŒจํ„ด์˜ ํŠน์ง•์  ์•„ํ˜• ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ถ„์ž์˜ํ•™ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์ œ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2022.2. ์ด๋™์ˆ˜.์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์€ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ์™€ ํƒ€์šฐ ์นจ์ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•จ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ž„์ƒ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ํ™” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ FDG PET ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘ ํŠน์ง•์  ์•„ํ˜•์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ํ‡ดํ–‰์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋‡Œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋‡Œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ํŒจํ„ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ •์˜๋œ ์•„ํ˜•์˜ ์ž„์ƒ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Alzheimerโ€™s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative(ADNI) ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ ์ถ”์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘, ๊ฒฝ๋„์ธ์ง€์žฅ์• , ์ธ์ง€ ์ •์ƒ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ด 3620๊ฐœ์˜ FDG ๋‡Œ ์–‘์ „์ž๋‹จ์ธต์ดฌ์˜(PET) ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์—์„œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์™ธ์˜ ๋‡Œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„(representation)์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ๋ณ€์ดํ˜• ์˜คํ† ์ธ์ฝ”๋”(conditional variational autoencoder)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ์ฝ”๋”ฉ๋œ ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ํ™”(clustering)๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์˜ ๋‡Œ FDG PET (n=838)๊ณผ CDR-SB(Clinical Demetria Rating Scale Sum of Boxes) ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ cVAE ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ž…๋ ฅ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ตฐ์ง‘ํ™”์—๋Š” k-means ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋œ ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ฒฝ๋„์ธ์ง€์žฅ์• ๊ตฐ (n=1761)์˜ ๋‡Œ FDG PET์— ์ „์ด(transfer)๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ ์•„ํ˜•์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ถค์ (trajectory)๊ณผ ์˜ˆํ›„๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์ง€๋„์ž‘์„ฑ๋ฒ•(Statistical Parametric Mapping, SPM)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™” ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์  ๋ฐ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•„ํ˜• ๋ณ„ ๊ฒฝ๋„์ธ์ง€์žฅ์• ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ํ™” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์  ์•„ํ˜•์ด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. (i) S1 (angular): ๋ชจ์ด๋ž‘(angular gyrus)์—์„œ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋œ ํ”ผ์งˆ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ €ํ•˜ ํŒจํ„ด, ๋‚จ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋นˆ๋„ ๋†’์Œ, ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์นจ์ฐฉ, ๋” ์ ์€ ํƒ€์šฐ ์นจ์ฐฉ, ๋” ์‹ฌํ•œ ํ•ด๋งˆ ์œ„์ถ•, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์ธ์ง€ ์ €ํ•˜์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. (ii) S2 (occipital): ํ›„๋‘์—ฝ(occipital) ํ”ผ์งˆ์—์„œ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ํ›„๋ถ€ ์šฐ์„ธํ•œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ €ํ•˜ ํŒจํ„ด, ๋” ์ ์€ ์—ฐ๋ น, ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํƒ€์šฐ, ๋” ์ ์€ ํ•ด๋งˆ ์œ„์ถ•, ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ ์ˆ˜, ๊ฒฝ๋„์ธ์ง€์žฅ์• ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ „ํ™˜์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. (iii) S3(orbitofrontal): ์•ˆ์™€์ „๋‘(orbitofrontal) ํ”ผ์งˆ์—์„œ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ์ „๋ฐฉ ์šฐ์„ธํ•œ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ €ํ•˜ ํŒจํ„ด, ๋” ๋†’์€ ์—ฐ๋ น, ๋” ์ ์€ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์นจ์ฐฉ, ๋” ์‹ฌํ•œ ํ•ด๋งˆ ์œ„์ถ•, ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ ์ˆ˜์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. (iv) S4(minimal): ์ตœ์†Œ์˜ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ž„, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋นˆ๋„ ๋†’์Œ, ๋” ์ ์€ ์•„๋ฐ€๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์นจ์ฐฉ, ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํƒ€์šฐ ์นจ์ฐฉ, ๋” ์ ์€ ํ•ด๋งˆ ์œ„์ถ•, ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ ์ˆ˜์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‡Œ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ์ž„์ƒ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์˜ ํŠน์ง•์  ์•„ํ˜•์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ฒฝ๋„์ธ์ง€์žฅ์• ๊ตฐ์— ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „์ด๋˜์–ด ์•„ํ˜• ๋ณ„ ๊ฒฝ๋„์ธ์ง€์žฅ์• ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๋Š” ์˜ˆํ›„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” FDG PET์—์„œ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์˜ ํŠน์ง•์  ์•„ํ˜•์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ž„์ƒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ณ‘ํƒœ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์•Œ์ธ ํ•˜์ด๋จธ๋ณ‘์˜ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‹จ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.Alzheimerโ€™s disease (AD) presents a broad spectrum of clinicopathologic profiles, despite common pathologic features including amyloid and tau deposition. Here, we aimed to identify AD subtypes using deep learning-based clustering on FDG PET images to understand distinct spatial patterns of neurodegeneration. We also aimed to investigate clinicopathologic features of subtypes defined by spatial brain metabolism patterns. A total of 3620 FDG brain PET images with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and cognitively normal controls (CN) at baseline and follow-up visits were obtained from Alzheimerโ€™s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. In order to identify representations of brain metabolism patterns different from disease progression in AD, a conditional variational autoencoder (cVAE) was used, followed by clustering using the encoded representations. FDG brain PET images with AD (n=838) and Clinical Demetria Rating Scale Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB) scores were used as inputs of cVAE model and the k-means algorithm was applied for the clustering. The trained deep learning model was also transferred to FDG brain PET image with MCI (n=1761) to identify differential trajectories and prognosis of subtypes. Statistical parametric maps were generated to visualize spatial patterns of clusters, and clinical and biological characteristics were compared among the clusters. The conversion rate from MCI to AD was also compared among the subtypes. Four distinct subtypes were identified by deep learning-based FDG PET clusters: (i) S1 (angular), showing prominent hypometabolism in the angular gyrus with a diffuse cortical hypometabolism pattern; frequent in males; more amyloid; less tau; more hippocampal atrophy; cognitive decline in the earlier stage. (ii) S2 (occipital), showing prominent hypometabolism in the occipital cortex with a posterior-predominant hypometabolism pattern; younger age; more tau; less hippocampal atrophy; lower executive and visuospatial scores; faster conversion from MCI to AD. (iii) S3 (orbitofrontal), showing prominent hypometabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex with an anterior-predominant hypometabolism pattern; older age; less amyloid; more hippocampal atrophy; higher executive and visuospatial scores. (iv) S4 (minimal), showing minimal hypometabolism; frequent in females; less amyloid; more tau; less hippocampal atrophy; higher cognitive scores. In conclusion, we could identify distinct subtypes in AD with different brain pathologies and clinical profiles. Also, our deep learning model was successfully transferred to MCI to predict the prognosis of subtypes for conversion from MCI to AD. Our results suggest that distinct AD subtypes on FDG PET may have implications for the individual clinical outcomes and provide a clue to understanding a broad spectrum of AD in terms of pathophysiology.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease 1 1.2 FDG PET as a biomarker of Alzheimer's disease 1 1.3 Biologic subtypes of Alzheimer's disease 2 1.4 Dimensionality reduction methods 5 1.5 Variational autoencoder for clustering 8 1.6 Final goal of the study 10 2. Methods 11 2.1 Subjects 11 2.2 FDG PET data acquisition and preprocessing 12 2.3 Deep learning-based model for representations of FDG PET in AD 12 2.4 Clustering method for AD subtypes on FDG PET 17 2.5 Transfer of deep learning-based FDG PET cluster model for MCI subtypes 17 2.6 Visualization of subtype-specific spatial brain metabolism pattern 21 2.7 Clinical and biological characterization 21 2.8 Prognosis prediction of MCI subtypes 22 2.9 Generation of subtype-specific FDG PET images 22 2.10 Statistical analysis 23 3. Results 24 3.1 Deep learning-based FDG PET clusters 24 3.2 Spatial brain metabolism pattern in AD subtypes 27 3.3 Clinical and biological characterization in AD subtypes 32 3.4 Subtype-specific spatial metabolism patterns resemble in MCI 43 3.5 Clinical and biological characterization in MCI subtypes 50 3.6 Prognosis prediction of subtypes for conversion from MCI to AD 56 3.7 Generating FDG PET images of AD subtypes 61 4. Discussion 66 4.1 Limitations of previous subtyping approach 68 4.2 Interpretation of results 68 4.3 Strength of our deep learning-based clustering approach 73 4.4 Strength of our deep learning-based AD subtypes 77 4.5 Limitations and future directions 82 5. Conclusion 83 References 84 Supplementary Figures 99 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 101๋ฐ•

