55 research outputs found
Meta-synthesis on the programs of the World Bank
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬) -- μμΈλνκ΅λνμ : μ¬λ²λν νλκ³Όμ κΈλ‘λ²κ΅μ‘νλ ₯μ 곡, 2023. 2. μ΄μμ.This study aims to decipher external and internal factors which impacts the sustainability of tertiary education development projects of the World Bank after its closure and to compare the main influential factors within the project category which were divided depending on the objective of the tertiary education project: teacher education projects and higher education projects focusing on higher education institutions and social development. The results are drawn by qualitative meta-analysis on Project Performance Assessment Reports[PPARs] that are conducted by the Independent Evaluation Group within the World Bank Group, after at least a year from the projects closure.
Through analyzing 28 PPARs on tertiary education development projects based on 10 themes, this study locates commonalities and significant differences between main influential factors found in the category of teacher education projects and higher education projects.
In teacher education projects, government policy related to teachers, participation of the communities, and tangible input were significant factors which cannot be found in higher education projects, whereas in higher education projects, active participation of institutions through developing financial autonomy and ownership, economic environment influencing the labor market and the households, diverse stakeholders from a wide range of sectors, and international cooperation were significant factors which were not found in teacher education projects.
This research aims to suggest an optional alternative when classifying education development projects in each sector of primary education or tertiary education for improvement of future evaluation operations as it has been found that influential factors to be considered in the evaluation process is different within the category of tertiary education projects.λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ κ³ λ±κ΅μ‘(tertiary education) κ°λ°μ¬μ
μ κ° κ΅¬μ²΄μ λͺ©μ μ λ°λΌ κ²°κ³Ό λμΆμ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉλ μμΈμ λΆμνμ¬ κ·Έ μ°¨μ΄μ μ λμΆνκΈ° μν΄, κ·Έ μ€μμλ ν κ³ λ±κ΅μ‘κ³Ό λ¬λ¦¬ νΉμ μ§μ
κ΅°μΈ κ΅μ¬μ μ΄μ μ λ§μΆλ κ΅μ¬κ΅μ‘(teacher education) κ°λ°μ¬μ
μμ λ°κ²¬λλ μν₯ μμΈκ³Ό μΌλ°μ μΈ κ³ λ±κ΅μ‘(higher education) κ°λ°μ¬μ
μμ λ°κ²¬λλ μμΈκ³Όμ μ°¨μ΄μ μ λΆμνκ³ μ νλ€.
μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Ό λμΆμ μν΄ μΈκ³μνμμ μΆμ§ν κ³ λ±κ΅μ‘ κ°λ°μ¬μ
μ λμμΌλ‘ μμ±ν 28κ°μ μ¬μ
μ±κ³Όνκ° λ³΄κ³ μ[PPAR λ³΄κ³ μ]μ λν μ§μ λ©νλΆμμ μ§ννμ¬, κ° μ¬μ
μ μ§μμ±μ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉλ μΈμ λ° λ΄μ μμΈμ λΆμνλ€.
κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό, κ΅μ¬κ΅μ‘ κ°λ°μ¬μ
μμλ κ΅μ¬μ κ΄λ ¨λ μ λΆμ μ±
, μ§μμ¬νμ μ°Έμ¬, μ νμ μ§μμ λΆμ‘± λ±μ΄ μ μλ―Έν μν₯ μμΈμΌλ‘ νμΈλμκ³ , μ΄μ λ¬λ¦¬ μΌλ°μ μΈ κ³ λ±κ΅μ‘ κ°λ°μ¬μ
μμλ κ³ λ±κ΅μ‘κΈ°κ΄μ μ΄μ© λ° μμΉ λ₯λ ₯, λ€λΆμΌ μ΄ν΄κ΄κ³μλ€μ μ°Έμ¬, κ΅λ΄μΈ μ¬νκ²½μ μν© λ±μ΄ μ μλ―Έν μν₯ μμΈμΌλ‘ νμΈλμλ€.
μ΄μ κ°μ κ³ λ±κ΅μ‘ μ¬μ
νκ°μ λν μλ‘μ΄ μ κ·Όμ ν΅ν΄, λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ κ³ λ±κ΅μ‘ μ¬μ
νκ° κΈ°μ€μ λ§λ ¨νλ κ³Όμ μμ κ³ λ €ν μ μλ μ νμ§λ₯Ό μ μνμλ€λ μμλ₯Ό κ°μ§λ€.I. INTRODUCTION 1
1. Background of the Study 1
2. Statement of problems and Significance of the Study 4
3. Purpose of the Study and Research Question 10
4. Research Scope 13
II. LITERATURE REVIEW AND HYPOTHESES 16
1. Factors to consider in Education Development Projects 17
2. Attributes of Tertiary Education Projects 20
2.1. Systematic Configuration of Teacher Education 20
2.2. Attributes of Higher Education Projects 22
2.3. Attributes of Teacher Education Projects 26
3. Hypotheses to the Research Questions 29
β
’. RESEARCH METHODLOGY 31
1. Literature Review on Qualitative Meta-Synthesis 31
2. Scope of Research 35
3. Analytic Framework of Code Themes 40
4. Research Credibility 43
IV. FINDINGS 44
1. Information of Coded projects 44
2. Results of Coding Teacher Education Projects 45
3. Results of Coding Higher Education Projects 56
V. DISCUSSION 70
1. Synthesizing Sub-Themes 70
2. Interpreting Higher-order Themes 80
VI. CONCLUSION AND LIMITATIONS 82
REFERENCE 87
Appendix A. Coded sub-themes of projects 101
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 128μ
Evidence from the Fifth Integrated Household Survey 2019-2020
