17 research outputs found

    Experimental study of boosting methods on credit scoring data

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™๊ณผ, 2011.2. ๊น€์šฐ์ฒ .Maste

    (The) study on the factors determining cesarean delivery : 2003๋…„ ์ „๊ตญ ์ถœ์‚ฐ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ณด๊ฑดยท๋ณต์ง€์‹คํƒœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ๊ตญ์ œ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€]์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ์€ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๋‚˜ ํƒœ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์— ์น˜๋ช…์  ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ƒ๋ถ„๋งŒ์ด ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ด์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”๊ณ  20๋…„์ „์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ์œจ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ 1990๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ์œจ์ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์˜์•„ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒ ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋ฐ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํšŒยท๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ธฐํ˜ผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌํšŒยท๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ, ์ธ๊ตฌ์  ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ์ž„์‹ ยท์ถœ์‚ฐ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š”์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ธฐํ˜ผ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋ณด๊ฑด์‚ฌํšŒ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•œ 2003๋…„ ์ „๊ตญ ์ถœ์‚ฐ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ณด๊ฑดยท๋ณต์ง€ ์‹คํƒœ์กฐ์‚ฌ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 2001๋…„ 1์›” 1์ผ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2003๋…„ 4์›”๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ์ถœ์ƒ์•„ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๋ถ„๋งŒ๊ฑด์ˆ˜ 1,111๋ช… ์ค‘์—์„œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์— ๋ฌด์‘๋‹ตํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 1,101๋ช…์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํšŒยท๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํŠน์„ฑ, ์ธ๊ตฌ์  ํŠน์„ฑ, ์ž„์‹ ยท์ถœ์‚ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ถ„๋งŒ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์นด์ด์Šคํ€˜์–ด ๊ฒ€์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค๊ณผ ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋กœ์ง“๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๋‹ค๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค.์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ์„ ๋กœ์ง“๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‚จํŽธ ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€, ๋‚จํŽธ ์—ฐ๋ น, ์‚ฐ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌํšŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹จ๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚จํŽธ ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€, ๋‚จํŽธ ์—ฐ๋ น, ์‚ฐ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌํšŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ„์— ๋‹ค์ค‘๊ณต์„ ์„ฑ(multicollinearity)์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ stepwise ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋„ ๋‚จํŽธ ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€, ๋‚จํŽธ ์—ฐ๋ น, ์‚ฐ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌํšŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๋‚จํŽธ ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต ์ดํ•˜์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์ด์ƒ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ์„ ํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ๋‚จํŽธ ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚จํŽธ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด 29์„ธ ์ดํ•˜์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ณด๋‹ค 35~39์„ธ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ์„ ํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ๋‚จํŽธ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ๊ณผ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚จํŽธ ๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฐ์ „์ง„์ฐฐํšŒ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ์„ ํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋” ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฐ๊ณผ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณผ๋‹คํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•ด๋‚ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์ ์ •ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๋‹ค.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ์„ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ๋ถ„๋งŒ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์›€์ง์ž„์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์—์„œ ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒยท๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ์ธ๊ตฌ์ , ์ž„์‹ ยท์ถœ์‚ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ถ„๋งŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ ๋…์ด๋‚˜ ํƒœ๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ์ง€์ (cognitive) ์ธก๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์—ฐ๋ถ„๋งŒ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋‚จํŽธ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค๊ณผ ์ œ์™•์ ˆ๊ฐœ๋ถ„๋งŒ์˜ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์ถ”ํ›„์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Cesarean section rate is increasing tendency in the world