55 research outputs found

    Meta-synthesis on the programs of the World Bank

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ‚¬λ²”λŒ€ν•™ ν˜‘λ™κ³Όμ • κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œκ΅μœ‘ν˜‘λ ₯전곡, 2023. 2. 이석원.This study aims to decipher external and internal factors which impacts the sustainability of tertiary education development projects of the World Bank after its closure and to compare the main influential factors within the project category which were divided depending on the objective of the tertiary education project: teacher education projects and higher education projects focusing on higher education institutions and social development. The results are drawn by qualitative meta-analysis on Project Performance Assessment Reports[PPARs] that are conducted by the Independent Evaluation Group within the World Bank Group, after at least a year from the projects closure. Through analyzing 28 PPARs on tertiary education development projects based on 10 themes, this study locates commonalities and significant differences between main influential factors found in the category of teacher education projects and higher education projects. In teacher education projects, government policy related to teachers, participation of the communities, and tangible input were significant factors which cannot be found in higher education projects, whereas in higher education projects, active participation of institutions through developing financial autonomy and ownership, economic environment influencing the labor market and the households, diverse stakeholders from a wide range of sectors, and international cooperation were significant factors which were not found in teacher education projects. This research aims to suggest an optional alternative when classifying education development projects in each sector of primary education or tertiary education for improvement of future evaluation operations as it has been found that influential factors to be considered in the evaluation process is different within the category of tertiary education projects.λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” κ³ λ“±κ΅μœ‘(tertiary education) κ°œλ°œμ‚¬μ—…μ˜ 각 ꡬ체적 λͺ©μ μ— 따라 κ²°κ³Ό λ„μΆœμ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” μš”μΈμ„ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬ κ·Έ 차이점을 λ„μΆœν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄, κ·Έ μ€‘μ—μ„œλ„ 타 κ³ λ“±κ΅μœ‘κ³Ό 달리 νŠΉμ • 직업ꡰ인 ꡐ사에 μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμΆ”λŠ” κ΅μ‚¬κ΅μœ‘(teacher education) κ°œλ°œμ‚¬μ—…μ—μ„œ λ°œκ²¬λ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯ μš”μΈκ³Ό 일반적인 κ³ λ“±κ΅μœ‘(higher education) κ°œλ°œμ‚¬μ—…μ—μ„œ λ°œκ²¬λ˜λŠ” μš”μΈκ³Όμ˜ 차이점을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€. 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Ό λ„μΆœμ„ μœ„ν•΄ μ„Έκ³„μ€ν–‰μ—μ„œ μΆ”μ§„ν•œ κ³ λ“±κ΅μœ‘ κ°œλ°œμ‚¬μ—…μ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μž‘μ„±ν•œ 28개의 사업성과평가 λ³΄κ³ μ„œ[PPAR λ³΄κ³ μ„œ]에 λŒ€ν•œ 질적 메타뢄석을 μ§„ν–‰ν•˜μ—¬, 각 μ‚¬μ—…μ˜ 지속성에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 외적 및 내적 μš”μΈμ„ λΆ„μ„ν•œλ‹€. κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό, κ΅μ‚¬κ΅μœ‘ κ°œλ°œμ‚¬μ—…μ—μ„œλŠ” ꡐ사와 κ΄€λ ¨λœ μ •λΆ€μ •μ±…, μ§€μ—­μ‚¬νšŒμ˜ μ°Έμ—¬, μœ ν˜•μ  μ§€μ›μ˜ λΆ€μ‘± 등이 μœ μ˜λ―Έν•œ 영ν–₯ μš”μΈμœΌλ‘œ ν™•μΈλ˜μ—ˆκ³ , 이와 달리 일반적인 κ³ λ“±κ΅μœ‘ κ°œλ°œμ‚¬μ—…μ—μ„œλŠ” κ³ λ“±κ΅μœ‘κΈ°κ΄€μ˜ 운용 및 자치 λŠ₯λ ₯, λ‹€λΆ„μ•Ό μ΄ν•΄κ΄€κ³„μžλ“€μ˜ μ°Έμ—¬, κ΅­λ‚΄μ™Έ μ‚¬νšŒκ²½μ œ 상황 등이 μœ μ˜λ―Έν•œ 영ν–₯ μš”μΈμœΌλ‘œ ν™•μΈλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 이와 같은 κ³ λ“±κ΅μœ‘ 사업평가에 λŒ€ν•œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 접근을 톡해, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” κ³ λ“±κ΅μœ‘ 사업 평가 기쀀을 λ§ˆλ ¨ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ κ³ λ €ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 선택지λ₯Ό μ œμ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€λŠ” 의의λ₯Ό 가진닀.I. INTRODUCTION 1 1. Background of the Study 1 2. Statement of problems and Significance of the Study 4 3. Purpose of the Study and Research Question 10 4. Research Scope 13 II. LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES 16 1. Factors to consider in Education Development Projects 17 2. Attributes of Tertiary Education Projects 20 2.1. Systematic Configuration of Teacher Education 20 2.2. Attributes of Higher Education Projects 22 2.3. Attributes of Teacher Education Projects 26 3. Hypotheses to the Research Questions 29 β…’. RESEARCH METHODLOGY 31 1. Literature Review on Qualitative Meta-Synthesis 31 2. Scope of Research 35 3. Analytic Framework of Code Themes 40 4. Research Credibility 43 IV. FINDINGS 44 1. Information of Coded projects 44 2. Results of Coding Teacher Education Projects 45 3. Results of Coding Higher Education Projects 56 V. DISCUSSION 70 1. Synthesizing Sub-Themes 70 2. Interpreting Higher-order Themes 80 VI. CONCLUSION AND LIMITATIONS 82 REFERENCE 87 Appendix A. Coded sub-themes of projects 101 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 128석