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬) -- μμΈλνκ΅λνμ : κ΅μ λμ
κΈ°μ λνμ κ΅μ λμ
κΈ°μ νκ³Ό, 2022.2. κΉνμ€.λ³Έ μμ¬νμ λ
Όλ¬Έμ 2019λ
λ λ§λΌμ μ 5μ°¨ ν΅ν©κ°κ΅¬μ‘°μ¬(IHPS) μλ£λ₯Ό νμ©νμ¬ λ§λΌμμ λΉκ³€ κ²°μ μμΈμ λΆμνκ³ , μ€μ§μ μΈ λΉκ³€ κ°μλ₯Ό μν μ μ±
μ μμ¬μ μ μ μνλ€. λΉκ³€ μΈ‘μ μ λ€μμ±μ κ³ λ €νμ¬, λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ κ°κ΅¬μ μ£Όκ΄μ λΉκ³€κ³Ό μλΉ λΉκ³€μ μΈ‘μ νμλ€. λ§λΌμ κ°κ΅¬μ λΉκ³€μ λν μ£Όκ΄μ νκ°μ μ°κ° μλΉκ°μΉλ₯Ό μ’
μλ³μλ‘ μ€μ νκ³ , μΌλ°λΉκ³€, μ£Όκ΄μ λΉκ³€, μλΉλΉκ³€μ μ£Όμ κ²°μ μμΈμ λ°νμΌλ‘ κ°κ΅¬μ μ¬νκ²½μ μ νΉμ±μ λ
립λ³μλ‘ μ μ νλ€. μ°κ΅¬λ μμν λ°μ΄ν°μ ν¨μ¨μ μ΄κ³ μ νν μ΄ν΄λ₯Ό μν΄ μμν νλ‘λΉ λͺ¨λΈκ³Ό νκ³ ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό μ±ν νμμΌλ©°, μ£Όκ΄μ λΉκ³€κ³Ό μλΉλΉκ³€μ λΉκ΅νκΈ° μν΄ λ€ν λ‘μ§ λͺ¨λΈμ μ μ©νμλ€. λΆμ κ²°κ³Ό λΆλΆμ§μμ κ±°μ£Ό ν μλ‘ μ£Όκ΄μ λΉκ³€ νλ₯ μ΄ νκ· 4.51% μ¦κ°νκ³ , μΉκ΅¬μ λΉκ³€μμ€κ³Ό κΈμ΅κΈ°κ΄κ³Όμ κ±°λ, μ κΈ°μ¬μ©μ νκ· 4.71%, 3.6%, 3.7%λ§νΌ μ£Όκ΄μ λΉκ³€μ λ²μ΄λ νλ₯ μ΄ λμμ§ κ²μΌλ‘ λνλ¬λ€. μλΉλΉκ³€μ κ²½μ°, μ κΈ° μ κ·Όμ±(485,624 MWK), λμ κ±°μ£Ό(334,519 MWK), κΈμ΅ κΈ°κ΄κ³Όμ κ±°λ(258,344 MWK), λΆλΆ κ±°μ£Ό(-163,755 MWK), μν μλΉ μ μ μ±(14,767 MWK)μ΄ μ£Όμ λΉκ³€κ²°μ μμΈ μ΄μλ€. λν μ£Όκ΄μ λΉκ³€κ³Ό μλΉλΉκ³€μ λΉκ΅ν κ²°κ³Ό, ν μ§μμ , μ΄μκ³Ό μΉκ΅¬μ λΉκ³€μμ€, κΈμ΅κΈ°κ΄κ³Όμ κ±°λ, μ κΈ°μ¬μ©, μλμ보, λμ΄, κ΅μ‘μμ€μ μ£Όκ΄μ λΉκ³€κ³Ό λ κ΄λ ¨μ΄ μλ λ°λ©΄ κ°κ΅¬ κ·λͺ¨λ μλΉλΉκ³€κ³Ό λ ν° μ°κ΄μ±μ κ°μ§κ³ μλ€.This thesis analyzes the poverty determinants in Malawi by using the 2019 Malawi Fifth Integrated Household Survey (IHPS) data. Regarding the diversity of poverty measurement, the study analyzed householdsβ both subjective and consumption poverty. The study set Malawian householdsβ subjective assessment of poverty and annual consumption value as a response variable, and selected socio-economic characteristics of households as explanatory variables based on main determinants of general, subjective, and consumption poverty. The study adopted an ordered probit model and marginal effects for efficient and precise comprehension of the ordinal data, and also used a multinomial logit model in order to compare subjective and consumption poverty. The results of the analysis indicate that Living in the Northern Region decreased the probabilities of being subjective non-poor by an average of 4.51%, and Friendβs poverty status, Financial inclusion, and Access to Electricity increased the probability of being higher poverty step by average of 4.71%, 3.6%, and 3.7%. Similarly, Access to Electricity (485,624 MWK), Living in the Urban area (334,519 MWK), Transaction with Financial institutions (258,344 MWK), Living in Northern Region (-163,755 MWK), Food Consumption Adequacy (145,767 MWK) were the main determinants of consumption poverty. Further, by comparing subjective and consumption poverty, property own, neighbor's poverty step, friend's poverty step, bank account, electricity, food consumption, age, education level are more associated with subjective poor while the household size was more associated with being consumption poor.Abstract 4
Contents 5
List of Figures 6
List of Tables 7
1. Introduction 8
1.1. Research Background 8
1.2. Purpose of study 12
2. Literature Review 13
3. Conceptual Framework 19
4. Model 23
4.1. Ordered Probit Model 23
4.2. Proportional Odds Model 26
4.3. Partial Proportional Odds Model 27
4.4. Marginal Effects οΌ8
4.5. Multinomial Logit model 30
5. Data and procedure 31
5.1. Data 31
5.2. Variables 31
5.3. Descriptive Statistics 34
5.4. Empirical Model 46
6. Results and Discussions 49
6.1. Subjective Poverty 49
6.2. Consumption Poverty 64
6.3. Comparing Poverty 68
7. Conclusion 78
References 80
Appendix 1. Integrated Household Panel Survey 2019-2020 Questionnaire 87
Abstract in Korean 119μ
μ κ±° μκΈ°μ νκ³ μ ν¬ν: 2008λ κ³Ό 2012λ κ΅νμμ μ κ±°λ₯Ό μ€μ¬μΌλ‘
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : μ μΉμΈκ΅νλΆ, 2015. 2. κ°μν.μ κ±° μκΈ°λ ν¬νμ κ²°κ³Όμ μ΄λ€ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉλκ°? λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμ λͺ©μ μ μκΈ° μ€ μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ μκΈ°μ μΉλ¬μ§λ μ κ±°μ κ²½μ°, κ·Έ κ²°κ³Όκ° μ κ±°μ μκΈ°μ μν₯μ λ°μ μ μμμ 보μ΄κ³ κ²μ΄λ€. μ κ±°μ κ΅λ©΄μμ, μ κΆμλ κ³Όκ±°μ λ―Έλλ₯Ό λμμ κ³ λ €νκ² λλ€λ μ μμ μλ©΄μ μΈ μ±ν₯μ κ°μ§λ€. κΈ°μ‘΄μ μ°κ΅¬μμ μ΄ κ°μ μ κΆμμ ν¬νννλ κ³Όκ±° μ¬μμμ μ±κ³Όμ λ°λΌ ν¬ννλ νκ³ μ ν¬νμ λ―Έλμ ν¨μ©μ μμΈ‘νμ¬ ν¬ννλ μ λ§μ ν¬νλ‘ κ°λ
νλμλ€. νκ³ μ ν¬νκ° κ³Όκ±°λ₯Ό μ’ λ μ€μν΄μ, μ λ§μ ν¬νκ° λ―Έλλ₯Ό μ’ λ μ€μν΄μ λνλλ κ²μ΄λΌλ©΄, μ΄ κ°μ μ€μλμ νλ¨μ 무μμ μν΄ λ΄λ €μ§λκ°?