for 20 years. Especially this current is showing no sign of abating in korea from the 1990s, so that health problems and socioeconomic effect has become social issues. And it is needed to investigate more concrete and integrated study on the factors determining cesarean delivery.The purpose of this study was to examine the factors of determining cesarean delivery concerning the impact of socioeconomic and demographic status, obstetrical characteristics by investigating the previous article and testing the major hypothesis.This Study is based on data from Year 2003 Korea National Fertility Survey carried by Korea Institute of Health and Social Affairs. In particular, the last babies born from January, 2001 to April, 2003 and the mothers were analysed as the main data for this study.Descriptive analysis showed general characteristics of mothers and babies. Hypotheses were tested by the statistic significance using logit analysis for the factors determining the cesarean delivery.The results of this study can be summarized as follows;Husband's education level, husband's age, number of preterm care were significant by univariate analysis. And all of this variables were significant in stepwise method by multivariate analysis in case controlled to the other factors.In case husband's education level is above university, the probability of cesarean delivery is high compared to under high school in socioeconomic characteristics. And in case husband's age is 35~39, it has little probability compared to under 29 in demographic characteristics. Finally the higher number of preterm care in obstetrical characteristics, the higher the cesarean delivery.We tried to research what are the determinants on the cesarean section delivery. We analysed in aspects of the socioeconomic characteristics, demographic characteristics, obstetrical characteristics, so we need the further research in cognitive characteristics such as an attitude and belief to find a strategies for encouraging mothers to delivery naturally. And this analysis suggests the necessities of systemic research to explain relation of cause and effect among husband's characteristics explaining the factors of determining cesarean delivery.restrictio

    Silver town model for the Korean elderly people based on the preference of silver town

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    ๋ณ‘์›ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ ๋ณ‘์›ํ–‰์ •์ „๊ณต/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด์˜ ์šด์˜ ์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•œ๊ตญํ˜• ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌธํ—Œ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด ์˜ˆ๋น„ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์ธ ์ค‘์žฅ๋…„์ธต์˜ ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„์™€ ์†Œ๋“๊ณ„์ธต์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ธ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„, ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ํ›„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด ์žฅ๋‹จ์  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญํ˜• ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์†Œ๋“์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ํ˜•์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์šฐ์„  ์›”ํ‰๊ท ์†Œ๋“ 190๋งŒ ์› ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์ €์†Œ๋“์ธต ๋ฐ ์›”ํ‰๊ท  ์†Œ๋“ 191๋งŒ ์› ์ด์ƒ-310๋งŒ ์› ์ดํ•˜์˜ ์ค‘์‚ฐ์ธต๋Œ€์ƒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ˜•์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด์€ ์‹œ์„ค ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ๋…์‹ ์šฉ 10ํ‰์ด์ƒ-20ํ‰์ดํ•˜, ๋ถ€๋ถ€์šฉ 15ํ‰์ด์ƒ-30ํ‰์ดํ•˜๋ฅผ, ์„ธ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋Š” 50์ด์ƒ-100์„ธ๋Œ€์ดํ•˜๋ฅผ, ์ž…์ฃผ๋น„์šฉ์€ 5,000๋งŒ์›์ดํ•˜๋ฅผ, ์ฃผํƒ์œ ํ˜•์€ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธํ˜•์„, ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๊ทผ๊ตํ˜•๊ณผ ์ „์›ํ˜•์„, ์šด์˜์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์š”๊ตฌ๋„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ์ž…์ฃผ๋น„์šฉ, ์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค, ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ๋…ธ์ธ ์ „์šฉ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์›”ํ‰๊ท  ์†Œ๋“ 310๋งŒ์›์ดˆ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ณ ์†Œ๋“์ธต ๋Œ€์ƒ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ํ˜•์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์‹œ์„ค ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๊ทœ๋ชจ๋Š” ๋…์‹ ์šฉ 11ํ‰์ด์ƒ-15ํ‰์ดํ•˜๋ฅผ, ๋ถ€๋ถ€์šฉ 21ํ‰์ด์ƒ-30ํ‰์ดํ•˜๋ฅผ, ์„ธ๋Œ€์ˆ˜๋Š” 51-100์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ, ์ž…์ฃผ๋น„์šฉ์€ 5์ฒœ๋งŒ์›๋ฏธ๋งŒ ๋ฐ 5์ฒœ๋งŒ์›์ด์ƒ-2์–ต์›์ดํ•˜๋ฅผ, ์ž…์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ํšŒ์›๊ถŒํ˜•์„, ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๊ทผ๊ตํ˜•๊ณผ ์ „์›ํ˜•์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์š”๊ตฌ๋„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๋†’์€ ์งˆ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€, ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค์™€ ๋…ธ์ธ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ+๊ฐ€์กฑ์œ ์ธ์‹œ์„ค+๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค+๋ ˆ์ € ํœด์–‘ ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‹จ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์šด์˜์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€, ์ข…๊ต๊ธฐ๊ด€, ์ •๋ถ€์ฃผ๋„์˜ ๋ฏผ์˜๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ์šด์˜์ž์˜ ์ง€์›์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ˜• ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž์ฃผํƒ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐ ์†Œ๋“๊ณ„์ธต๋ณ„ ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ์ง€์›์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด ์šด์˜์ž์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด์™€ ์šด์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณต์ง€์‹œ์„ค๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ™œ๋™ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ํ˜• ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์‹œ์žฅํ˜• ๋…ธ์ธ๋ณต์ง€์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์‚ฌ์—… ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ธฐ์—…์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ์ • ์ˆ˜์ต์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์— ์›๋™๋ ฅ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์šด์˜์ž๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ž…์ฃผ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ™”, ์šด์˜์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ธ๊ณผ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์‹œ์„ค ๊ณต๋™์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ ์ž…์ฃผ์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ๋ณด์žฅ์„ ์šฐ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค.๊ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฌธํ—Œ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ๋ณ„๋กœ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ํ•œ๊ตญํ˜• ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด์€ ์š”์–‘ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋งŒ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•ด ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ž…์ฃผ์ž๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์•…ํ™”์‹œ ํƒ€ ์‹œ์„ค๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์‹œ์„ค๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๋น„์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์˜๊ณผ ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์˜์„ธ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์ž์šด์˜์— ํ—ˆ๋•์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์‹ค๋ฒ„ํƒ€์šด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•œ ์ง€์›๊ณผ ์šด์˜์ž์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ, ์†Œ๋น„์ž ์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]This study presented the conclusion on preference of domestic silver town with comparative analysis of preceding studies that make a survey of preliminary elderly people preferring silver town, and the model of Korean silver town with reference to the examples and suggestions of silver town in the advanced countries for the purpose of activating silver town.It divides silver town model into the general and high type according to income level based on the preference of domestic silver town, which the low-income group is below 1.9 million won in monthly mean and the middle-income group is from 1.9 million won to 3.1 million won in monthly mean.The following are general-silver town models targeting the low-income group and middle-income group.First, for facilities and service, it showed that they prefer the residential size from 10 to 20 pyong for single and from 15 to 30 pyong for couple, generation number from 50 to 100, moving-in expense below 50 million won, housing type like apartment, the suburbs and rural type, the operating body like confidential government, respectively. Meanwhile, for service demand, they prefer the low moving-in expense and small facilities for elderly people.Second, the support policy of government is necessary to the activation of silver town. Accordingly, the effort of government and tax incentives are essential to the political enforcement of housing subsidy for elderly people and activation of silver town.Third, as it is important that the operating body of silver town secure the confidence in supporting silver town, it is imperative that operator actively connect with the existing welfare institution in its circumference and make an effort that try to advertise silver town of the middle-income group for the rationalization of operation.Subsequently, the following are high-silver town models targeting high-income group over 3.1 million won in monthly mean.First, for facilities and service, it showed that they prefer the residential size from 11 to 15 pyong for single and from 21 to 30 pyong for couple, generation number from 51 to 100, moving-in expense below 50 million won and from 50 million to 200 million won, moving-in method for member, the suburbs and rural type, respectively. For service demand, they prefer the service of good quality including indispensable medical service. In addition, they prefer the residential complex such as elderly apartment facilities, family-attracting facilities, cultural facilities and leisure recreation facilities, and intervention of government and private institution such as government, religious institution and private institution led by government.Second, for support system of government, it is necessary for pushing simultaneously ahead with the active plans of elderly welfare residential project and profitability-generated plans by investment project in silver town of local government.Third, for support system of operator, it must rationalize the moving-in expense of high price, and materialize the systematic operation and elderly welfare by securing expertise of operation.ope

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    Schaukel zwischen Leben und Tod: Raumwahrnehmung und Raumbeschreibungen in Herta Mรผllers Atemschaukel