    Evidence from the Fifth Integrated Household Survey 2019-2020

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : κ΅­μ œλ†μ—…κΈ°μˆ λŒ€ν•™μ› κ΅­μ œλ†μ—…κΈ°μˆ ν•™κ³Ό, 2022.2. κΉ€νƒœμœ€.λ³Έ μ„μ‚¬ν•™μœ„ 논문은 2019년도 λ§λΌμœ„ 제5μ°¨ 톡합가ꡬ쑰사(IHPS) 자료λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ§λΌμœ„μ˜ 빈곀 κ²°μ • μš”μΈμ„ λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³ , μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ 빈곀 κ°μ†Œλ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ 정책적 μ‹œμ‚¬μ μ„ μ œμ‹œν•œλ‹€. 빈곀 μΈ‘μ •μ˜ 닀양성을 κ³ λ €ν•˜μ—¬, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ 주관적 빈곀과 μ†ŒλΉ„ λΉˆκ³€μ„ μΈ‘μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ§λΌμœ„ κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ λΉˆκ³€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 주관적 평가와 μ—°κ°„ μ†ŒλΉ„κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ’…μ†λ³€μˆ˜λ‘œ μ„€μ •ν•˜κ³ , 일반빈곀, μ£Όκ΄€μ λΉˆκ³€, μ†ŒλΉ„λΉˆκ³€μ˜ μ£Όμš” κ²°μ •μš”μΈμ„ λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ κ°€κ΅¬μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒκ²½μ œμ  νŠΉμ„±μ„ λ…λ¦½λ³€μˆ˜λ‘œ μ„ μ •ν–ˆλ‹€. μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μˆœμ„œν˜• λ°μ΄ν„°μ˜ 효율적이고 μ •ν™•ν•œ 이해λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μˆœμ„œν˜• ν”„λ‘œλΉ— λͺ¨λΈκ³Ό ν•œκ³„ 효과λ₯Ό 채택 ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, 주관적 빈곀과 μ†ŒλΉ„λΉˆκ³€μ„ λΉ„κ΅ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ‹€ν•­ λ‘œμ§“ λͺ¨λΈμ„ μ μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό 뢁뢀지역에 κ±°μ£Ό ν• μˆ˜λ‘ 주관적 빈곀 ν™•λ₯ μ΄ 평균 4.51% μ¦κ°€ν–ˆκ³ , 친ꡬ의 λΉˆκ³€μˆ˜μ€€κ³Ό κΈˆμœ΅κΈ°κ΄€κ³Όμ˜ 거래, μ „κΈ°μ‚¬μš©μ€ 평균 4.71%, 3.6%, 3.7%만큼 주관적 λΉˆκ³€μ„ λ²—μ–΄λ‚  ν™•λ₯ μ΄ 높아진 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. μ†ŒλΉ„λΉˆκ³€μ˜ 경우, μ „κΈ° μ ‘κ·Όμ„±(485,624 MWK), λ„μ‹œ κ±°μ£Ό(334,519 MWK), 금육 κΈ°κ΄€κ³Όμ˜ 거래(258,344 MWK), 뢁뢀 κ±°μ£Ό(-163,755 MWK), μ‹ν’ˆ μ†ŒλΉ„ 적정성(14,767 MWK)이 μ£Όμš” λΉˆκ³€κ²°μ •μš”μΈ μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ 주관적 빈곀과 μ†ŒλΉ„λΉˆκ³€μ„ λΉ„κ΅ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό, ν† μ§€μ†Œμœ , 이웃과 친ꡬ의 λΉˆκ³€μˆ˜μ€€, κΈˆμœ΅κΈ°κ΄€κ³Όμ˜ 거래, μ „κΈ°μ‚¬μš©, μ‹λŸ‰μ•ˆλ³΄, λ‚˜μ΄, κ΅μœ‘μˆ˜μ€€μ€ 주관적 빈곀과 더 관련이 μžˆλŠ” 반면 가ꡬ 규λͺ¨λŠ” μ†ŒλΉ„λΉˆκ³€κ³Ό 더 큰 연관성을 가지고 μžˆλ‹€.This thesis analyzes the poverty determinants in Malawi by using the 2019 Malawi Fifth Integrated Household Survey (IHPS) data. Regarding the diversity of poverty measurement, the study analyzed households’ both subjective and consumption poverty. The study set Malawian households’ subjective assessment of poverty and annual consumption value as a response variable, and selected socio-economic characteristics of households as explanatory variables based on main determinants of general, subjective, and consumption poverty. The study adopted an ordered probit model and marginal effects for efficient and precise comprehension of the ordinal data, and also used a multinomial logit model in order to compare subjective and consumption poverty. The results of the analysis indicate that Living in the Northern Region decreased the probabilities of being subjective non-poor by an average of 4.51%, and Friend’s poverty status, Financial inclusion, and Access to Electricity increased the probability of being higher poverty step by average of 4.71%, 3.6%, and 3.7%. Similarly, Access to Electricity (485,624 MWK), Living in the Urban area (334,519 MWK), Transaction with Financial institutions (258,344 MWK), Living in Northern Region (-163,755 MWK), Food Consumption Adequacy (145,767 MWK) were the main determinants of consumption poverty. Further, by comparing subjective and consumption poverty, property own, neighbor's poverty step, friend's poverty step, bank account, electricity, food consumption, age, education level are more associated with subjective poor while the household size was more associated with being consumption poor.Abstract 4 Contents 5 List of Figures 6 List of Tables 7 1. Introduction 8 1.1. Research Background 8 1.2. Purpose of study 12 2. Literature Review 13 3. Conceptual Framework 19 4. Model 23 4.1. Ordered Probit Model 23 4.2. Proportional Odds Model 26 4.3. Partial Proportional Odds Model 27 4.4. Marginal Effects οΌ’8 4.5. Multinomial Logit model 30 5. Data and procedure 31 5.1. Data 31 5.2. Variables 31 5.3. Descriptive Statistics 34 5.4. Empirical Model 46 6. Results and Discussions 49 6.1. Subjective Poverty 49 6.2. Consumption Poverty 64 6.3. Comparing Poverty 68 7. Conclusion 78 References 80 Appendix 1. Integrated Household Panel Survey 2019-2020 Questionnaire 87 Abstract in Korean 119석