νκ³ μ ν¬νμ μ λ§μ ν¬νκ° μΌμ΄λλμ§, λ§μ½ μΌμ΄λλ€λ©΄ μ΄λ»κ² μΌμ΄λλμ§μ μ§λ¬Έμ κΈ°μ‘΄μ μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ λ§μ΄ λ€λ£¨μ΄μ Έ μλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ νκ³ μ μ λ§μ λ κ°μ§ μ νμ§ μ€ μ΄λ€ κ²½μ° νκ³ λ₯Ό, λ μ΄λ€ κ²½μ° μ λ§μ μ ννλμ§μ λν μ°κ΅¬λ μλ€. λ°λΌμ μ΄ λ
Όλ¬Έμμλ μκ°κ΅¬μ‘°μ μμΈμΌλ‘μ μ κ±° μκΈ°κ° νκ³ μ , λλ μ λ§μ ν¬νκ²°μ μ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯μ κ²μ¦νλ€. μ¦, μ΄ λ
Όλ¬Έμ λͺ©μ μ λ€μ μΈκ°μ§λ‘ ννν μ μλ€. 첫째, μ΄ λ
Όλ¬Έμμλ μ€μ μ κ±°μμ νκ³ μ ν¬νμ μ λ§μ ν¬νλ μ΄λ€ κ΄κ³λ₯Ό κ°μ§λμ§ μ€λͺ
ν κ²μ΄λ€. λμ§Έ, μκΈ°μ μ°¨μ΄μμ λΉλ‘―λ μ κ±° μκΈ°μ μ°¨μ΄κ° νκ³ μ ν¬νμ μ λ§μ ν¬νμ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉλμ§, μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉλ€λ©΄ κ·Έκ²μ μ΄λ νμ§ κ²μ¦νλ€. μ
μ§Έ, μ λΉμΌμ²΄κ°μ λ°λΌ μ κ±°κ° μ κΆμμ νλ¨μ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯μ΄ λ¬λΌμ§ μ μμμ 보μΈλ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ κΆκ·Ήμ μΌλ‘, μ κ±° μκΈ°κ° μ κΆμλ‘ νμ¬κΈ μ¬μμμκ² κ³Όκ±° μ±κ³Όμ λν μ±
μμ λ¬»κ² ν κ²μΈκ° μλλ©΄ μ΄μ 무κ΄νκ² λ―Έλλ₯Ό μν ν¬νλ₯Ό ν κ²μΈκ°μ μ§λ¬Έμ΄ νκ³ μ , μ λ§μ ν¬νμ λν κΈ°μ‘΄μ μ°κ΅¬μ νμ λνλ κ²μ λͺ©νλ‘ νλ€.
μ΄λ₯Ό μν΄, μ΄ λ
Όλ¬Έμμλ 2008λ
, 2012λ
κ΅νμμ μ κ±°λ₯Ό μ κΆμ μμ€μμ κ²½νμ μΌλ‘ λΉκ΅νμ¬, μ κ±° μκΈ°κ° νκ³ μ , μ λ§μ ν¬νμ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯μ λ
Όνλ€. λΆμμ ν΅ν΄ λ°νλΈ ν₯λ―Έλ‘μ΄ μ¬μ€μ λ€μκ³Ό κ°λ€. μ κΆ μ΄κΈ°μ μΉλ¬μ§ μ κ±°μμ, μ κΆμλ νκ³ μ ν¬νλ₯Ό νμ§ μμλ€. 2008λ
μ΄μ μμ μ κΆμλ νμ§ λν΅λ Ήμ λ²νκ±°λ μμ μ£Όλ λμ κ·Έλ€μ΄ κ°μ§ μ λΉμΌμ²΄κ°μ λ°λΌ ν¬ννλ€. νλ©΄μ μΌλ‘, κ·Έλ€μ μ λΆμ κ΅μ μ΄μμ λ§μ‘±νλ κ²κ³Ό 무κ΄νκ² λ€μ΄μ μ§ μΌλ§ λμ§ μμ μ λΆμκ² μ±κ³Όλ₯Ό λ§λ€μ΄ λ΄κΈ° μν μκ°μ μ£Όλ κ²μΌλ‘ 보μΈλ€. μ΄μ λμ‘°μ μΌλ‘ μ κΆ λ§ μ κ±°μμ μ κΆμλ νκ³ μ , μ λ§μ νκ°μ λ°λΌ ν¬ννλ€. λμ μ΄ λ€κ°μ΄μ λ°λΌ κ³Όκ±°μ λ―Έλ μμͺ½μ κ³ λ €ν νμμ±μ΄ μκΈ΄ κ²μΌλ‘ 보μΈλ€. λ§μ§λ§μΌλ‘, μ κ±° μκΈ°μ μ΄ κ°μ μν₯μ μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ μ λΉμ μ§μ§νλ μ κΆμμκ² λ€λ₯΄κ² μμ©νλ€. μ κΆμλ μ λΉμ§μ§μ λ°λΌ μ΄λ»κ² ν¬ννλ κ²μ΄ μ°λ¦¬ μ λΉμκ² μ 리ν μ§ μλ‘ λ€λ₯Έ κ³μ°μ νμ¬ ν¬νλ₯Ό νλ€.Does election timing matter in terms of electoral consequences? The purpose of this thesis is to show the electorate making dissimilar vote decisions in the elections which take place at different times during presidency. Voters are Janus-faced. At the polling place, they consider the past as well as the future. Previous studies have conceptualized this Janus-faced voting behavior into retrospective voting and prospective voting: voters look to the past for retrospective evaluations and look forward to the future for prospective inference. But, what makes one side of the face prevail?