    ๋”ฅ๋Ÿฌ๋‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ €/์•„์„ธํƒ€์กธ์•„๋ฏธ๋“œ ๋ถ€ํ•˜ ๋‡Œํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜ SPECT์—์„œ ๋‡Œํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„๋Šฅ ํ‰๊ฐ€

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ถ„์ž์˜ํ•™ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์ œ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 8. ์ด๋™์ˆ˜.Early and accurate detection of cerebrovascular disease is important for its mortality and brain injury. Basal/acetazolamide stress brain perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a functional diagnostic imaging tool to detect cerebral perfusion decrease and cerebrovascular reserve. The visual interpretation of brain perfusion SPECT image is a standard practice in the clinical setting, often resulting interobserver variability and inconsistence of diagnosis. In this study, we applied Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network and 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) model for the deep learning-based interpretation of the text report and image of basal/acetazolamide stress brain perfusion SPECT. LSTM network was successfully trained to classify the text report of each image regarding its hemodynamic abnormality. The LSTM model-predicted results were used for the label of a cerebrovascular reserve decrease on basal/acetazolamide stress brain perfusion SPECT images to train 3D CNN model. Our designed 3D CNN model was trainable but did not show outstanding performance to detect the cerebrovascular reserve decrease on basal/acetazolamide stress brain perfusion SPECT images. Our results suggest that 3D CNN is a trainable model on basal/acetazolamide stress brain perfusion SPECT in the detection of a cerebrovascular reserve decrease using text report prediction of LSTM as a ground truth label. Additional image preprocessing steps with advanced network architecture are required to improve the performance of our deep-learning based interpretation system in future study.Introduction 7 Materials and methods . 9 Results 18 Discussion 23 Conclusions . 26 References . 27 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก . 30Maste

    An experimental study on the pronunciation of Korean vowels in patient with class 3 malocclusion