    μ„ κ±° μ‹œκΈ°μ™€ 회고적 νˆ¬ν‘œ: 2008λ…„κ³Ό 2012λ…„ κ΅­νšŒμ˜μ› μ„ κ±°λ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ •μΉ˜μ™Έκ΅ν•™λΆ€, 2015. 2. 강원택.μ„ κ±° μ‹œκΈ°λŠ” νˆ¬ν‘œμ˜ 결과에 μ–΄λ–€ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”κ°€? λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ˜ λͺ©μ μ€ μž„κΈ° 쀑 μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹œκΈ°μ— μΉ˜λŸ¬μ§€λŠ” μ„ κ±°μ˜ 경우, κ·Έ κ²°κ³Όκ°€ μ„ κ±°μ˜ μ‹œκΈ°μ— 영ν–₯을 받을 수 μžˆμŒμ„ 보이고 것이닀. μ„ κ±°μ˜ κ΅­λ©΄μ—μ„œ, μœ κΆŒμžλŠ” 과거와 미래λ₯Ό λ™μ‹œμ— κ³ λ €ν•˜κ²Œ λœλ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ 양면적인 μ„±ν–₯을 가진닀. 기쑴의 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ 이 같은 유ꢌ자의 νˆ¬ν‘œν–‰νƒœλŠ” κ³Όκ±° μž¬μž„μžμ˜ 성과에 따라 νˆ¬ν‘œν•˜λŠ” 회고적 νˆ¬ν‘œμ™€ 미래의 νš¨μš©μ„ μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜μ—¬ νˆ¬ν‘œν•˜λŠ” 전망적 νˆ¬ν‘œλ‘œ κ°œλ…ν™”λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 회고적 νˆ¬ν‘œκ°€ κ³Όκ±°λ₯Ό μ’€ 더 μ€‘μ‹œν•΄μ„œ, 전망적 νˆ¬ν‘œκ°€ 미래λ₯Ό μ’€ 더 μ€‘μ‹œν•΄μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” 것이라면, 이 같은 μ€‘μš”λ„μ˜ νŒλ‹¨μ€ 무엇에 μ˜ν•΄ λ‚΄λ €μ§€λŠ”κ°€? 회고적 νˆ¬ν‘œμ™€ 전망적 νˆ¬ν‘œκ°€ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€, λ§Œμ•½ μΌμ–΄λ‚œλ‹€λ©΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜λŠ”μ§€μ˜ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€ 기쑴의 연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해 많이 닀루어져 μ™”λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ νšŒκ³ μ™€ μ „λ§μ˜ 두 가지 선택지 쀑 μ–΄λ–€ 경우 회고λ₯Ό, 또 μ–΄λ–€ 경우 전망을 μ„ νƒν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ—†λ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ 이 λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” μ‹œκ°„κ΅¬μ‘°μ  μš”μΈμœΌλ‘œμ„œ μ„ κ±° μ‹œκΈ°κ°€ 회고적, λ˜λŠ” 전망적 νˆ¬ν‘œκ²°μ •μ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 κ²€μ¦ν•œλ‹€. 즉, 이 λ…Όλ¬Έμ˜ λͺ©μ μ€ λ‹€μŒ μ„Έκ°€μ§€λ‘œ ν‘œν˜„ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. 첫째, 이 λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” μ‹€μ œ μ„ κ±°μ—μ„œ 회고적 νˆ¬ν‘œμ™€ 전망적 νˆ¬ν‘œλŠ” μ–΄λ–€ 관계λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€λŠ”μ§€ μ„€λͺ…ν•  것이닀. λ‘˜μ§Έ, μž„κΈ°μ˜ μ°¨μ΄μ—μ„œ λΉ„λ‘―λœ μ„ κ±° μ‹œκΈ°μ˜ 차이가 회고적 νˆ¬ν‘œμ™€ 전망적 νˆ¬ν‘œμ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”μ§€, 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉœλ‹€λ©΄ 그것은 μ–΄λ– ν•œμ§€ κ²€μ¦ν•œλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, 정당일체감에 따라 μ„ κ±°κ°€ 유ꢌ자의 νŒλ‹¨μ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯이 λ‹¬λΌμ§ˆ 수 μžˆμŒμ„ 보인닀. 그리고 ꢁ극적으둜, μ„ κ±° μ‹œκΈ°κ°€ 유ꢌ자둜 ν•˜μ—¬κΈˆ μž¬μž„μžμ—κ²Œ κ³Όκ±° 성과에 λŒ€ν•œ μ±…μž„μ„ 묻게 ν•  것인가 μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ 이와 λ¬΄κ΄€ν•˜κ²Œ 미래λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ νˆ¬ν‘œλ₯Ό ν•  κ²ƒμΈκ°€μ˜ 질문이 회고적, 전망적 νˆ¬ν‘œμ— λŒ€ν•œ 기쑴의 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 폭을 λ„“νžˆλŠ” 것을 λͺ©ν‘œλ‘œ ν•œλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄, 이 λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” 2008λ…„, 2012λ…„ κ΅­νšŒμ˜μ› μ„ κ±°λ₯Ό 유ꢌ자 μˆ˜μ€€μ—μ„œ κ²½ν—˜μ μœΌλ‘œ λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ—¬, μ„ κ±° μ‹œκΈ°κ°€ 회고적, 전망적 νˆ¬ν‘œμ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 λ…Όν•œλ‹€. 뢄석을 톡해 λ°ν˜€λ‚Έ ν₯미둜운 사싀은 λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. μ •κΆŒ μ΄ˆκΈ°μ— μΉ˜λŸ¬μ§„ μ„ κ±°μ—μ„œ, μœ κΆŒμžλŠ” 회고적 νˆ¬ν‘œλ₯Ό ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. 2008λ…„ μ΄μ„ μ—μ„œ μœ κΆŒμžλŠ” ν˜„μ§ λŒ€ν†΅λ Ήμ„ λ²Œν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 상을 μ£ΌλŠ” λŒ€μ‹  그듀이 가진 정당일체감에 따라 νˆ¬ν‘œν–ˆλ‹€. ν‘œλ©΄μ μœΌλ‘œ, 그듀은 μ •λΆ€μ˜ κ΅­μ •μš΄μ˜μ— λ§Œμ‘±ν•˜λŠ” 것과 λ¬΄κ΄€ν•˜κ²Œ 듀어선지 μ–Όλ§ˆ λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μ •λΆ€μ—κ²Œ μ„±κ³Όλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ‹œκ°„μ„ μ£ΌλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 보인닀. 이와 λŒ€μ‘°μ μœΌλ‘œ μ •κΆŒ 말 μ„ κ±°μ—μ„œ μœ κΆŒμžλŠ” 회고적, 전망적 평가에 따라 νˆ¬ν‘œν•œλ‹€. λŒ€μ„ μ΄ λ‹€κ°€μ˜΄μ— 따라 과거와 미래 μ–‘μͺ½μ„ κ³ λ €ν•  ν•„μš”μ„±μ΄ 생긴 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 보인닀. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ, μ„ κ±° μ‹œκΈ°μ˜ 이 같은 영ν–₯은 μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 정당을 μ§€μ§€ν•˜λŠ” μœ κΆŒμžμ—κ²Œ λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ μž‘μš©ν–ˆλ‹€. μœ κΆŒμžλŠ” 정당지지에 따라 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ νˆ¬ν‘œν•˜λŠ” 것이 우리 μ •λ‹Ήμ—κ²Œ μœ λ¦¬ν•  지 μ„œλ‘œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 계산을 ν•˜μ—¬ νˆ¬ν‘œλ₯Ό ν–ˆλ‹€.Does election timing matter in terms of electoral consequences? The purpose of this thesis is to show the electorate making dissimilar vote decisions in the elections which take place at different times during presidency. Voters are Janus-faced. At the polling place, they consider the past as well as the future. Previous studies have conceptualized this Janus-faced voting behavior into retrospective voting and prospective voting: voters look to the past for retrospective evaluations and look forward to the future for prospective inference. But, what makes one side of the face prevail? It has been widely discussed whether, and how, voters use their retrospective and prospective assessments in voting. However, they have remained comparatively silent on when retrospective, or prospective, evaluations show prevailing effects on vote choice. To fill this void, this thesis examines whether, and how, election timing functions as a structural factor that produces retrospective, or prospective, vote decisions. The objectives of this study are three: First, this thesis aims to explain how retrospective voting and prospective voting are linked in electoral reality. Second, it investigates whether, and how, different election timing caused by the inconsistency of term limits influence retrospective and prospective voting. Third, it shows, election timing leads voter to make decisions in dissimilar ways when combined with party identification. Consequently, it aims to contribute to the expansion of literature, by studying the mechanism of charging and choosing which is framed by election timing. In order to achieve these goals, this thesis analyzes the effect of election timing on retrospective and prospective voting by comparing the 2008 and 2012 South Koreas National Assembly elections. As a result, some interesting findings are produced. In particular, it is found that voters save retrospective voting in an early-term election. In 2008 election, they largely depend on party identification instead of punishing or rewarding the president. Ostensibly, they keep their patience with the newly-formed government to show its real ability, no matter how dissatisfied they are. By contrast, voters decisions in a late-term election are driven by both retrospective and prospective assessments. As a presidential election approaches, voters in a late-term election consider both past and future. Lastly, when exerting on vote choice, the influence of election timing often combines with partisanship. Depending party identification, voters have their distinct ways of making vote decisions in early-term, and late-term, elections.CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1. The Puzzle of Election Timing and Retrospective Voting 1.2. Case Selection: South Korea's 2008 and 2012 National Assembly Elections CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Retrospective Voting and Prospective Voting 2.2. Timing of Second-Order Elections CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN 3.1. Research Models 3.2. Data and Measures CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSES 4.1. Retrospective Voting in Different Election Timing 4.2. Retrospective Voting, Election Timing, and Party Identification CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS References Appendix: Coding Description of Variables μš”μ•½(κ΅­λ¬Έ 초둝)Maste

    지방쀄기세포λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•œ ν˜•μ§ˆμ „ν™˜ 볡제개의 생산