It has been widely discussed whether, and how, voters use their retrospective and prospective assessments in voting. However, they have remained comparatively silent on when retrospective, or prospective, evaluations show prevailing effects on vote choice. To fill this void, this thesis examines whether, and how, election timing functions as a structural factor that produces retrospective, or prospective, vote decisions. The objectives of this study are three: First, this thesis aims to explain how retrospective voting and prospective voting are linked in electoral reality. Second, it investigates whether, and how, different election timing caused by the inconsistency of term limits influence retrospective and prospective voting. Third, it shows, election timing leads voter to make decisions in dissimilar ways when combined with party identification. Consequently, it aims to contribute to the expansion of literature, by studying the mechanism of charging and choosing which is framed by election timing.
In order to achieve these goals, this thesis analyzes the effect of election timing on retrospective and prospective voting by comparing the 2008 and 2012 South Koreas National Assembly elections. As a result, some interesting findings are produced. In particular, it is found that voters save retrospective voting in an early-term election. In 2008 election, they largely depend on party identification instead of punishing or rewarding the president. Ostensibly, they keep their patience with the newly-formed government to show its real ability, no matter how dissatisfied they are. By contrast, voters decisions in a late-term election are driven by both retrospective and prospective assessments. As a presidential election approaches, voters in a late-term election consider both past and future. Lastly, when exerting on vote choice, the influence of election timing often combines with partisanship. Depending party identification, voters have their distinct ways of making vote decisions in early-term, and late-term, elections.CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1. The Puzzle of Election Timing and Retrospective Voting
1.2. Case Selection: South Korea's 2008 and 2012 National Assembly Elections
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Retrospective Voting and Prospective Voting
2.2. Timing of Second-Order Elections
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN
3.1. Research Models
3.2. Data and Measures
CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSES
4.1. Retrospective Voting in Different Election Timing
4.2. Retrospective Voting, Election Timing, and Party Identification
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS
References
Appendix: Coding Description of Variables
μμ½(κ΅λ¬Έ μ΄λ‘)Maste
μ§λ°©μ€κΈ°μΈν¬λ₯Ό μ΄μ©ν νμ§μ ν 볡μ κ°μ μμ°
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (λ°μ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : μμκ³Όλν μμνκ³Ό μμμμνμ 곡, 2016. 2. μ΄λ³μ².Since the birth of the first cloned dog Snuppy, valuable canids were produced by SCNT using adult somatic cells. In addition, genetically modified dogs were generated by SCNT using fetal fibroblasts. Fetal fibroblasts are preferred as nucleus donors for SCNT used in producing transgenic dogs because they have excellent proliferative ability, are capable of being genetically modified, and have the ability to produce live offspring. However, the donor transgenic cells become senescent and unusable because stable transgene-expression, homologous recombination or multiple transfections require a long time for in vitro culture. As an alternative to fetal cells, recent reports indicate that some mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) lines can be maintained sufficiently long enough for homologous recombination events to take place. MSCs can proliferate for many passages in culture and show constant growth. Furthermore, MSCs have the ability to give rise several differentiated cell types. Thus the object of this study was to determine whether canine adiposeβderived mesenchymal stem cells (cASCs) can be a suitable donor cell for producing transgenic cloned dogs. In several laboratory animals and humans, ASCs are of considerable interest because they are easy to harvest and can generate a huge number of cells from a small quantity of adipose tissue. ASCs have applications in various research areas, such as cell therapy and tissue engineering especially in bone reconstruction. In order to cASCs in SCNT, this study compared cellular proliferation rate, viability, cellular size and expression patterns of genes related to pluripotency and epigenetic modification between canine fetal fibroblasts (cFFs) and cASCs. The cFFs were established from fetuses of pregnant beagle at the 28th day. The cASCs were isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue collected from the inguinal region of a healthy dog. The cASCs were characterized through flow cytometry to be positive for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90 and CD105, but negative for CD31, CD34 and CD45. Proliferation pattern, cellular viability as well as cell size at each passage of cFF and cASC were compared when the culture reached confluence. In addition, real time-PCR was performed to investigate different mRNA transcripts expression in both cell lines. Moreover, the cASCs were evaluated as a potential donor cell using interspecies SCNT (iSCNT)cASCs were cultured in two different culture media (RCMEP or DMEM) and used for iSCNT. Next, to generate transgenic cloned dog, cASCs were established from a transgenic cloned beagle produced by nuclear transfer of canine fetal fibroblasts modified genetically with a red fluorescent protein (RFP) gene. The cASCs expressed RFP gene and cell-surface marker characteristics of MSCs, including CD29, CD44 and thy1.1. Furthermore, the cASCs underwent osteogenic, adipogenic, myogenic, neurogenic and chondrogenic differentiation when exposed to specific differentiation-inducing conditions.
Isolated cASCs were used for SCNT and after embryo transfer into recipient, RFP-expressing transgenic recloned beagle pups (Magic) were produced by nuclear transfer of cASCs derived from a transgenic cloned beagle (Ruppy1). Another purpose of this study is to determine the degree of genetic identity between the cloned (Ruppy1) and recloned (Magic) dogs and evaluated whether the RFP expression and CMV promoter methylation of these two transgenic dogs are age-dependent. To produce a transgenic dog that expresses neuron specific transgene, human synapsin 1 promoter as primarily neuron selective was chosen. Synapsin 1-RFP (SYN1-RFP) was introduced into cASCs via lentiviral vector infection. The SYN1-RFP cells were injected into enucleated in vivo matured dog oocytes and fused by electric stimulation. The fused-couplets were transferred into the uterine tube of five naturally estrus-synchronized surrogates.