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์–ธ์–ดํ•™๊ณผ,2009.2.Maste

    ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ์ง‘์  ์š”์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํšํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ์ด์˜์„ฑ.4์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช… ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—…์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง‘์ ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…์ž…์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ง€๋กœ์˜ ์ง‘์ ๊ณผ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ํ™” ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋„์‹œ์™€ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์—๋Š” ์ง€์‹๊ต๋ฅ˜์™€ ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์—ญ๋™์  ์™ธ๋ถ€ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์ง€๋ฉด์„œ, ๊ธฐ์—…๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ • ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๋น„๊ต์  ๋„“์€ ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์ง‘์ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ผ๋ฉด ์™œ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ง‘์ ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์˜ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž„๊ธˆ, ์†Œ๋“๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ(Classic Pull Factors)๊ณผ ์–ด๋งค๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ(Amenity)์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ์งˆ ์š”์ธ(Quality of Place Pull Factors)์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ •๋ณด ๊ณต์œ ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๋„์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์  ๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์›์ธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์ธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋„์‹œ ์š”์ธ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋กœ์„œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠน์ • ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์š”์ธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์ธ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ†ต์ œ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์š”์ธ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 4์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช… ์ดํ›„ ์‚ฐ์—… ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ง‘์ ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ธ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ถ”๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ œ3์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ์ด์ ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์„ธ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์—…๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘์ ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ถˆ๊ท ๋“ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ถˆ๊ท ๋“ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ง€์—ญ๋งŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๋„์‹œ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „๊ตญ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ง€์—ญ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž…์ง€๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ „๋ฐ˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์น˜์šฐ์ณค๋Š”์ง€ ์น˜์šฐ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ๋“ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ „๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ธ ์„œ์šธ ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํƒ์ƒ‰์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๊ตฐ์ง‘ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ฐ•๋‚จ๊ตฌ, ์„œ์ดˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ง€์—ญ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋งˆํฌ๊ตฌ, ์ค‘๊ตฌ, ์„ฑ๋™๊ตฌ, ์ข…๋กœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ์†์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธํ™”โ€ง์‹์Œโ€ง์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์š”์ธ, ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉโ€ง์†Œ๋“ ์š”์ธ, ์ธ์ ์ž๋ณธ ์š”์ธ, ์˜๋ฃŒ ์š”์ธ, ์ธ์ ์ž๋ณธ ์–‘์„ฑ ์š”์ธ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฌธํ™”โ€ง์‹์Œโ€ง์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์š”์ธ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ์ง€์—ญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋„์‹œ ์š”์ธ์˜ ์‹ค์ฆ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฐ„ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ์ ‘ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ค์ฐจ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์ข…์†์„ฑ์„ ํ†ต์ œ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋‚˜ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ๋„์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์ธ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋„์‹œ ์š”์ธ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—…์˜ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ์š”์ธ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœํœ˜๋˜๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ , ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—…๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ, ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์„œ๋น„์Šค์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ง‘์ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตโ€ง๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ™”โ€ง์‹์Œโ€ง์—ฌ๊ฐ€์š”์ธ์€ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฐ์—…๋ณ„, ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž„์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง‘์ ์š”์ธ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋ถ„์„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”โ€ง์‹์Œโ€ง์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์š”์ธ, ์ฃผํƒ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉโ€ง์†Œ๋“ ์š”์ธ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์š”์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ๋ณ„ ๊ฐ•์ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์ทจ์•ฝ์š”์ธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ๋„ ๋น„๊ตโ€ง๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ์œ ์ง€์™€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ž…์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋น„๊ต์  ๋ฌธํ™”โ€ง์‹์Œโ€ง์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ปธ์œผ๋‚˜, ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ฃผํƒํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 4์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช… ์ดํ›„ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ตฐ์ง‘์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ํŠน์ • ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์›์ธ์„ ์š”์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๊ตํ™˜๊ณผ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ํ˜์‹ ์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”โ€ง์‹์Œโ€ง์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์„ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ œ3์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์  ์™ธ๋ถ€ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ , ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง‘์ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์‹œ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋งž๋Š” ๊ฐœ์„ ์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ฐฝ์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์  ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค.The 4th Industrial Revolution has expanded the importance of information and communication technology(ICT) industry while changes are expected in the employment concentration and dispersion within the industry. From the perspective of physical industrial location, numerous studies have shown increased tendencies for concentration and clustering towards the existing central hub for ICT employment. However, recent trends in the growth of the city and the industry show industry employees prefer places where dynamic external effects such as knowledge exchange and innovation are promulgated, and it has become necessary to approach the matter from an employment perspective rather than a corporate perspective. In other words, we need to find out whether there is employment concentration in a certain region or dispersion over a relatively wide region; and if such concentration do exist, the reasons for its emergence as well as the factors behind such change. Past studies examining the reasons behind employment concentration and dispersion have described Classic Pull Factors such as wage and income and Quality of Place Pull Factors related to amenities. In particular, urban space is formed through relations that connect people while demand for cities that allow high degrees of access to technology and information sharing is persistently increasing. In order to propose the urban factors that may be the reason behind employment concentration or dispersion, the relation between employment and urban factors must be verified as an objective fact using quantitative data. If a single factor is the reason for concentration towards a specific area, it needs to be established that the increase in the said single factor is indeed influencing the increase in employment while ensuring that all other factors are controlled. As such, this research will focus on the new trends of employment concentration and dispersion within urban space due to the shift in industrial paradigm following the 4th Industrial Revolution while examining the urban factors and characteristics that influence employment in ICT industry. Factors were primarily composed of abundant human capital, an urban characteristic that attract industry employees; and effects and benefits of the Great Good Place, attributed to the desire for higher quality of living. Employment was categorized per gender and specific industries within the information and communication industry in order to categorize the concentration factors. This research conducted analysis and verification that differ from past study in the following three ways. First, the general inequality in the employment space of the ICT industry was confirmed, with subsequent examination conducted for areas with high degrees of inequality