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋…์–ด๋…๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2016. 2. ์ตœ์œค์˜.ํ—ค๋ฅดํƒ€ ๋ฎ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” 2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ „์˜ ์ข…์‹ ์ดํ›„ ๋…์žฌ์™€ ํšกํฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์— ์ž”์žฌํ•ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์ถœ์ƒํ•œ ์ด์ฃผ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋‹ค. ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋‚จ์„œ๋ถ€์˜ ๋…์ผ๊ณ„ ์†Œ์ˆ˜๋ฏผ์กฑ ๊ฐ€์ •์—์„œ ํƒœ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ „ํ†ต์„ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ต์••์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ์‡„์ ์ธ ๋…์ผ๋ฌธํ™” ์†์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ˆ์ฝœ๋ผ์ด ์ฐจ์šฐ์…ฐ์Šค์ฟ ์˜ ๊ฐ•์••์ ์ธ ๋…์žฌ์ •๊ถŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์ฒด์ œ ๋ฌธํ™”์šด๋™์— ๋‚จํŽธ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฅดํŠธ ๋ฐ”๊ทธ๋„ˆ์™€ ๋™์ฐธํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๋น„๋ฐ€๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์„ธํ๋ฆฌํƒ€ํ…Œ์˜ ๊ฐ์‹œ์™€ ์‹ฌ๋ฌธ, ํ•ด๊ณ  ๋ฐ ์‚ดํ•ด ์œ„ํ˜‘์„ ๊ฒฌ๋””์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  1980๋…„๋„ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ๋…์ผ๋กœ ๋ง๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ง๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋…์ผ ๋น„ํ‰๊ณ„์˜ ํ˜ธ์‘์„ ์–ป์€ ??์ €์ง€๋Œ€??๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฎ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋…์ผ์—์„œ ์ €๋ช…ํ•œ ์ด์ฃผ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ์ด์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฎ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์—๋Š” ๋ฃจ๋งˆ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋…์žฌ์ •๊ถŒ์˜ ์–ต์••์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๋…์ผ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ์‡„์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…์ผ ๋ฌธํ™”์— ์˜จ์ „ํžˆ ์ •์ฐฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ฏ์„ฆ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ž‘์˜ ์ ˆ๋ง๊ฐ์ด ๊ณ ์Šค๋ž€ํžˆ ๋…น์•„๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฎ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋ฌธํ•™์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๊ณ , โ€˜๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ ์ง€๊ฐโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„์œ ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ฒด๋กœ ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ์†Œ์™ธ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์Šคํƒˆ๋ฆฐ ์น˜ํ•˜์˜ ์†Œ๋ จ์€ ๋…์ผ ๋‚˜์น˜ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ํŒจ๋ง ์ดํ›„ ์ „ํ›„ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•์ œ๋…ธ๋™์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋…์ผ ์˜ํ†  ์™ธ์˜ ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ๋…์ผ๋ฏผ์กฑ๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ, 600๋งŒ๋ช…์ด ๋„˜๋Š” ์œ ๋Œ€์ธ ํ•™์‚ด์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณผ์˜ค๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ๋‚˜์น˜์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์กฑ๊ณผ ๋™์ผ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ, ์†์ฃ„์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋งก์•„์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ??์ˆจ๊ทธ๋„ค??๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ์— ์ง•์ง‘๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ๋…์ผ๊ณ„์˜ ์‹œ์ธ ์˜ค์Šค์นด ํŒŒ์Šคํ‹ฐ์˜ค๋ฅด์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•ด๋‚ธ ์žฅํŽธ์†Œ์„ค๋กœ, ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ๋„ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ๊นŠ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ๋ฎ๋Ÿฌ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ๋น„์œ ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธํ•™์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์—, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธํ•™์  ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒŒ๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์„ ์„ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋น„ํŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์น˜์„ฑ์„ ๋ ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฌธ๋ช…์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ, ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋ณ€๋™๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” โ€˜๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ์„ ํšŒโ€™๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์ผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์œ ํด๋ฆฌ๋“œ์‹์˜ ์ •์—ญํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ์ด๊ณ  ์—ญ๋™์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„์€ 1980๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ์ธ๋ฌธํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ•™ ๋ถ„์„์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๋ฏธํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์„œ์‚ฌ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํ—ˆ๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋œ ๋ฌธํ•™ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์€ ์„œ์ˆ ์ž ๋ฐ ํ™”์ž์˜ ์ธ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ธ์ง€์™€ ํฐ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌธํ•™์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜•์ƒํ™”์˜ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์•ˆ์•ผ ์š”ํ•œ์  ์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํ”ผ๋ฉด์„œ, ๋ฌธํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜•์ƒํ™”๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฎ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋“ค์€ ์ง€๊ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์ด ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ , ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ง๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ , ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์—ญํ™”๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ํˆฌ์‚ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ฎ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์˜ํ–ฅ์ ์ด๊ณ , ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์€, ๋ฌธํ•™ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์  ์š”์†Œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์žฅ์†Œ, ์ฆ‰ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ค„๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ์„œ, ํ…์ŠคํŠธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฎ๋Ÿฌ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์€ ์‹ค์ฒœ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์ƒํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฎ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ, ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์ƒ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ??์ˆจ๊ทธ๋„ค??๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ ํ•œ ๋ฐœ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€, ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ฌธํ•™์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ด๋™์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ์„ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ์•„์šฐ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์—์„œ ์˜์œ„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ถ๊ณผ, ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ๋ผ๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ถ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ท€ํ–ฅ ํ›„ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์—์„œ ๋งž๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์ด ์†Œ์„ค ์† ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งž๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํ”ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ ์˜ค์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ณ ๋…์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” โ€˜์žฅ์†Œโ€™์™€ โ€˜๋น„์žฅ์†Œโ€™ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ „ํ†ต์˜ ์ž์ทจ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ํ๋ฆ„ ์†์— ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋œ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ, ์—ญ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ โ€˜์žฅ์†Œโ€™๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ดˆํ˜„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ์‚ฐ์—…๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ๋ฆ„์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์‡„๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž„์‹œ์ˆ™์†Œ๊ตฐ, ๋Œ€ํ˜•๋งˆํŠธ, ๊ณตํ•ญ ๋“ฑ ์ž„์‹œ์ ์ธ ์šฉ๋ฌด์™€ ๊ฒฝ์œ ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ โ€˜๋น„์žฅ์†Œโ€™๋“ค์ด ์‡„๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋น„์žฅ์†Œ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ??์ˆจ๊ทธ๋„ค??์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ๋ ˆ์˜คํดํŠธ ์•„์šฐ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋Š” ๋…์ผ๊ณ„ ์†Œ์ˆ˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์˜ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ทœ์œจ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์˜ ์–ต์••์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์— ์–ด๊ธ‹๋‚˜๋Š” ์„ฑ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์ž๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ณตํฌ์™€ ์••๋ฐ•๊ฐ์ด ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์œ„ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ง€๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ธ์‹ ์†์—๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณตํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ํ˜•์ƒํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์€ ๊ฐ์‹œ์™€ ํ•๋ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ๋œ ๊ณณ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์ฒด์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž์‹ ๋งŒ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”, ์˜ค์ œ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž๋ฉด ์‚ถ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” โ€˜์žฅ์†Œโ€™์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ•์ œ๋…ธ๋™์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ์— ์ง•์ง‘๋œ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ์— ์ž…์†Œ๋จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์‚ถ์„ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ ๋ถ€์ง€์˜ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ถ๊ณผ์˜ ๋‹จ์ ˆ์„ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ™ฉํํ•จ์€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ์—์„œ ์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋˜, ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด ๊ฒช๋Š” ๊ตด์š•๊ณผ ํ™ฉํํ•จ์€ ๋ฎ๋Ÿฌ ํŠน์œ ์˜ ๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ ์ง€๊ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ์— ํ˜•์ƒํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์‹ ๊ณผ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ””์€ โ€˜๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”ˆ ์ฒœ์‚ฌโ€™๋กœ ์˜์ธํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ž์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์†Œ์ง€ํ’ˆ์„ ๋นผ์•—๊ธฐ๊ณ , ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ•ํƒˆ๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™œํŒจํ„ด๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ค‘ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋™์€ ์„ฑ์˜ ํ‡ดํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๊ณ , ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผํ•œ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ๋งŒ์ด ๋‚จ๋Š”๋‹ค. ํ—ˆ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ถˆ์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‹ค๋˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ช…๋งŒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ๋Š” ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ, ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ โ€˜๋น„์žฅ์†Œโ€™์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ??์ˆจ๊ทธ๋„ค??์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ •์น˜์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜ค์ œ์˜ ๋น„์žฅ์†Œ ๊ฐœ๋…๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์—์„œ ๋น„์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ฐœ๋…์ธ ๋ฏธ์…ธ ํ‘ธ์ฝ”์˜ ํ—คํ…Œ๋กœํ† ํ”ผ์•„ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ณต๊ฐ„๋“ค์„ ์ง€์นญํ•˜๋Š” ํ—คํ…Œ๋กœํ† ํ”ผ์•„๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ดˆ์›”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ธ ์ด์†Œํ† ํ”ผ์•„์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด ์ฒดํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์ผ์ƒ์˜ ์‚ถ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ, ์ „๋ฒ”๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์„ ์‘์ง•ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ •์น˜์  ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ํ—คํ…Œ๋กœํ† ํ”ผ์•„์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ๋Š” ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ถ์ด ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ํ—คํ…Œ๋กœํ† ํ”ผ์•„์—์„œ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์žฅ์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์šฐ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋Š” 5๋…„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๋งˆ์น˜๊ณ  ๊ท€ํ–ฅํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‚ถ์€ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ท€ํ–ฅ์„ ํ•ด๋„ ์ •์ฐฉํ•  ๊ณณ ์—†์ด ๋ฐฉํ™ฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ์˜ ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ๋กœ ํšŒ๊ท€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ถ์ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ์˜์›ํžˆ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์•„์šฐ๋ฒ ๋ฅดํฌ๋Š”, ์‚ถ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋น„์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„  ์†์—์„œ ์‚ด๋ฉฐ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ์ฃฝ์Œ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ทธ๋„ค๋ฅผ ํƒ„๋‹ค.์„œ๋ก  1 I.์ž‘๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ฌธํ•™ 3 1.์ž‘๊ฐ€์™€ ์‚ถ 3 2.์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์„ธ๊ณ„ 6 3.์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 19 II.๊ณต๊ฐ„, ์ง€๊ฐ, ์žฅ์†Œ 25 1.๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ง€๊ฐ 25 2.๊ณต๊ฐ„, ์žฅ์†Œ, ๋น„์žฅ์†Œ, ํ—คํ…Œ๋กœํ† ํ”ผ์•„ 34 III.์ˆจ๊ทธ๋„ค์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ธ์ง€์™€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ 43 1.๊ณ ํ–ฅ: ์–ต์••๋œ ์‚ถ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ 43 2.์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ: ์ฃฝ์Œ์˜ ๋น„์žฅ์†Œ 48 2.1.๊ณ ์•ˆ๋œ ์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ 48 2.2.์˜ค์ œ์˜ ๋น„์žฅ์†Œ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ 61 2.3.ํ‘ธ์ฝ”์˜ ํ—คํ…Œ๋กœํ† ํ”ผ์•„ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์†Œ 69 3.๊ท€ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ž‘: ์ •์ฃผ์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€ 72 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  81 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 82 Zusammenfassung 85Maste

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    ์„ธํฌ ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์„ ์ฃผ๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š” Bcl-2 family์˜ novel member์ธ Human Bcl-2 family kin์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™” ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ทœ๋ช…

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์•ฝํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ,2020. 2. ํ•œ๋ณ‘์šฐ.Bcl-2 family proteins govern apoptosis by regulating mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). The Bcl-2 family proteins contain one or more of the Bcl-2 homology domains (BH1, BH2, BH3, and BH4), and are divided into pro- and anti-apoptotic members. Bfk is a novel member of the Bcl -2 family discovered in an effort to find novel genes with a BH3 domain. Bfk contains BH2 and BH3 regions but no BH1 or BH4 region and lacks a C-terminal transmembrane region. Human Bfk (hBfk) is predominantly expressed in the gastrointestinal tract and shows reduced expression in tumor tissues. The overexpression of hBfk has been known to antagonize some anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins and to elicit weak pro-apoptotic functions in the gastrointestinal tract. To elucidate the structure-function relationships of hBfk protein, I have successfully purified the hBfk protein in E. coli system and crystallized. Here, I report the crystal structure of hBfk at 2.45 โ„ซ resolution using single wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) method with selenomethionine derivative crystals to solve the phasing problem. The structure of hBfk consists of 8 alpha helical regions and shows remarkable similarity with other Bcl-2 family proteins (Bcl- XL, Bcl-2, Mcl-1, Bax, Bid, etc.) despite low sequence similarity. The structure of hBfk