As results, the cFFs and cASCs differed in the number of generation but not in doubling times at all passages. The mean cell size of cASCs was significantly smaller than that of cFFs. Cellular viability and apoptosis were significantly lower in cASCs when compared to passage-matched cFFs. The level of HDAC1 transcript in cASCs was significantly higher than in cFFs, but expression of DNMT1 was not different between the two groups. OCT4 and SOX2 transcripts showed significantly higher expression in cASCs than in cFFs. Thus, canine adipose-derived stem cells (cASCs) are promising as donor cells for SCNT. With this in mind, cASCs were evaluated as a potential donor cell using interspecies SCNT (iSCNT). RCMEP cultured cells contained significantly higher amount of SOX2, NANOG, OCT4, DNMT1 and MeCP2 than DMEM cultured cells (P <0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the rate of development to blastocysts between the two groups. Thus, these results showed that altering gene expression levels in donor cells by changing the culture medium did not influence subsequent in vitro development of cloned embryos. In SCNT for generating transgenic cloned dog, one dog among five (20%) maintained pregnancy and subsequently gave birth of two healthy cloned pups. The present study demonstrated for the first time the successful production of transgenic cloned beagles by nuclear transfer of cASCs derived from a transgenic cloned beagle. Moreover, the degree of genetic identity between the cloned and recloned dogs showed that both cloned dogs carried a single copy and same integration site of the RFP gene. The transgene protein quantity of both transgenic dogs, showed no significant difference in the relative RFP expression between the 1-year-old Ruppy1 and the 1-year-old Magic. Also, transgene protein levels increased with aging of the two dogs, while promoter methylation status decreased with age. Gene expression and promoter methylation showed similar opposite profiles during growth of the two transgenic dogs. Lastly, neuron specific transgene-expressed dogs were generated by SCNT and three cloned pups (SYN1-RFP A, SYN1-RFP B, and SYN1-RFP C) were produced by natural delivery or C-sec. One of them is still alive, healthy and does not show any abnormalities.
In this thesis, cASCs have superior proliferation patterns, epigenetic modification and pluripotency ability compared to cFFs and as well as capable of producing transgenic dogs by SCNT. Furthermore, cASCs can become a valuable resource to provide an unlimited supply of identical nuclei and to produce a neuronal degenerative disease model dog.PART I. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
1. Literature review 2
2. General objective 16
PART II. GENERAL METHODOLOGY 17
1. Chemicals and materials 18
2. Care and use of animals 18
3. Preparation of donor fibroblasts and somatic cell nuclear transfer 18
4. Embryo transfer and pregnancy diagnosis 19
5. Microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analysis of cloned puppies 19
PART III. Analysis of canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells 21
Chapter I. Comparison of cell proliferation and epigenetic modification of gene expression patterns in canine fetal fibroblasts and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells 22
1. Introduction 22
2. Materials and methods 24
3. Results 30
4. Discussion 37
Chapter II. Effect of culture medium type on canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and developmental competence of interspecies cloned embryos 40
1. Introduction 40
2. Materials and methods 42
3. Results 48
4. Discussion 54
PART IV. Generation of transgenic cloned dog using canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells 58
Chapter I. Recloned dogs derived from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells of a transgenic cloned beagle 59
1. Introduction 59
2. Materials and methods 61
3. Results 69
4. Discussion 81
Chapter II. Age-dependent alteration of transgene expression and cytomegalovirus promoter methylation in transgenic cloned and recloned dogs 85
1. Introduction 85
2. Materials and methods 87
3. Results 93
4. Discussion 99
Chapter III. Neuron-specific expression of the red fluorescence protein in cloned dogs 101
1. Introduction 101
2. Materials and methods 103
3. Results 107
4. Discussion 113
PART V. FINAL CONCLUSION 114
REFERENCES 117
κ΅λ¬Έμ΄λ‘ 136Docto
(A) study on the effect of nurse uniforms on organizational identity
