Vesicoureteral reflux in children with abnormal unilateral renal development

의학과/석사[한글] 한쪽 신장이 완전히 기능을 못하는 무형성신이나 거의 기능을 못하는 다낭성 이형성신 환아의 경우 병변이 있는 신장 반대측으로 방광요관역류가 동반되어 하나 남은 콩팥마저 손상당할 확률이 높다는 보고가 최근 잇따르고 있다. 임상적으론 한쪽 신장이 완전히 없거나 기능을 못하는 일측성 무형성신이나 다낭성 이형성신외에도 한쪽 신장의 모양과 기능이 줄어든 일측성 저형성신이 많이 진단되고 있으므로, 넓은 의미의 일측성 신발생 이상으로 이 세 군을 묶어 이상이 있는 신장 반대측으로 방광요관역류가 잘 동반되는지를 조사하고자 하였다. 1986년부터 1996년까지 세브란스 병원, 영동 세브란스 병원, 아주 대학 병원에서 일측성 무형성신, 저형성신, 다낭성이형성신으로 진단받은 63명의 소아를 대상으로 후향적 연구를 시행하였다. 진단은 방사선 소견에 근거하였으며, 일측성 저형성신은 뚜렷한 신반흔의 소견없이 초음파상 신장의 크기가 매우 작아 그 기능이 거의 없다고 여겨지는 경우를 대상으로 규정하였다. 63명의 대상 환아 중 31명의 환아가 배뇨성 방광요도조영술을 시행하였다. 일측성 무형성신으로 진단받은 10명의 환아 중 2명이, 일측성 저형성신으로 진단받은 13명의 환아 중 5명이, 일측성 다낭성이형성신으로 진단받은 8명의 환아 중 1명이 반대측 방광요관역류가 있었다. 일측성 저형성신으로 진단받은 13명의 환아에는 양측성 방광요관역류가 있었던 2명의 환아를 포함, 동측성 방광요관역류가 있었던 환아도 5명이나 되었다. 또, 방광요관역류가 있었던 환아들은 역류의 정도가 평균 G Ⅲ 이상으로 중등도 이상이 었다. 반대측 방광요관역류가 있었던 8명의 환아 중 3명은 만성 신부전 상태에 있었고, 1명은 말기 신부전으로 신장 이식 수술을 시행받았으며, 1명은 방광요관문합술을 시행받았다. 이상과 같은 결과로 미루어 일측성 무형성신, 저형성신, 다낭성이형성신과 같은 일측성 신발생 이상 환아에서는 반대측 방광요관역류를 조기에 발견하기 위해 선별적 검사로 배뇨성 방광요도조영술을 반드시 시행해야 한다고 결론지을 수 있었다. [영문] Until a recent day it has been reported that vesicoureteral reflux is accompanied with unilateral renal agenesis or multicystic dysplastic kidney and so contralateral kidney can be easily injuried. For unilateral renal hypoplasia implying decrease in renal volume and function is more frequently diagnosed than unilateral renal agenesis or multicystic dysplastic kidney in clinical field, we made plans to investigate whether contralateral vesicoureteral reflux is also accompanied with unilateral renal hypoplasia as well as unilateral renal agenesis and multicystic dysplastic kidney. We retrospectively reviewed 63 pediatric cases of unilateral renal agenesis, hypoplasia, multicystic dysplastic kidney diagnosed in Severance Hospital, Yongdong Severance Hospital, and Ajou University Hospital from 1986 to 1996. Diagnosis was based on radiological findings, and renal hypoplasia was prescribed as small in sizeas nearly not functioning without the finding of apparent renal scar. Among 63 cases, 31 cases had carried out voiding cystourethrography. Had 2 of 10 unilateral renal agenesis cases, 5 of 13 unilateral renal hypoplnsia, and 1 of 8 unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney cases contralateral vesicoureteral reflux. Five ipsilateral vesicoureteral reflux involving 2 bilateral vesicoureteral reflux was also detected in renal hypoplasia cases. Average reflux grade was above G Ⅲ. Among 8 children who had contralateral vesicoureteral reflux, there were 3 children in chionic renal failure state, renal transplantation was carried out in 1 child, and ureteroneocystostomy in another one. From the above results, we conclude screening voiding cystouethrography should be performed in abnormal unilateral renal development such like unilateral renal agenesis, hypoplasia, and multicystic dysplastic kidney for early detecting vesicoureteral reflux to contralateral kidney.restrictio