is the most similar with the structure of Bid with a root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of 2.53 ร… over 103 equivalent Cฮฑ atoms. Although hBfk is similar with Bid in structure, further studies on cellular functions and binding partners of hBfk are needed.Bcl-2 family proteins์€ ๋ฏธํ† ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์™ธ๋ง‰์˜ ํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ์„ ์ฃผ๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์€ Bcl-2 homology ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์ธ BH1, BH2, BH3, BH4 ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉฐ pro-apoptotic member์™€ anti-apoptotic member๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰œ๋‹ค. Bfk๋Š” BH3 ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. Bfk๋Š” BH2์™€ BH3 ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ BH1๊ณผ BH4 ๋„๋ฉ”์ธ์€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ C-๋ง๋‹จ์˜ transmembrane ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. Human Bfk๋Š” ์ฃผ๋กœ ์œ„์žฅ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ข…์–‘ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ Bfk์˜ ๊ณผ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ธธํ•ญํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•ฝํ•œ pro-apoptoticํ•œ ์ž‘์šฉ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ๋‹ค. hBFK ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ-๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท  ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์—์„œ hBFK๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. Phase problem์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด Selenomethionine-derived crystal์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ SAD ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ hBfk์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ 2.45 ร… ํ•ด์ƒ๋„๋กœ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. hBfk๋Š” 8๊ฐœ์˜ ์•ŒํŒŒ ๋‚˜์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‹œํ€€์Šค ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ Bcl-2 family proteins(Bcl- XL, Bcl-2, Mcl-1, Bax, Bid ๋“ฑ)๊ณผ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. hBid๋Š” hBfk์™€ 103๊ฐœ์˜ Cฮฑ ์›์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด 2.53 ร…์˜ RMSD๊ฐ’์„ ๊ฐ€์ง์œผ๋กœ์จ Bcl-2 family proteins ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ RMSD ๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด hBfk์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ hBfk์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” hBfk์˜ ์„ธํฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.1. Introduction 7 2. Materials and Methods 11 3. Results and Discussion 14 3.1. Cloning and overexpression 14 3.2. Purification 15 3.3 Crystallization 22 3.4. X-ray data collection 22 3.5. Structure determination 27 3.6. Overall structure of hBfk and structure analysis 29 3.7. Structural comparison with other Bcl-2 family proteins 30 4. References 35 Abstract in Korean 38Maste

    A Survey on Competencies of e-Learning Designers in Korea

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    I. ์„œ๋ก  โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1. e-Learning ๊ต์ˆ˜์„ค๊ณ„์ž์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ 2. IBSTPI ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ํ‘œ์ค€์•ˆ ๊ฒ€์ฆ โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋„๊ตฌ 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ ˆ์ฐจ โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1. ๊ตญ๋‚ด e-Learning ๊ต์ˆ˜์„ค๊ณ„์ž์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์ค€ 2. ๊ตญ๋‚ด e-Learning ๊ต์ˆ˜์„ค๊ณ„์ž์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ณ„ ์ค‘์š”๋„ 3. ๊ตญ๋‚ด e-Learning ๊ต์ˆ˜์„ค๊ณ„์ž์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ง๋ฌด ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ์ง๊ธ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด 4. ๊ตญ๋‚ด e-Learning ๊ต์ˆ˜์„ค๊ณ„์ž์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๋ณ„ ์ค‘์š”๋„์˜ ์ง๋ฌด ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ์ง๊ธ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด V. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ abstractThis paper investigated the level and perceived criticalities of Korean e-Learning instructional designers' competency using IBSTPI (2000) ID Competencies Standards. 95 organizations responded to the survey. This research investigated the following questions: first, what are the level of competencies and criticalities of the Korean e-Learning instructional designers? Second, are there any differences between competency level and criticalities according to the type of jobs? Third, are there any differences between competency level and criticalities depending on one's position? Forth, are there any differences between competency level and criticalities according to the type of organizations? According to the results, first, Korean e-Learning instructional designers have commonly good competency levels. However, from the IBSTPI's viewpoint, they need to improve their competencies through training. Second, Korea's e-Learning instructional designers usually work as managers, designers, or implementers/evaluators/consultants. As managers, the following are regarded as essential competencies: communication; identifying ethical and legal issues; effective project management; collaboration; linking efforts to organizational goals; and business skills. Third, Korean e-Learning designers are positioned as managers, staff members, and temporary employees with various competencies
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