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μˆ˜μ˜κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ μˆ˜μ˜ν•™κ³Ό μž„μƒμˆ˜μ˜ν•™μ „κ³΅, 2016. 2. μ΄λ³‘μ²œ.Since the birth of the first cloned dog Snuppy, valuable canids were produced by SCNT using adult somatic cells. In addition, genetically modified dogs were generated by SCNT using fetal fibroblasts. Fetal fibroblasts are preferred as nucleus donors for SCNT used in producing transgenic dogs because they have excellent proliferative ability, are capable of being genetically modified, and have the ability to produce live offspring. However, the donor transgenic cells become senescent and unusable because stable transgene-expression, homologous recombination or multiple transfections require a long time for in vitro culture. As an alternative to fetal cells, recent reports indicate that some mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) lines can be maintained sufficiently long enough for homologous recombination events to take place. MSCs can proliferate for many passages in culture and show constant growth. Furthermore, MSCs have the ability to give rise several differentiated cell types. Thus the object of this study was to determine whether canine adipose–derived mesenchymal stem cells (cASCs) can be a suitable donor cell for producing transgenic cloned dogs. In several laboratory animals and humans, ASCs are of considerable interest because they are easy to harvest and can generate a huge number of cells from a small quantity of adipose tissue. ASCs have applications in various research areas, such as cell therapy and tissue engineering especially in bone reconstruction. In order to cASCs in SCNT, this study compared cellular proliferation rate, viability, cellular size and expression patterns of genes related to pluripotency and epigenetic modification between canine fetal fibroblasts (cFFs) and cASCs. The cFFs were established from fetuses of pregnant beagle at the 28th day. The cASCs were isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue collected from the inguinal region of a healthy dog. The cASCs were characterized through flow cytometry to be positive for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90 and CD105, but negative for CD31, CD34 and CD45. Proliferation pattern, cellular viability as well as cell size at each passage of cFF and cASC were compared when the culture reached confluence. In addition, real time-PCR was performed to investigate different mRNA transcripts expression in both cell lines. Moreover, the cASCs were evaluated as a potential donor cell using interspecies SCNT (iSCNT)cASCs were cultured in two different culture media (RCMEP or DMEM) and used for iSCNT. Next, to generate transgenic cloned dog, cASCs were established from a transgenic cloned beagle produced by nuclear transfer of canine fetal fibroblasts modified genetically with a red fluorescent protein (RFP) gene. The cASCs expressed RFP gene and cell-surface marker characteristics of MSCs, including CD29, CD44 and thy1.1. Furthermore, the cASCs underwent osteogenic, adipogenic, myogenic, neurogenic and chondrogenic differentiation when exposed to specific differentiation-inducing conditions. Isolated cASCs were used for SCNT and after embryo transfer into recipient, RFP-expressing transgenic recloned beagle pups (Magic) were produced by nuclear transfer of cASCs derived from a transgenic cloned beagle (Ruppy1). Another purpose of this study is to determine the degree of genetic identity between the cloned (Ruppy1) and recloned (Magic) dogs and evaluated whether the RFP expression and CMV promoter methylation of these two transgenic dogs are age-dependent. To produce a transgenic dog that expresses neuron specific transgene, human synapsin 1 promoter as primarily neuron selective was chosen. Synapsin 1-RFP (SYN1-RFP) was introduced into cASCs via lentiviral vector infection. The SYN1-RFP cells were injected into enucleated in vivo matured dog oocytes and fused by electric stimulation. The fused-couplets were transferred into the uterine tube of five naturally estrus-synchronized surrogates. As results, the cFFs and cASCs differed in the number of generation but not in doubling times at all passages. The mean cell size of cASCs was significantly smaller than that of cFFs. Cellular viability and apoptosis were significantly lower in cASCs when compared to passage-matched cFFs. The level of HDAC1 transcript in cASCs was significantly higher than in cFFs, but expression of DNMT1 was not different between the two groups. OCT4 and SOX2 transcripts showed significantly higher expression in cASCs than in cFFs. Thus, canine adipose-derived stem cells (cASCs) are promising as donor cells for SCNT. With this in mind, cASCs were evaluated as a potential donor cell using interspecies SCNT (iSCNT). RCMEP cultured cells contained significantly higher amount of SOX2, NANOG, OCT4, DNMT1 and MeCP2 than DMEM cultured cells (P <0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the rate of development to blastocysts between the two groups. Thus, these results showed that altering gene expression levels in donor cells by changing the culture medium did not influence subsequent in vitro development of cloned embryos. In SCNT for generating transgenic cloned dog, one dog among five (20%) maintained pregnancy and subsequently gave birth of two healthy cloned pups. The present study demonstrated for the first time the successful production of transgenic cloned beagles by nuclear transfer of cASCs derived from a transgenic cloned beagle. Moreover, the degree of genetic identity between the cloned and recloned dogs showed that both cloned dogs carried a single copy and same integration site of the RFP gene. The transgene protein quantity of both transgenic dogs, showed no significant difference in the relative RFP expression between the 1-year-old Ruppy1 and the 1-year-old Magic. Also, transgene protein levels increased with aging of the two dogs, while promoter methylation status decreased with age. Gene expression and promoter methylation showed similar opposite profiles during growth of the two transgenic dogs. Lastly, neuron specific transgene-expressed dogs were generated by SCNT and three cloned pups (SYN1-RFP A, SYN1-RFP B, and SYN1-RFP C) were produced by natural delivery or C-sec. One of them is still alive, healthy and does not show any abnormalities. In this thesis, cASCs have superior proliferation patterns, epigenetic modification and pluripotency ability compared to cFFs and as well as capable of producing transgenic dogs by SCNT. Furthermore, cASCs can become a valuable resource to provide an unlimited supply of identical nuclei and to produce a neuronal degenerative disease model dog.PART I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 1. Literature review 2 2. General objective 16 PART II. GENERAL METHODOLOGY 17 1. Chemicals and materials 18 2. Care and use of animals 18 3. Preparation of donor fibroblasts and somatic cell nuclear transfer 18 4. Embryo transfer and pregnancy diagnosis 19 5. Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analysis of cloned puppies 19 PART III. Analysis of canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells 21 Chapter I. Comparison of cell proliferation and epigenetic modification of gene expression patterns in canine fetal fibroblasts and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells 22 1. Introduction 22 2. Materials and methods 24 3. Results 30 4. Discussion 37 Chapter II. Effect of culture medium type on canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and developmental competence of interspecies cloned embryos 40 1. Introduction 40 2. Materials and methods 42 3. Results 48 4. Discussion 54 PART IV. Generation of transgenic cloned dog using canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells 58 Chapter I. Recloned dogs derived from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells of a transgenic cloned beagle 59 1. Introduction 59 2. Materials and methods 61 3. Results 69 4. Discussion 81 Chapter II. Age-dependent alteration of transgene expression and cytomegalovirus promoter methylation in transgenic cloned and recloned dogs 85 1. Introduction 85 2. Materials and methods 87 3. Results 93 4. Discussion 99 Chapter III. Neuron-specific expression of the red fluorescence protein in cloned dogs 101 1. Introduction 101 2. Materials and methods 103 3. Results 107 4. Discussion 113 PART V. FINAL CONCLUSION 114 REFERENCES 117 ꡭ문초둝 136Docto

