34 research outputs found

    ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €์žฅ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ธ”๋Ÿญ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ตœ์ ํ™”

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2012. 8. ์—ผํ—Œ์˜.๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์€ ์ €์žฅ ์žฅ์น˜ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ ‘๊ทผ์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์„ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์†”๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์Šคํ…Œ์ดํŠธ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ (SSD)์˜ ์‘๋‹ต์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ดˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ €์žฅ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์Šคํƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์Šคํƒ์ด ์ˆ˜์‹ญ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ๋””์Šคํฌ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋˜์–ด์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. Fusion-IO ๋‚˜ OCZ ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ €์žฅ ์žฅ์น˜ ์ œ์กฐ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋“ค ์€ ์ž์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €์žฅ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์ด์ ์„ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ๋ณ„๋„ ์˜ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์Šคํƒ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ œ ์Šคํ† ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ €์žฅ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‘๋‹ต ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋„์ „์—์ง๋ฉดํ•ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š”, ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‘๋‹ต ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” SSD์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ธ”๋Ÿญ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ 6๊ฐ€์ง€ ํƒ€์ž…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์˜ ๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์š”์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค1) ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋””์ž์ธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์š”์ฒญ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ—ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, 2) ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์š”์ฒญ์„ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์š”์ฒญ์˜ ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ—ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋””๋ฐ”์ด์Šค ํด๋ง๊ณผ ๋™๊ธฐ์  ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ , ๋น„์—ฐ์† ์š”์ฒญ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ I/O๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•œ ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ๊ณ„์ธต์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ๋“ค ์„ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‘๋‹ต์†๋„์™€ ๋†’์€ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰ (throughput)์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ธ”๋Ÿญ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋ฆฌ๋ˆ…์Šค ์ปค๋„ 2.6.32 ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ๋™๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ (SyncPath)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋‹จ์ผ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๋“œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์›Œํฌ๋กœ๋“œ์—์„œ ์•ฝ 3.3๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„ ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ์›จ์–ด ์˜ค๋ฒ„ํ—ค๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด์ค‘ ๋ฒ„ํผ๋ง (2Q)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ์“ฐ๋ ˆ๋“œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์›Œํฌ๋กœ๋“œ์—์„œ 4.4๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„์˜ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๋””์ž์ธ (HTM)์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ์š”์ฒญ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ ํŒจํ„ด์ด๋‚˜ ํƒ€์ž…๊ณผ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์ €์žฅ ์žฅ์น˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ 87%โˆผ100% ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ธ”๋Ÿญ ์ž…์ถœ๋ ฅ ์„œ๋ธŒ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ SSD๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•  ์‹œ์ ์—๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Motivation: Slow Software on Fast Hardware . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 II. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1 Trends in Storage Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.2 Analysis of I/O Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.3 Optimization Techniques by I/O Subsystem . . . . . . . . . 13 III. Analyzing the Legacy of Disk-based I/O Subsystem . . . . . 15 3.1 Problem 1: High Software Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.1.1 Interrupt Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.1.2 Delayed Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.2 Problem 2: Low Random Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.2.1 Narrow Block I/O Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.2.2 Disk-oriented Configuration of I/O Subsystem . . . 22 IV. Design Exploration of I/O Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.1 Baseline Design: Asynchronous I/O Path and Interrupt . . . 26 4.2 Design 1: Making Entire I/O Path Synchronous . . . . . . . 26 4.3 New I/O Interface: Dispatching Discontiguous Block Requests in a Single I/O Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.4 Design 2: Merging Discontiguous Block Requests Synchronously 30 4.5 Design 3: Merging Discontiguous Block Requests Asynchronously . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4.6 Design 4: Choosing I/O Path Dynamically Based on a Request Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 4.7 Design 5: Including Upper Layer to Bridge Semantic Gap between VFS and Block I/O Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.8 Design 6: Using Double Buffering to Avoid Lock Contention 40 4.9 Design Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 V. Implementation Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 5.1 Block I/O Subsystem in Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 5.2 New Storage Device Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 VI. Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 6.1 Latency Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 6.2 Microbenchmark 1: Iozone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 6.3 Microbenchmark 2: Fio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.4 Macrobenchmark 1: Postmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 6.5 Macrobenchmark 2: TPC-C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 6.6 Sensitivity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 6.7 CPU Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 6.8 Temporal Merge Count . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 VII. RelatedWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 7.1 Software Stack Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 7.1.1 Network I/O Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 7.1.2 Block I/O Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 7.2 Exploiting Device Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 7.3 Extending Device Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 VIII. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86Docto

    ๋ผ์ง€ ์Šฌ๊ด€์ ˆ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํ‡ด ์—ฐ๊ณจ์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์–ต์ œ T2 map ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• :

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์˜์ƒ์˜ํ•™ ์ „๊ณต, 2016. 2. ํ™์„ฑํ™˜.Purpose: To investigate the effect of fat suppression on T2 mapping of the articular cartilage in porcine knee joint at MR imaging. Materials and Methods: Eleven porcine knee joints were harvested en bloc with intact capsules and surrounding muscles. We performed T2 mapping of articular cartilage in the medial femoral condyle with (FST2) and without (cT2) fat suppression in sagittal plane with two frequency encoding directions: from superior to inferior (SI) and from inferior to superior (IS). Consequently, four types of T2 map were obtained: FST2-SI, FST2-IS, cT2-SI and cT2-IS. Two observers measured T2 values of the medial femoral condyle cartilage at four regions including anterior oblique, central horizontal, posterior oblique and posterior vertical portions. Results: There was no significant difference of mean T2 values between FST2-SI and FST2-IS at all regions (p = 0.165, 0.873, 0.077, 0.483, respectively). Mean T2 values of cT2-SI were, however, significantly lower than those of cT2-IS at three regions (p = 0.057, 0.033, <0.001, 0.019, respectively). Coefficient of variation (CV) values between two FST2 maps were lower than those between two cT2 maps in all four regions (17.91-25.57 vs. 25.51-78.72). In addition, ICC between two FST2 maps was higher than that between two cT2 maps (0.276-0.800 vs -0.032-0.455) at three regions except the central horizontal region. Conclusion: Frequency encoding direction greatly affects T2 values of the articular cartilage in conventional T2 mapping. In comparison with conventional T2 mapping, fat-suppressed T2 mapping provides more reproducible T2 values of the articular cartilage by eliminating chemical shift artifact.Introduction 1 Materials and Methods 2 Results 5 Discussion 7 Reference 11 Abstract in Korean 23Maste

    Analysis of Sony corporations operation strategy

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    Thesis(masters) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ฒฝ์˜์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ(SNUGlobal MBA์ „๊ณต),2010.8.Maste
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