in order to verify the relationship between urban factors and the changes to the concentration pattern for employment in the ICT industry. For ICT employment, a location index method that can verify the ratio of regional employment to national ICT employment was utilized. As a Ginis coefficient, this research measured whether employment was skewered or not in the overall regional space. In the Seoul region where ICT employment inequality was relatively higher than the national average, a spatial search data analysis was used to verify the employment clustering pattern. According to the spatial clustering pattern analysis of ICT employment, a new trend of clustering in Mapo-gu, Jung-gu, Seongdong-gu and Jongno-gu was observed, a shift away from previous central areas of Gangnam-gu and Seocho-gu. For factor analysis, using variables related to employment as the conformance verification, common attributes including culturalยทeating and drinkingยทrecreational factors, housing priceยทincome factors, human capital factor, medical factor, and human capital growth factor were derived. In particular, correlation between culturalยทeating and drinkingยทrecreational factors and the similarity of spatial pattern in the new clusters with high employment rates was observed. Second, the empirical relationship between ICT employment and urban factors was examined. Spatial regression analysis was used to control the effect from adjacent regions that can influence employment in the target region and the spatial dependency of errors from unexpected variables. While previous studies have measured the preference for cities by employees primarily through interviews or surveys, this study utilized quantitative indices to carry out empirical analysis on the relationship between employment and urban factors. In addition, to verify the uniqueness of urban factors that impact actual ICT employment, industries that require creativity such as arts, sports and recreation service industries were compared to employment clustering factors in professional, science and technology service industries to confirm their differentiation. It was observed that culturalยทeating and drinkingยทrecreational factors were in fact a universal and identical result related to not only ICT employment but also specific gender and industry categories. Third, urban characteristics due to the clustering factors of ICT employment were recognized. Factors related to employment including culturalยทeating and drinkingยทrecreational factors, housing priceยทincome factors were graded using cluster analysis. These were clustered per cities with similar conditions to verify the factor levels for each city. Strengths and weaknesses per city were identified. Comparative analysis was carried out with current employment data to identify the urban characteristics that is capable of maintaining ICT employment and inducing further influx. Cities with relatively more established culturalยทeating and drinkingยทrecreational facilities showed higher levels of change in ICT employment; however, it was verified that improvements to the quality of living related to the housing environment is necessary in the future. This research identifies the changes in the cluster areas with high levels of ICT employment and reveals new trends following the 4th Industrial Revolution. The reasons behind the increase in employment in specific areas as part of the new clustering trend was verified in relation to factors. In particular, it was verified that positive external effects through Great Good Places such as culturalยทeating and drinkingยทrecreational facilities that is capable of forming new networks and creating innovation by knowledgeยท information exchange and increasing accessibility influences in ICT employment increase. Additionally, the research is meaningful in that it diagnoses the level of the city and draws forth possible improvement that is specific to the citys characteristics while considering the diverse clustering factors that impact ICT employment. This research is valuable in the fact that it can enhance a citys capabilities as well as prepare policy measures to create jobs in cities with relatively weak industrial infrastructure.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  5 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ 9 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ๋ฆ„๋„ 14 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋„์‹œ ์š”์ธ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 16 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋„์‹œ ๋ถ„ํฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ 16 1. ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง‘์ ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 16 2. ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋„์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ถ„์„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 20 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋„์‹œ ์š”์ธ 27 1. ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ํŠน์„ฑ 27 2. ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ์š”์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 38 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 48 1. ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋„์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 48 2. ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋„์‹œ ์š”์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 50 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋„์‹œ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ง€ํ‘œ ์„ค์ • 54 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ์ง€ํ‘œ 54 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ง€ํ‘œ 60 1. ์ธ์ ์ž๋ณธ ์ง€ํ‘œ 60 2. ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ์ง€ํ‘œ 63 3. ์‚ฐ์—…์ž…์ง€ ์ง€ํ‘œ 74 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ธก์ • 80 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ๋ถˆ๊ท ๋“ฑ๋„์™€ ํŠนํ™” ๋ถ„์„ 80 1. ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ๋ถˆ๊ท ๋“ฑ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 80 2. ์„œ์šธ ์ง€์—ญ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ํŠนํ™”๋„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 84 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ธก์ • 95 1. ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ํŠน์„ฑ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 95 2. ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ํŠน์„ฑ ์š”์ธ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 101 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ํ˜•ํƒœ ์ธก์ • 107 1. ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ํ˜•ํƒœ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 107 2. ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ํ˜•ํƒœ ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 111 3. ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๋„์‹œ ์š”์ธ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ 127 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋„์‹œ์ง‘์  ์š”์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 134 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋„์‹œ ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 134 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋„์‹œ ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 138 1. ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋„์‹œ ์š”์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 138 2. ์˜ˆ์ˆ โ€ง์ „๋ฌธ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋„์‹œ ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 145 3. ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋„์‹œ ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 148 4. ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์‚ฌ์—…์ฒด ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 151 5. ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋„์‹œ ์š”์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ 154 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋„์‹œ์ง‘์  ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋ถ„์„ 161 1. ๋„์‹œ์ง‘์  ์š”์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ ํŠน์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 161 2. ๋„์‹œ์ง‘์  ์š”์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ ํŠน์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๊ตฐ์ง‘๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 163 3. ๊ตฐ์ง‘ ๋„์‹œ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ์—… ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ 168 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๊ณผ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  172 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  172 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  177 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 180Docto

    ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๊ณผ ํ–ฅํ›„๊ณผ์ œ(Development strategy for advancing real eatste industry and its future tasks)

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    ๋…ธํŠธ : ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ตญํ† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์ž์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์™€๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

    ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ์‹œ์žฅ ์„ ์ง„ํ™” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(III)(A study on the KRIHS Model for analysis and prediction of real eatate market(III))

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    ๋…ธํŠธ : ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ตญํ† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์ž์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

    ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ์ •์ฑ… ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ์ •์ง€์›์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ตฌ์ถ•(I)(A study on the development of simulation model for real eatate policy and eatablishment of REp-DSS(I))

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    ๋…ธํŠธ : ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ตญํ† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์ž์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
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