    (A) study on the effect of nurse uniforms on organizational identity

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    보건관리학전곡/석사본 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” κ°„ν˜Έμ‚¬λ“€μ΄ μ°©μš©ν•˜λŠ” μœ λ‹ˆνΌμ— λŒ€ν•œ μΈμ‹μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ΄λ‚˜ 이에 λŒ€ν•œ 인식이 쑰직 아이덴티티에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³ μž μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒμ€ 2개의 μ˜λ£Œμ› μ‚°ν•˜μ— μžˆλŠ” 4개의 λŒ€ν•™λ³‘μ›μ˜ κ°„ν˜Έμ‚¬λ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 2011λ…„ 4μ›” 18일 λΆ€ν„° 2011λ…„ 5μ›” 20μΌκΉŒμ§€ 섀문쑰사λ₯Ό μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ—¬, 365λΆ€κ°€ 뢄석에 μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μΈ‘μ •λ„κ΅¬λ‘œ μž‘μ„±λœ μ„€λ¬Έμ§€λŠ” 총 58개 λ¬Έν•­μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄ 있으며, λ…λ¦½λ³€μˆ˜λŠ” λ³‘μ›νƒ€μž…, 개인적 νŠΉμ„±, μœ λ‹ˆνΌ κΈ°λŠ₯, μœ λ‹ˆνΌ λ§Œμ‘±λ„λ‘œ, μ’…μ†λ³€μˆ˜λŠ” 쑰직 μ•„μ΄λ΄ν‹°ν‹°λ‘œ μ„€μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μžλ£ŒλΆ„μ„μ€ SPSS 12.0을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λΉˆλ„μ™€ λ°±λΆ„μœ¨, t검증 및 λ³€λŸ‰ 뢄석(ANOVA), 상관관계(Correlation Analysis), μœ„κ³„μ  λ‹€μ€‘νšŒκ·€λΆ„μ„(Hierarchical Regression Analysis)을 μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μš”μ•½ν•˜λ©΄ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. 첫째, μœ λ‹ˆνΌ νŠΉμ„±μΈ μƒ‰μƒλ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 무늬의 μœ λ¬΄μ— λ”°λΌμ„œ μœ λ‹ˆνΌ κΈ°λŠ₯ 인식에 차이가 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, 쑰직 μ•„μ΄λ΄ν‹°ν‹°λ‘œ 쑰직 μžλΆ€μ‹¬κ³Ό 쑰직 λ™μ§ˆκ°μ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” μš”μΈμ„ 각각 μœ„κ³„μ  νšŒκ·€λΆ„μ„ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό μœ λ‹ˆνΌ λ§Œμ‘±λ„(λ””μžμΈ λ§Œμ‘±λ„, κΈ°λŠ₯μ„± λ§Œμ‘±λ„)보닀 μœ λ‹ˆνΌ κΈ°λŠ₯(내적, 외적)의 영ν–₯이 제일 μ„€λͺ…λ ₯이 큰 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚¬λ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, μœ λ‹ˆνΌ λ””μžμΈ λ§Œμ‘±λ„λŠ” ν†΅κ³„ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ μœ μ˜ν•œ 영ν–₯을 λ―Έμ³€μ§€λ§Œ, μœ λ‹ˆνΌ κΈ°λŠ₯μ„± λ§Œμ‘±λ„λŠ” 쑰직 아이덴티티에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. λ„·μ§Έ, μœ λ‹ˆνΌμ˜ 내적기λŠ₯을 κΈμ •μ μœΌλ‘œ 인식할 경우 쑰직 μžλΆ€μ‹¬μ΄ λ†’μ•„μ‘Œλ‹€. 이 연ꡬ결과에 μ€€ν•œ μ‹œμ‚¬μ μ€ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. 첫째, μœ λ‹ˆνΌμ˜ λ””μžμΈ λ§Œμ‘±λ„κ°€ 쑰직아이덴티티에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€λŠ”λ° μ˜μ˜κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. 기쑴의 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μœ λ‹ˆνΌ 만쑱과 μ‘°μ§μ•„μ΄λ΄ν‹°ν‹°κ°„μ˜ 관계λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λŠ”λ°, 이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μœ λ‹ˆνΌμ˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ  κΈ°λŠ₯을 쑰직아이덴티티에 λŒ€ν•œ 효과λ₯Ό 톡해 λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, 이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 전톡적 μœ λ‹ˆνΌμ—μ„œ νƒˆν”Όν•˜λ €λŠ” νƒˆκ·œλ²”ν™” μ‹œλ„μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ‹œμ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” λ°”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” μœ λ‹ˆνΌμ˜ 전톡적 λ””μžμΈ κ²½ν–₯, 즉 흰색 ν˜Ήμ€ 무늬 μ—†λŠ” μœ λ‹ˆνΌμ˜ 긍정적 효과λ₯Ό μ§€μ§€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΅œκ·Όμ— 이미지 ν˜μ‹  μ°¨μ›μ—μ„œ κ°„ν˜Έμ‚¬ μœ λ‹ˆνΌ μƒ‰μƒμœΌλ‘œ μœ μ±„μƒ‰μ„ μ‹œλ„ν•˜κ³  μžˆμœΌλ‚˜, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹œλ„κ°€ λ‹¨κΈ°μ μœΌλ‘œ 쑰직아이덴티티에 λΆ€μ •μ μœΌλ‘œ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ  수 μžˆμŒμ„ μ‹œμ‚¬ν•œλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, λ”°λΌμ„œ μœ λ‹ˆνΌ 색상과 λ¬΄λŠ¬μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ°„ν˜Έμ‚¬λ“€μ˜ 인식을 보닀 μ •κ΅ν•˜κ²Œ 뢄석할 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. 쑰직 아이덴티티λ₯Ό 높이기 μœ„ν•΄ κ΅μœ‘μ— λ§Žμ€ 투자λ₯Ό μ§‘μ€‘ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°, μœ λ‹ˆνΌ λ””μžμΈμ— λ³‘μ›μ˜ μ² ν•™κ³Ό 이념을 λ°˜μ˜μ‹œμΌœ μœ λ‹ˆνΌ λ””μžμΈμ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ‹œλ„ν•œλ‹€λ©΄, ꡐ윑과 같은 쑰직 λ™μ§ˆμ„± 효과λ₯Ό κ±°λ‘˜ 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°λœλ‹€.ope