Tumor-associated proteins in rat submandibular gland induced by DMBA and irradiation

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :치의학과 구강악안면방사선학전공,1997.Docto

국가 인적자원의 효율적 활용을 위한 고용서비스 제도 구축(Building an employment service system for efficient utilization of national human resources)

노트 : 정부간행물번호 11-7003625-000046-01본 보고서는 영문보고서를 축약하여 작성한 것으로 구체적인 내용은 영문보고서를 참고하시기 바랍니다

복잡한 변조가 가능한 뇌 자극 시스템 개발

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 전기·정보공학부, 2018. 2. 서광석.In this thesis, a modulated brain stimulation signal generator with microwave carrier was developed and fabricated. Using the fabricated system, the continuous theta burst stimulation protocol signal was applied to mouse hippocampus. Micro-drive wires were used to measure firing rate of brain cell. Stimulation effect was verified by measuring the difference of firing rate before and after stimulation. Brain cell affects each other by neuro-network. To limit the stimulation depth, 6.5 GHz was chosen as a carrier frequency of stimulation signal which has short skin depth in biological tissue. Stimulation protocol frequency is few Hertz(Hz),and 6.5 GHz carrier frequency is in the pulses. Continuous wave in microwave frequency was modulated. To realize the functionality, a modulator coupled voltage controlled oscillator, buffer with variable load, 2-stage differential power amplifier, amplitude detector with DC shifting and transformer were used. Voltage controlled oscillator was used to generate 6.5 GHz microwave carrier. For modulation, the conventional method is to use switches which is connected to signal path. In this thesis, modulator switches are connected to gate of current source n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) field-effect transistor (FET). Three switches are connected in parallel to support theta burst stimulation signal using only pulse generator. Modulation is done by turning voltage controlled oscillator on and off. Cross-coupled structure with p-type MOS load is applied to the voltage controlled oscillator. The buffer is used to minimize load variation of oscillator due to power amplifier when voltage swings rail-to-rail. Also, variable load is added using n-type MOSFET on-resistance. Total output power can be controlled by changing the control voltage of the variable load. Since 20 dBm output power is needed for stimulation, the power amplifier is needed to satisfy the power condition. The 2-stage power amplifier is used for both gain and maximum output power satisfaction. 0.5 mm sized FET is used for driver stage and 2 mm sized FET for the main stage. In 6.5 GHz, parasitic components cannot be neglected. The differential structure was applied for minimizing parasitic effect such as source degeneration due to inductance. Cascade structure and Cgs reduction technique are used to overcome breakdown voltage. Further studies can be done by varying waveform of the stimulation signal. For DC shifted waveform, amplitude detector and DC shifting are applied to the system. Amplitude detector uses cascode structure to hold large voltage swing. Diode connected MOS rectifier, and low pass filter are used to make DC which is same as the amplitude of output swing. The transformer was applied to make differential output signal to single-ended for single-ended structure stimulator. The fabricated system was verified by mouse experiment. Continuous theta burst stimulation signal was applied to mouse hippocampus. Micro-drive wires are used to measure the firing rate of hippocampus cells. Stimulation effect was verified by place map difference of before and after stimulation.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Brain Stimulation System 3 2.1 Introduction . 3 2.2 Modulator Coupled Voltage Controlled Oscillator . 6 2.3 Buffer . 11 2.4 2-stage Differential Power Amplifier. 14 2.5 Transformer 16 2.6 Power Detector and DC Shifter 18 2.7 Fabricated System 21 Chapter 3 Mouse Experiment 255 3.1 Environment. 255 3.2 Experiment Results 28 Chapter 4 Conclusion. 333 Bibliography 355 Abstract (In Korean). 377Maste