보건κ΄λ¦¬νμ 곡/μμ¬λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ κ°νΈμ¬λ€μ΄ μ°©μ©νλ μ λνΌμ λν μΈμμ νΉμ±μ΄λ μ΄μ λν μΈμμ΄ μ‘°μ§ μμ΄λ΄ν°ν°μ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉλμ§μ λν΄ λΆμνκ³ μ μννμλ€. μ°κ΅¬λμμ 2κ°μ μλ£μ μ°νμ μλ 4κ°μ λνλ³μμ κ°νΈμ¬λ₯Ό λμμΌλ‘ 2011λ
4μ 18μΌ λΆν° 2011λ
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λ ₯μ΄ ν° κ²μΌλ‘ λλ¬λ¬λ€. μ
μ§Έ, μ λνΌ λμμΈ λ§μ‘±λλ ν΅κ³νμ μΌλ‘ μ μν μν₯μ λ―Έμ³€μ§λ§, μ λνΌ κΈ°λ₯μ± λ§μ‘±λλ μ‘°μ§ μμ΄λ΄ν°ν°μ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉμ§ μμλ€. λ·μ§Έ, μ λνΌμ λ΄μ κΈ°λ₯μ κΈμ μ μΌλ‘ μΈμν κ²½μ° μ‘°μ§ μλΆμ¬μ΄ λμμ‘λ€. μ΄ μ°κ΅¬κ²°κ³Όμ μ€ν μμ¬μ μ λ€μκ³Ό κ°λ€. 첫째, μ λνΌμ λμμΈ λ§μ‘±λκ° μ‘°μ§μμ΄λ΄ν°ν°μ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯μ λ°κ²¬νμλ€λλ° μμκ° μλ€. κΈ°μ‘΄μ μ°κ΅¬λ μ λνΌ λ§μ‘±κ³Ό μ‘°μ§μμ΄λ΄ν°ν°κ°μ κ΄κ³λ₯Ό λΆμνμ§ μμλλ°, μ΄ μ°κ΅¬λ μ λνΌμ μ¬νμ κΈ°λ₯μ μ‘°μ§μμ΄λ΄ν°ν°μ λν ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ 보μ¬μ£Όμλ€. λμ§Έ, μ΄ μ°κ΅¬λ μ ν΅μ μ λνΌμμ ννΌνλ €λ νκ·λ²ν μλμ λν΄ μμ¬νλ λ°κ° μλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬κ²°κ³Όλ μ λνΌμ μ ν΅μ λμμΈ κ²½ν₯, μ¦ ν°μ νΉμ λ¬΄λ¬ μλ μ λνΌμ κΈμ μ ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό μ§μ§νμλ€. μ΅κ·Όμ μ΄λ―Έμ§ νμ μ°¨μμμ κ°νΈμ¬ μ λνΌ μμμΌλ‘ μ μ±μμ μλνκ³ μμΌλ, λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬κ²°κ³Όλ μ΄λ¬ν μλκ° λ¨κΈ°μ μΌλ‘ μ‘°μ§μμ΄λ΄ν°ν°μ λΆμ μ μΌλ‘ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉ μ μμμ μμ¬νλ€. μ
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μ λ°μμμΌ μ λνΌ λμμΈμ λ³νλ₯Ό μλνλ€λ©΄, κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ°μ μ‘°μ§ λμ§μ± ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό κ±°λ μ μμ κ²μΌλ‘ μκ°λλ€.ope
(A) study on the effect of nurse uniforms on organizational identity
보건κ΄λ¦¬νμ 곡/μμ¬λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ κ°νΈμ¬λ€μ΄ μ°©μ©νλ μ λνΌμ λν μΈμμ νΉμ±μ΄λ μ΄μ λν μΈμμ΄ μ‘°μ§ μμ΄λ΄ν°ν°μ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉλμ§μ λν΄ λΆμνκ³ μ μννμλ€. μ°κ΅¬λμμ 2κ°μ μλ£μ μ°νμ μλ 4κ°μ λνλ³μμ κ°νΈμ¬λ₯Ό λμμΌλ‘ 2011λ
4μ 18μΌ λΆν° 2011λ
5μ 20μΌκΉμ§ μ€λ¬Έμ‘°μ¬λ₯Ό μ€μνμ¬, 365λΆκ° λΆμμ μ¬μ©λμλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μ μΈ‘μ λκ΅¬λ‘ μμ±λ μ€λ¬Έμ§λ μ΄ 58κ° λ¬ΈνμΌλ‘ ꡬμ±λμ΄ μμΌλ©°, λ
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, κ°μΈμ νΉμ±, μ λνΌ κΈ°λ₯, μ λνΌ λ§μ‘±λλ‘, μ’
μλ³μλ μ‘°μ§ μμ΄λ΄ν°ν°λ‘ μ€μ νμλ€. μλ£λΆμμ SPSS 12.0μ μ΄μ©νμ¬ λΉλμ λ°±λΆμ¨, tκ²μ¦ λ° λ³λ λΆμ(ANOVA), μκ΄κ΄κ³(Correlation Analysis), μκ³μ λ€μ€νκ·λΆμ(Hierarchical Regression Analysis)μ μ€μνμλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μμ½νλ©΄ λ€μκ³Ό κ°λ€. 첫째, μ λνΌ νΉμ±μΈ μμ보λ€λ 무λ¬μ μ 무μ λ°λΌμ μ λνΌ κΈ°λ₯ μΈμμ μ°¨μ΄κ° μμλ€. λμ§Έ, μ‘°μ§ μμ΄λ΄ν°ν°λ‘ μ‘°μ§ μλΆμ¬κ³Ό μ‘°μ§ λμ§κ°μ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉλ μμΈμ κ°κ° μκ³μ νκ·λΆμν κ²°κ³Ό μ λνΌ λ§μ‘±λ(λμμΈ λ§μ‘±λ, κΈ°λ₯μ± λ§μ‘±λ)λ³΄λ€ μ λνΌ κΈ°λ₯(λ΄μ , μΈμ )μ μν₯μ΄ μ μΌ μ€λͺ
λ ₯μ΄ ν° κ²μΌλ‘ λλ¬λ¬λ€. μ
μ§Έ, μ λνΌ λμμΈ λ§μ‘±λλ ν΅κ³νμ μΌλ‘ μ μν μν₯μ λ―Έμ³€μ§λ§, μ λνΌ κΈ°λ₯μ± λ§μ‘±λλ μ‘°μ§ μμ΄λ΄ν°ν°μ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉμ§ μμλ€. λ·μ§Έ, μ λνΌμ λ΄μ κΈ°λ₯μ κΈμ μ μΌλ‘ μΈμν κ²½μ° μ‘°μ§ μλΆμ¬μ΄ λμμ‘λ€. μ΄ μ°κ΅¬κ²°κ³Όμ μ€ν μμ¬μ μ λ€μκ³Ό κ°λ€. 첫째, μ λνΌμ λμμΈ λ§μ‘±λκ° μ‘°μ§μμ΄λ΄ν°ν°μ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯μ λ°κ²¬νμλ€λλ° μμκ° μλ€. κΈ°μ‘΄μ μ°κ΅¬λ μ λνΌ λ§μ‘±κ³Ό μ‘°μ§μμ΄λ΄ν°ν°κ°μ κ΄κ³λ₯Ό λΆμνμ§ μμλλ°, μ΄ μ°κ΅¬λ μ λνΌμ μ¬νμ κΈ°λ₯μ μ‘°μ§μμ΄λ΄ν°ν°μ λν ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ 보μ¬μ£Όμλ€. λμ§Έ, μ΄ μ°κ΅¬λ μ ν΅μ μ λνΌμμ ννΌνλ €λ νκ·λ²ν μλμ λν΄ μμ¬νλ λ°κ° μλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬κ²°κ³Όλ μ λνΌμ μ ν΅μ λμμΈ κ²½ν₯, μ¦ ν°μ νΉμ λ¬΄λ¬ μλ μ λνΌμ κΈμ μ ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό μ§μ§νμλ€. μ΅κ·Όμ μ΄λ―Έμ§ νμ μ°¨μμμ κ°νΈμ¬ μ λνΌ μμμΌλ‘ μ μ±μμ μλνκ³ μμΌλ, λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬κ²°κ³Όλ μ΄λ¬ν μλκ° λ¨κΈ°μ μΌλ‘ μ‘°μ§μμ΄λ΄ν°ν°μ λΆμ μ μΌλ‘ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉ μ μμμ μμ¬νλ€. μ
μ§Έ, λ°λΌμ μ λνΌ μμκ³Ό 무λ¬μ λν κ°νΈμ¬λ€μ μΈμμ λ³΄λ€ μ κ΅νκ² λΆμν νμκ° μλ€. μ‘°μ§ μμ΄λ΄ν°ν°λ₯Ό λμ΄κΈ° μν΄ κ΅μ‘μ λ§μ ν¬μλ₯Ό μ§μ€νκ³ μλλ°, μ λνΌ λμμΈμ λ³μμ μ² νκ³Ό μ΄λ
μ λ°μμμΌ μ λνΌ λμμΈμ λ³νλ₯Ό μλνλ€λ©΄, κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ°μ μ‘°μ§ λμ§μ± ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό κ±°λ μ μμ κ²μΌλ‘ μκ°λλ€.ope
νκ΅ κ³ λ±νμλ€μ μμ΄λ£κΈ° μ ν΄ μμ
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μ μμ΄ λ£κΈ° μνμ μΉ λ λλΌλ μμ΄ λ£κΈ° μ ν΄ μμμ λν΄μ μ°Ύμλ³΄κ³ κ·Έ μμλ€μ μ΄λ»κ² μΈμνλμ§μ λν΄ μ°κ΅¬ν΄λ³΄κ³ μ νλ€.