    (A) study on the effect of nurse uniforms on organizational identity

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    보건관리학전곡/석사본 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” κ°„ν˜Έμ‚¬λ“€μ΄ μ°©μš©ν•˜λŠ” μœ λ‹ˆνΌμ— λŒ€ν•œ μΈμ‹μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ΄λ‚˜ 이에 λŒ€ν•œ 인식이 쑰직 아이덴티티에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³ μž μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒμ€ 2개의 μ˜λ£Œμ› μ‚°ν•˜μ— μžˆλŠ” 4개의 λŒ€ν•™λ³‘μ›μ˜ κ°„ν˜Έμ‚¬λ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 2011λ…„ 4μ›” 18일 λΆ€ν„° 2011λ…„ 5μ›” 20μΌκΉŒμ§€ 섀문쑰사λ₯Ό μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ—¬, 365λΆ€κ°€ 뢄석에 μ‚¬μš©λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μΈ‘μ •λ„κ΅¬λ‘œ μž‘μ„±λœ μ„€λ¬Έμ§€λŠ” 총 58개 λ¬Έν•­μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄ 있으며, λ…λ¦½λ³€μˆ˜λŠ” λ³‘μ›νƒ€μž…, 개인적 νŠΉμ„±, μœ λ‹ˆνΌ κΈ°λŠ₯, μœ λ‹ˆνΌ λ§Œμ‘±λ„λ‘œ, μ’…μ†λ³€μˆ˜λŠ” 쑰직 μ•„μ΄λ΄ν‹°ν‹°λ‘œ μ„€μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μžλ£ŒλΆ„μ„μ€ SPSS 12.0을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λΉˆλ„μ™€ λ°±λΆ„μœ¨, t검증 및 λ³€λŸ‰ 뢄석(ANOVA), 상관관계(Correlation Analysis), μœ„κ³„μ  λ‹€μ€‘νšŒκ·€λΆ„μ„(Hierarchical Regression Analysis)을 μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μš”μ•½ν•˜λ©΄ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. 첫째, μœ λ‹ˆνΌ νŠΉμ„±μΈ μƒ‰μƒλ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 무늬의 μœ λ¬΄μ— λ”°λΌμ„œ μœ λ‹ˆνΌ κΈ°λŠ₯ 인식에 차이가 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, 쑰직 μ•„μ΄λ΄ν‹°ν‹°λ‘œ 쑰직 μžλΆ€μ‹¬κ³Ό 쑰직 λ™μ§ˆκ°μ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” μš”μΈμ„ 각각 μœ„κ³„μ  νšŒκ·€λΆ„μ„ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό μœ λ‹ˆνΌ λ§Œμ‘±λ„(λ””μžμΈ λ§Œμ‘±λ„, κΈ°λŠ₯μ„± λ§Œμ‘±λ„)보닀 μœ λ‹ˆνΌ κΈ°λŠ₯(내적, 외적)의 영ν–₯이 제일 μ„€λͺ…λ ₯이 큰 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚¬λ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, μœ λ‹ˆνΌ λ””μžμΈ λ§Œμ‘±λ„λŠ” ν†΅κ³„ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ μœ μ˜ν•œ 영ν–₯을 λ―Έμ³€μ§€λ§Œ, μœ λ‹ˆνΌ κΈ°λŠ₯μ„± λ§Œμ‘±λ„λŠ” 쑰직 아이덴티티에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. λ„·μ§Έ, μœ λ‹ˆνΌμ˜ 내적기λŠ₯을 κΈμ •μ μœΌλ‘œ 인식할 경우 쑰직 μžλΆ€μ‹¬μ΄ λ†’μ•„μ‘Œλ‹€. 이 연ꡬ결과에 μ€€ν•œ μ‹œμ‚¬μ μ€ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. 첫째, μœ λ‹ˆνΌμ˜ λ””μžμΈ λ§Œμ‘±λ„κ°€ 쑰직아이덴티티에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€λŠ”λ° μ˜μ˜κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. 기쑴의 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μœ λ‹ˆνΌ 만쑱과 μ‘°μ§μ•„μ΄λ΄ν‹°ν‹°κ°„μ˜ 관계λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λŠ”λ°, 이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μœ λ‹ˆνΌμ˜ μ‚¬νšŒμ  κΈ°λŠ₯을 쑰직아이덴티티에 λŒ€ν•œ 효과λ₯Ό 톡해 λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, 이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 전톡적 μœ λ‹ˆνΌμ—μ„œ νƒˆν”Όν•˜λ €λŠ” νƒˆκ·œλ²”ν™” μ‹œλ„μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ‹œμ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” λ°”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” μœ λ‹ˆνΌμ˜ 전톡적 λ””μžμΈ κ²½ν–₯, 즉 흰색 ν˜Ήμ€ 무늬 μ—†λŠ” μœ λ‹ˆνΌμ˜ 긍정적 효과λ₯Ό μ§€μ§€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΅œκ·Όμ— 이미지 ν˜μ‹  μ°¨μ›μ—μ„œ κ°„ν˜Έμ‚¬ μœ λ‹ˆνΌ μƒ‰μƒμœΌλ‘œ μœ μ±„μƒ‰μ„ μ‹œλ„ν•˜κ³  μžˆμœΌλ‚˜, λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹œλ„κ°€ λ‹¨κΈ°μ μœΌλ‘œ 쑰직아이덴티티에 λΆ€μ •μ μœΌλ‘œ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ  수 μžˆμŒμ„ μ‹œμ‚¬ν•œλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, λ”°λΌμ„œ μœ λ‹ˆνΌ 색상과 λ¬΄λŠ¬μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ°„ν˜Έμ‚¬λ“€μ˜ 인식을 보닀 μ •κ΅ν•˜κ²Œ 뢄석할 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. 쑰직 아이덴티티λ₯Ό 높이기 μœ„ν•΄ κ΅μœ‘μ— λ§Žμ€ 투자λ₯Ό μ§‘μ€‘ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°, μœ λ‹ˆνΌ λ””μžμΈμ— λ³‘μ›μ˜ μ² ν•™κ³Ό 이념을 λ°˜μ˜μ‹œμΌœ μœ λ‹ˆνΌ λ””μžμΈμ˜ λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μ‹œλ„ν•œλ‹€λ©΄, ꡐ윑과 같은 쑰직 λ™μ§ˆμ„± 효과λ₯Ό κ±°λ‘˜ 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°λœλ‹€.ope