A Study on the Efficiency Analysis of the Training Operation and Performance of the Unemployed in Korea

훈련기관의 운영 및 활동의 효율성 분석을 위해 실업자훈련기관을 대상으로 자료포락기법(DEA : Data Envelopment Analysis)을 이용하여 2010년 훈련기관의 운영성과 평가 측정결과를 기반으로 훈련운영과 관련한 개별적인 요소들을 투입요소로 하고 훈련성과들을 산출요소로 하여 효율성을 분석하였다. 특히, 초효율성 모델을 사용하여 기관별 순위를 확인하고 효율적 기관과 비효율적 기관의 특성을 훈련기관 유형별로 살펴보았다. 훈련기관 유형별 차이를 분석한 결과, 직업훈련법인 유형의 훈련기관이 다른 유형의 훈련기관 보다 효율적으로 운영을 하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 초효율성을 분석한 결과, 대상 훈련기관의 23.9%가 효율적인 운영을 하고 있은 것을 확인되었으며 모범 훈련기관이 가장 많은 기관유형은 학원으로서 이들 훈련기관 중 훈련 운영 및 성과가 우수한 기관을 벤치마킹을 통한 훈련 개선을 도모할 필요가 있다. 또한, 훈련기관이 효율성을 향상시키기 위해 강화해야 할 투입요소를 살펴본 결과, 평가위원에 의한 훈련교사와 상담 등 훈련생 지원 요인이 긍정적 영향을 끼쳐 이들 요인을 보다 강화하여 관리할 필요가 있다.This study is to analyze the efficiency of training operation and activities quality with input variables concerned with training operation and output variables concerned with training performance. It analyzed Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) by using inputs of training operation dimensions and outputs of training performance dimensions based upon training evaluation results of the unemployed in 2010. And, it compared best practice organizations through ranking analysis and examined tactics of training by training corporations, training facilities and educational institutes. It has derived significant findings, at first on making the training corporations more efficient than training facilities and educational institutes. It is conformed that 23.5% training institutes of the total run the efficient operation and the highest type institutes with best practice training is educational institutes which help training improvement through benchmarking. The results examined the character of input variables is that it is necessary to reinforce the factors making positive effects of trainee’s support like training instructor's counseling in view of external examiner of input variables

Effect of irradiation on cell cycle, cell death and expression of its related proteins in normal human oral keratinocytes

Purpose: To investigate the radiosensitivity of the normal human oral keratinocytes (NHOK), and the effect of irradiation on cell cycle and protein expression. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the radiosensitivity of NHOK, the number of colonies and cells were counted after irradiation and the SF2 (survival fraction at 2Gy) value, and the cell survival curve fitted on a linear-quadratic model were obtained. LDH analysis was carried out to evaluate the necrosis of NHOK at 1, 2, 3, and 4 days after 2, 10, and 20 Gy irradiation. Cell cycle arrest and the induction of apoptosis were analyzed using flow cytometry at 1, 2, 3, and 4 days after 2, 10, and 200y irradiation. Finally, proteins related cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were analysed by Western blot. Results: The number of survived cell was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The cell survival curve showed SF2, α, and β values to be 0.568, 0.209, and 0.020 respectively. At 200y irradiated cells showed higher optical density than the control group. After irradiation, apoptosis was not observed but G2 arrest was observed in the NHOK cells. 1 day after 10 Gy irradiation, the expression of p53 remained unchanged, the p2l/sup WAF1/Cipl/ increased and the mdm2 decreased. The expression of bax, bcl-2, cyclin B1, and cyclin D remained unchanged. Conclusion: These results indicate that NHOK responds to irradiation by G2 arrest, which is possibly mediated by the expression of p21/sup WAFl/Cipl/, and that cell necrosis occurs by high dose irradiation