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μ νμλ€μ΄ μ΄ μ ν΄ μμλ€μ λν΄ μ΄λ»κ² μΈμνλμ§λ₯Ό λΆμνλ€. νμλ€μ κ·Έλ€μ μμ΄λ£κΈ° λ₯μλμ λ°λΌ μ, μ€, νμ μΈκ·Έλ£ΉμΌλ‘ λλ μ‘μΌλ©° κ·Έλ£Ή μ¬μ΄μ μ μλ―Έν μ°¨μ§κ° μλμ§ μμ보기 μν΄ μ€λ¬Έμ§ κ²°κ³Όλ μΌμλΆμ°λΆμμ ν΅ν΄ ν΅κ³μ μΌλ‘ λΆμλμλ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ λ κ°μ§ νμ
μ μμ΄ λ£κΈ° μ ν΄ μμκ° λ°κ²¬λμλ€. 첫 λ²μ§Έλ λͺ¨λ μ νμ λ¬Έμ μ ν΄λΉλλ μΌλ°μ μΈ λ£κΈ° μ ν΄ μμλ€μ΄κ³ λ λ²μ§Έλ λ¬Έμ μ νμ νΉμ§μμ κΈ°μΈνλ λ£κΈ° μ ν΄ μμλ€μ΄λ€. μΌλ°μ λ£κΈ° μ ν΄ μμμλ μ΄νμ μ΄λ €μ, μ§μ€λ ₯ λΆμ‘±, λ¨μ΄ μΈμ, λΉ λ₯Έ λ°ν μλ, μ£Όμ νμ
λ₯λ ₯μ λΆμ‘±, μμ΄λ‘ μ μΈ λ¬Έμ , ν΅μ¬μ μΈ λ³΅μ‘μ±, μ νλ κΈ°μ΅ μ©λ, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λ°°κ²½ μ§μμ λΆμ‘±μ΄λΌλ 9κ°μ μμκ° λ°κ²¬ λμλ€. λ¬Έμ μ ν νΉμ±μ κΈ°μΈνλ μμλ€λ‘λ κ³μ°μ 볡μ‘ν¨, 짧μ λν, μ¬λ¬ λ¬Έμ λ₯Ό λμμ νκΈ°, κΈ΄ μ§λ¬Έ, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μμ΄ μ νμ§λΌλ 5κ°μ μμκ° μ ν΄ μμλ‘ νμΈ λμλ€.
μΌλ°μ μΈ λ£κΈ° μ ν΄ μμμμλ λΉ λ₯Έ λ°ν μλ, μ§μ€λ ₯μ λΆμ‘±, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μ΄νμ μ΄λ €μμ΄ κ°μ₯ μ΄λ €μ΄ μμμΈ κ²μΌλ‘ λνλ¬κ³ , λ¬Έμ μ ν νΉμ§μ κΈ°μΈνλ μμ μ€μμλ 짧μ λν μ νμμ κ°μ₯ μ΄λ €μμ λλΌλ κ²μΌλ‘ νμΈ λμλ€. λν λͺ¨λ λ£κΈ° μ ν΄ μμμ λν΄ μΈ κ·Έλ£Ή κ°μ μ μλ―Έν μΈμ μ°¨μ΄κ° μ‘΄μ¬νλ κ²μΌλ‘ λ°νμ‘λ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ νκ΅ νμλ€μ΄ μμ΄λ£κΈ°λ₯Ό νλλ° μμ΄ λλΌλ μ΄λ €μλ€μ λν΄ μ’ λ κΉμ μ΄ν΄λ₯Ό μ 곡ν μ μμ κ²μΌλ‘ μ¬κ²¨μ§λ€. λν, 리μ€λ λ€μ΄μ΄λ¦¬ μμ± λ° μ€λ¬Έμ§λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ μμ μ μμ΄ λ£κΈ° λ¬Έμ μ λ€μ μ€μ€λ‘ μ°Ύμ보λ κ³Όμ μ μμ΄ λ£κΈ°λ₯Ό μ±κ³΅μ μΌλ‘ μννλ λ° μμ΄ μ¬λ κΉμ λ°©λλ₯Ό μ μν μ μμ κ²μΌλ‘ κΈ°λλλ€.Studies on listening barrier factors have recently received a growing body of attention in the L2 listening field, but studies about Korean high school students are relatively few. Therefore, the current study tries to find the listening barrier factors Korean high school students feel and seeks to identify how they perceive those factors when they are taking CSAT type listening tests.
233 second year (11th grade) Korean high school students participated in this study. To find out listening barrier factors, 24 students listening diaries were collected. Based on the findings from listening diaries, a questionnaire was made to figure out how Korean high school students perceived these listening problems. Students were categorized into three proficiency groups: high, intermediate and low. One-way ANOVA was implemented to find out whether there were significant differences among three proficiency groups.