    ν•œκ΅­ κ³ λ“±ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ μ˜μ–΄λ“£κΈ° μ €ν•΄ μš”μ†Œ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ™Έκ΅­μ–΄κ΅μœ‘κ³Ό(μ˜μ–΄μ „κ³΅), 2014. 2. κΆŒμ˜€λŸ‰.μ˜μ–΄ λ“£κΈ° μ €ν•΄ μš”μ†Œμ— κ΄€ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 졜근 제2μ–Έμ–΄ λ“£κΈ° λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ λ§Žμ€ μ£Όλͺ©μ„ λ°›κ³  μžˆμ§€λ§Œ, ν•œκ΅­ 고등학생듀을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ 적게 μ—°κ΅¬λœ νŽΈμ΄λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” ν•œκ΅­ 고등학생듀이 수λŠ₯ νƒ€μž…μ˜ μ˜μ–΄ λ“£κΈ° μ‹œν—˜μ„ μΉ  λ•Œ λŠλΌλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ λ“£κΈ° μ €ν•΄ μš”μ†Œμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ 찾아보고 κ·Έ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ—°κ΅¬ν•΄λ³΄κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€. 24λͺ…μ˜ ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ μ˜μ–΄ λ“£κΈ° 닀이어리λ₯Ό 뢄석해 μ˜μ–΄ λ“£κΈ° μ €ν•΄ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ μ°Ύμ•„λƒˆμœΌλ©°, 이 자료λ₯Ό ν† λŒ€λ‘œ 섀문지λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ 233λͺ…μ˜ 학생듀이 이 μ €ν•΄ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν–ˆλ‹€. 학생듀은 κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ˜μ–΄λ“£κΈ° λŠ₯μˆ™λ„μ— 따라 상, 쀑, ν•˜μ˜ μ„Έκ·Έλ£ΉμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜λˆ μ‘ŒμœΌλ©° κ·Έλ£Ή 사이에 μœ μ˜λ―Έν•œ 차지가 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 섀문지 κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 일원뢄산뢄석을 톡해 ν†΅κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ λΆ„μ„λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ³Έ 연ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해 두 가지 νƒ€μž…μ˜ μ˜μ–΄ λ“£κΈ° μ €ν•΄ μš”μ†Œκ°€ λ°œκ²¬λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 첫 λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μœ ν˜•μ˜ λ¬Έμ œμ— ν•΄λ‹Ήλ˜λŠ” 일반적인 λ“£κΈ° μ €ν•΄ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ΄κ³  두 λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ” 문제 μœ ν˜•μ˜ νŠΉμ§•μ—μ„œ κΈ°μΈν•˜λŠ” λ“£κΈ° μ €ν•΄ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ΄λ‹€. 일반적 λ“£κΈ° μ €ν•΄ μš”μ†Œμ—λŠ” μ–΄νœ˜μ˜ 어렀움, 집쀑λ ₯ λΆ€μ‘±, 단어 인식, λΉ λ₯Έ λ°œν™” 속도, 주제 νŒŒμ•… λŠ₯λ ₯의 λΆ€μ‘±, 음운둠적인 문제, 톡사적인 λ³΅μž‘μ„±, μ œν•œλœ κΈ°μ–΅ μš©λŸ‰, 그리고 λ°°κ²½ μ§€μ‹μ˜ λΆ€μ‘±μ΄λΌλŠ” 9개의 μš”μ†Œκ°€ 발견 λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 문제 μœ ν˜• νŠΉμ„±μ— κΈ°μΈν•˜λŠ” μš”μ†Œλ“€λ‘œλŠ” κ³„μ‚°μ˜ λ³΅μž‘ν•¨, 짧은 λŒ€ν™”, μ—¬λŸ¬ 문제λ₯Ό λ™μ‹œμ— ν’€κΈ°, κΈ΄ 지문, 그리고 μ˜μ–΄ μ„ νƒμ§€λΌλŠ” 5개의 μš”μ†Œκ°€ μ €ν•΄ μš”μ†Œλ‘œ 확인 λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 일반적인 λ“£κΈ° μ €ν•΄ μš”μ†Œμ—μ„œλŠ” λΉ λ₯Έ λ°œν™” 속도, 집쀑λ ₯의 λΆ€μ‘±, 그리고 μ–΄νœ˜μ˜ 어렀움이 κ°€μž₯ μ–΄λ €μš΄ μš”μ†ŒμΈ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬κ³ , 문제 μœ ν˜• νŠΉμ§•μ— κΈ°μΈν•˜λŠ” μš”μ†Œ μ€‘μ—μ„œλŠ” 짧은 λŒ€ν™” μœ ν˜•μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ 어렀움을 λŠλΌλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 확인 λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  λ“£κΈ° μ €ν•΄ μš”μ†Œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ„Έ κ·Έλ£Ή 간에 μœ μ˜λ―Έν•œ 인식 차이가 μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ°ν˜€μ‘Œλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” ν•œκ΅­ 학생듀이 μ˜μ–΄λ“£κΈ°λ₯Ό ν•˜λŠ”λ° μžˆμ–΄ λŠλΌλŠ” 어렀움듀에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ’€ 더 κΉŠμ€ 이해λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 여겨진닀. λ˜ν•œ, λ¦¬μŠ€λ‹ 닀이어리 μž‘μ„± 및 섀문지λ₯Ό 톡해 μžμ‹ μ˜ μ˜μ–΄ λ“£κΈ° λ¬Έμ œμ λ“€μ„ 슀슀둜 μ°Ύμ•„λ³΄λŠ” 과정은 μ˜μ–΄ λ“£κΈ°λ₯Ό μ„±κ³΅μ μœΌλ‘œ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜λŠ” 데 μžˆμ–΄ 심도 κΉŠμ€ 방도λ₯Ό μ œμ‹œν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ κΈ°λŒ€λœλ‹€.Studies on listening barrier factors have recently received a growing body of attention in the L2 listening field, but studies about Korean high school students are relatively few. Therefore, the current study tries to find the listening barrier factors Korean high school students feel and seeks to identify how they perceive those factors when they are taking CSAT type listening tests. 233 second year (11th grade) Korean high school students participated in this study. To find out listening barrier factors, 24 students listening diaries were collected. Based on the findings from listening diaries, a questionnaire was made to figure out how Korean high school students perceived these listening problems. Students were categorized into three proficiency groups: high, intermediate and low. One-way ANOVA was implemented to find out whether there were significant differences among three proficiency groups. The findings revealed that there were nine general listening problems many students felt detrimental to their listening comprehension: (1) difficulty of vocabulary, (2) lack of concentration, (3) word recognition, (4) fast speech rate, (5) lack of grasping the intended message, (6) phonological problems, (7) syntactic complexity, (8) limited memory capacity, and (9) lack of background knowledge. In addition, five item-specific barrier factors were found pertaining to CSAT type listening items: (1) complexity of mathematical calculation, (2) short conversation, (3) multiple questions, (4) long passage, and (5) English options. With regard to general factors, speech rate, concentration and vocabulary were chosen as difficult factors with the speech rate at the top. All group students considered short conversation type was the most difficult item-specific factor. Long passage and mathematical calculation were the second and third most difficult item-specific barrier factors. It was also found that there were significant perception differences among the three proficiency groups regarding all listening barrier factors. The low proficiency group perceived all listening barrier factors difficult the most, whereas high proficiency group showed lowest mean scores in all categories. In conclusion, this study is expected to provide a deeper understanding about Korean high school students listening problems. Also, the self-check methods dealt with in this study such as keeping listening diaries or self-check list can offer finer insights to succeed in L2 listening comprehension.TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT i TABLE OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES viii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Purpose of the Study 1 1.2. Research Qusetions 3 1.3. Organization of the Thesis 3 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1. Factors That Affect Listeing Comprehension 5 2.1.1. Listening Difficulty vs. Reading Difficulty 6 2.1.2. Factors That Makes Listening Difficult 7 2.2. Previous Studies on Second Language Listening Barrier Factors 9 2.2.1. Foreign Studies 9 2.2.2. Studies in Korea 13 2.2.3. Comparison of the Previous Studies 15 CHAPTER 3. METHOD 17 3.1. Preliminary Study 17 3.1.1. Participants 17 3.1.2. Three CSAT Type Tests 18 3.1.3. Chosen Itmes from Three CSAT Type Tests 20 3.2. Main Study 22 3.2.1. Listening Diaries 23 3.2.2. Questionnaire 24 3.2.3. Interview 27 3.3. Data Analyses 27 CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29 4.1. Nine General Listening Barrier Factors 29 4.1.1. General Listening Barrier Factors Mentioned in Listening Diaries ……………………………………………………………………….…………………29 4.1.2. Results of Questionnaire on General Listening Barrier Factors 34 4.2. Five Item-specific Listening Barrier Factors 37 4.2.1. Item-specific Listening Barrier Factors Mentioned in Listening Diaries 37 4.2.2. Results of Questionnaire on Item-specific Listening Barrier Factors 40 4.3. Listening Barrier Factors Across Proficiency Levels 42 4.3.1. Nine General Listening Barrier Factors 42 4.3.2. Item-specific Listening Barrier Factors 47 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION 52 5.1. Summary of the Findings 52 5.2. Pedagogical Implications 54 5.2. Limitations of the Study and Suggestions for Future Research 55 REFERENCES 57 APPENDICES 63 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 84Maste

    Fecal Calprotectin Level Reflects the Severity of Clostridium difficile Infection

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    Clostridium difficile is a significant nosocomial and community-acquired pathogen, and is the leading cause of antibiotic-induced diarrhea associated with high morbidity and mortality. Given that the treatment outcome depends on the severity of C. difficile infection (CDI), we aimed to establish an efficient method of assessing severity, and focused on the stool biomarker fecal calprotectin (FC). FC directly reflects the intestinal inflammation status of a patient, and can aid in interpreting the current guidelines, which requires the integration of indirect laboratory parameters. The distinction of 80 patients with CDI versus 71 healthy controls and 30 severe infection cases versus 50 mild cases was possible using FC as a marker. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.821 and 0.746 with a sensitivity of 75% and 70% and specificity of 79% and 80%, for severe versus mild cases, respectively. We suggest FC as a predictive marker for assessing CDI severity, which is expected to improve the clinical management of CDI.ope

    A Study of Works on Human Egoism

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ‘°μ†Œκ³Ό, 2017. 2. λ¬Έμ£Ό.λ³Έ 논문은 μΈκ°„μ˜ 이기(利己)λ₯Ό κ±°λΆ€ν–ˆλ˜ 본인이 인식을 μ „ν™˜ν•΄ 이기성을 νšŒλ³΅ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œ μž‘ν’ˆλ“€μ„ κΈ°λ‘ν•œ 것이닀. 인간은 λ•Œμ— 따라 λŒ€μƒμ„ λͺ©μ  달성을 μœ„ν•œ μˆ˜λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ μΈμ‹ν•˜κ³  μ΄μš©ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 관계 λ§ΊλŠ”λ‹€. 본인은 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 이기적인 관계 λ§ΊκΈ°κ°€ λ°”λžŒμ§ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λ‹€κ³  여겨 μž‘μ—…μ„ 톡해 이기λ₯Ό μ² μ €νžˆ κ±°λΆ€ν•˜κ³  μ˜¨μ „ν•œ 이타적 μƒνƒœμ— λ„λ‹¬ν•˜λ €κ³  ν–ˆμœΌλ‚˜ μ‹€νŒ¨λ₯Ό κ±°λ“­ν–ˆλ‹€. κ²°κ΅­, 인간이 μžμ‹ κ³Ό κ°œλ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  것을 이기λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μˆ˜λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ μΈμ‹ν•˜λŠ” 것을 κΉ¨λ‹«κ³  이기가 μΈκ°„μ˜ λ³Έμ—°μ˜ μ„±μ§ˆμ΄λΌλŠ” 결둠을 λ‚΄λ Έλ‹€. κ·Έ ν›„, 본인은 μ‹€μƒν™œμ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ„ 톡해 λ‹€λ₯Έ λŒ€μƒλΏλ§Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μžμ‹ λ§ˆμ € μˆ˜λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ μΈμ‹ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것을 μžκ°ν–ˆλ‹€. 신체적 νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό 같이 λ³€ν˜•ν•  수 μ—†λŠ” μžμ‹ μ˜ 본질적인 νŠΉμ„±λ§ˆμ € μžμ‹ κ³Ό λΆ„λ¦¬λœ κ°œλ³„μ μΈ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ κ°„μ£Όν•˜κ³  νƒ€μΈμ˜ κΈ°λŒ€μ— λΆ€ν•©ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 그것을 λ³€ν˜•ν•˜λ € λ…Έλ ₯ν–ˆλ˜ 것이닀. 인간은 λ²„λ €μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λ‘λ €μ›€μœΌλ‘œ 인해 이기가 λ³Έμ—°μ˜ μ„±μ§ˆμž„μ—λ„ μžμ‹ μ„ 이타λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μˆ˜λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ μ‚ΌλŠ”λ‹€. 본인은 극볡해야 ν•  감정에 λΆˆκ³Όν•œ 두렀움에 μž μ‹λΌ μ„œμŠ΄μ—†μ΄ μžμ‹ μ„ μˆ˜λ‹¨ν™”ν•˜λŠ” 것을 κ²½κ³„ν•˜κ³ μž 이기성을 νšŒλ³΅ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μž‘ν’ˆμ„ μ œμž‘ν–ˆλ‹€. λ³Έλ¬Έ, μž‘μ—…μ˜ μ „κ°œμ—μ„œ 4개의 μ ˆμ„ λΆ„λ₯˜ν•΄ μž‘μ—…μ˜ μ „κ°œ 과정을 μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆλ‹€. 제 1절, μ΄‰κ°μœΌλ‘œ μ§€κ°ν•˜λŠ” μ‚΄μ•„ μžˆμŒμ—μ„œλŠ” μž‘ν’ˆ λ‚΄μš©μ„ κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜κ³  ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λŠ” 데 μžˆμ–΄ 본인이 촉각을 톡해 λŒ€μƒμ„ μ§€κ°ν•˜λŠ” 것을 μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³  그것이 감정과 연계돼 μž‘μ—…μ— 영ν–₯을 미치고 μžˆμŒμ„ λ°ν˜”λ‹€. 제 2절, 이기에 λ°˜ν•­ν•˜κΈ°μ—μ„œλŠ” 이기심 없이 μ˜¨μ „ν•œ 이타적 μƒνƒœμ— λ„λ‹¬ν•˜κ³ μž μ‹œλ„ν–ˆλ˜ μž‘μ—…κ³Ό κ·Έ 결과에 λŒ€ν•΄ κΈ°μˆ ν–ˆλ‹€. 제 3절, 이타적 κ΄€κ³„μ˜ λͺ¨μˆœ: μž‘ν’ˆκ³Όμ˜ κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œλŠ” 본인이 μ˜¨μ „ν•œ 이타에 λ„λ‹¬ν•˜κ³ μž μ‹€ν–‰ν–ˆλ˜, μž‘ν’ˆμ„ μ œμž‘ν•˜κ³  μ „μ‹œν•˜λŠ” ν–‰μœ„λ§ˆμ € μ΄κΈ°μ˜€μŒμ„ κΉ¨λ‹«κ³  μΈκ°„μ˜ 이기가 필연적인 것을 인정할 μˆ˜λ°–μ— μ—†μ—ˆλ˜ 과정에 κ΄€ν•΄ κΈ°μˆ ν–ˆλ‹€. 제 4절, 이기성 νšŒλ³΅μ„ μœ„ν•΄: μ—¬μ„±μœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ—μ„œλŠ” μΌμƒμ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ„ 톡해 본인이 κ·Έλ™μ•ˆ μ‚¬νšŒμ μœΌλ‘œ μ œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ—¬μ„±μ˜ 기쀀에 λΆ€ν•©ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μžμ‹ μ„ μˆ˜λ‹¨ν™”ν•˜κ³  이기성을 μ–΅μ œν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κ³  λ‹€μ‹œ 이기성을 νšŒλ³΅ν•˜λŠ” μ‹œλ„λ“€μ— κ΄€ν•΄ κΈ°μˆ ν–ˆλ‹€.λ“€μ–΄κ°€λ©° 1 이기와 이타λ₯Ό κ³ λ―Όν•˜λ©° 1 μž‘μ—…μ˜ μ „κ°œ 4 μ΄‰κ°μœΌλ‘œ μ§€κ°ν•˜λŠ” 'μ‚΄μ•„ 있음' 4 이기에 λ°˜ν•­ν•˜κΈ° 6 μž‘ν’ˆ 1. 8 μž‘ν’ˆ 2. 10 이타적 κ΄€κ³„μ˜ λͺ¨μˆœ : μž‘ν’ˆκ³Όμ˜ 관계 11 μž‘ν’ˆ 3. 13 μž‘ν’ˆ 4. 16 이기성 νšŒλ³΅μ„ μœ„ν•΄ : μ—¬μ„±μœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ κ²½ν—˜ 18 μž‘ν’ˆ 5. 21 μž‘ν’ˆ 6. 24 μž‘ν’ˆ 7. 30 λ‚˜κ°€λ©° 33 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 35 Abstract 36Maste
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