The findings revealed that there were nine general listening problems many students felt detrimental to their listening comprehension: (1) difficulty of vocabulary, (2) lack of concentration, (3) word recognition, (4) fast speech rate, (5) lack of grasping the intended message, (6) phonological problems, (7) syntactic complexity, (8) limited memory capacity, and (9) lack of background knowledge. In addition, five item-specific barrier factors were found pertaining to CSAT type listening items: (1) complexity of mathematical calculation, (2) short conversation, (3) multiple questions, (4) long passage, and (5) English options.
With regard to general factors, speech rate, concentration and vocabulary were chosen as difficult factors with the speech rate at the top. All group students considered short conversation type was the most difficult item-specific factor. Long passage and mathematical calculation were the second and third most difficult item-specific barrier factors.
It was also found that there were significant perception differences among the three proficiency groups regarding all listening barrier factors. The low proficiency group perceived all listening barrier factors difficult the most, whereas high proficiency group showed lowest mean scores in all categories.
In conclusion, this study is expected to provide a deeper understanding about Korean high school students listening problems. Also, the self-check methods dealt with in this study such as keeping listening diaries or self-check list can offer finer insights to succeed in L2 listening comprehension.TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT i
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES viii
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Purpose of the Study 1
1.2. Research Qusetions 3
1.3. Organization of the Thesis 3
CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1. Factors That Affect Listeing Comprehension 5
2.1.1. Listening Difficulty vs. Reading Difficulty 6
2.1.2. Factors That Makes Listening Difficult 7
2.2. Previous Studies on Second Language Listening Barrier Factors 9
2.2.1. Foreign Studies 9
2.2.2. Studies in Korea 13
2.2.3. Comparison of the Previous Studies 15
CHAPTER 3. METHOD 17
3.1. Preliminary Study 17
3.1.1. Participants 17
3.1.2. Three CSAT Type Tests 18
3.1.3. Chosen Itmes from Three CSAT Type Tests 20
3.2. Main Study 22
3.2.1. Listening Diaries 23
3.2.2. Questionnaire 24
3.2.3. Interview 27
3.3. Data Analyses 27
CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29
4.1. Nine General Listening Barrier Factors 29
4.1.1. General Listening Barrier Factors Mentioned in Listening Diaries β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦.β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦29
4.1.2. Results of Questionnaire on General Listening Barrier Factors 34
4.2. Five Item-specific Listening Barrier Factors 37
4.2.1. Item-specific Listening Barrier Factors Mentioned in Listening Diaries 37
4.2.2. Results of Questionnaire on Item-specific Listening Barrier Factors 40
4.3. Listening Barrier Factors Across Proficiency Levels 42
4.3.1. Nine General Listening Barrier Factors 42
4.3.2. Item-specific Listening Barrier Factors 47
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION 52
5.1. Summary of the Findings 52
5.2. Pedagogical Implications 54
5.2. Limitations of the Study and Suggestions for Future Research 55
REFERENCES 57
APPENDICES 63
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 84Maste
Fecal Calprotectin Level Reflects the Severity of Clostridium difficile Infection
Clostridium difficile is a significant nosocomial and community-acquired pathogen, and is the leading cause of antibiotic-induced diarrhea associated with high morbidity and mortality. Given that the treatment outcome depends on the severity of C. difficile infection (CDI), we aimed to establish an efficient method of assessing severity, and focused on the stool biomarker fecal calprotectin (FC). FC directly reflects the intestinal inflammation status of a patient, and can aid in interpreting the current guidelines, which requires the integration of indirect laboratory parameters. The distinction of 80 patients with CDI versus 71 healthy controls and 30 severe infection cases versus 50 mild cases was possible using FC as a marker. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves were 0.821 and 0.746 with a sensitivity of 75% and 70% and specificity of 79% and 80%, for severe versus mild cases, respectively. We suggest FC as a predictive marker for assessing CDI severity, which is expected to improve the clinical management of CDI.ope
A Study of Works on Human Egoism
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κ³Ό κ·Έ κ²°κ³Όμ λν΄ κΈ°μ νλ€.
μ 3μ , μ΄νμ κ΄κ³μ λͺ¨μ: μνκ³Όμ κ΄κ³μμλ λ³ΈμΈμ΄ μ¨μ ν μ΄νμ λλ¬νκ³ μ μ€ννλ, μνμ μ μνκ³ μ μνλ νμλ§μ μ΄κΈ°μμμ κΉ¨λ«κ³ μΈκ°μ μ΄κΈ°κ° νμ°μ μΈ κ²μ μΈμ ν μλ°μ μμλ κ³Όμ μ κ΄ν΄ κΈ°μ νλ€.
μ 4μ , μ΄κΈ°μ± ν볡μ μν΄: μ¬μ±μΌλ‘μμ κ²½νμμλ μΌμμ κ²½νμ ν΅ν΄ λ³ΈμΈμ΄ κ·Έλμ μ¬νμ μΌλ‘ μ μλλ μ¬μ±μ κΈ°μ€μ λΆν©νκΈ° μν΄ μμ μ μλ¨ννκ³ μ΄κΈ°μ±μ μ΅μ νλ€λ κ²μ λ°κ²¬νκ³ λ€μ μ΄κΈ°μ±μ ν볡νλ μλλ€μ κ΄ν΄ κΈ°μ νλ€.λ€μ΄κ°λ©° 1
μ΄κΈ°μ μ΄νλ₯Ό κ³ λ―Όνλ©° 1
μμ
μ μ κ° 4
μ΄κ°μΌλ‘ μ§κ°νλ 'μ΄μ μμ' 4
μ΄κΈ°μ λ°ννκΈ° 6
μν 1. 8
μν 2. 10
μ΄νμ κ΄κ³μ λͺ¨μ : μνκ³Όμ κ΄κ³ 11
μν 3. 13
μν 4. 16
μ΄κΈ°μ± ν볡μ μν΄ : μ¬μ±μΌλ‘μμ κ²½ν 18
μν 5. 21
μν 6. 24
μν 7. 30
λκ°λ©° 33
μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν 35
Abstract 36Maste
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