한국산 미나리아재비속 (Ranunculus) 식물의 계통분류학적 연구

미나리아재비속（Ranunculus L.）식물의 외부형태적 특징을 조사하여 종간의 분류를 재검토하고 분포도를 작성하였으며, 잎과 수과의 표피, 핵형과 화분형태등을 연구하여 종간의 유연관계를 밝히고자 하였다. 본 연구결과로 한국에 분포하는 미나리아재비속식물은 12종 2아종이고 이것은 크게 3군으로 나눌 수 있었다. 즉 A군에 속하는 식물은 구베리미나리아재비, 개구리자리, 개구리갓과 왜미나리아재비이다. 이 군의 특징은 염색체수가 2n=16 또는 2n=32 이고, 화분은 삼구형이고, 잎은 단엽이고, 잎과 줄기는 털이 거의 없다. B군에 속하는 식물은 미나리아재비, 바위미나리아재비, 민주미나리아재비와 산미나리아재비이다. 이 군은 염색체수가 2n=14（2n=28 또는 42）이고 화분은 6-산구형이며 잎은 단엽이고 잎과 줄기에 털이 있다. C군에 속하는 식물은 젓가락풀, 개구리미나리, 제주개구리미나리, 왜젓가락풀, 털개구리미나리와 기는미나리아재비이다. 이 군은 염색체수가 2n=16 또는 2n=32이고 화분은 12（15）-산구형이며 잎은 복엽이고 잎과 줄기는 털이 있다. 본 속 식물중 이북지역에 분포하는 식물에 대한 화분학적 연구는 수행하지 못하였지만 외부형태적 연구 및 문헌에 의한 염색체수의 조사에 의하여 구베리미나리아재비는 A군으로, 산미나리아재비와 만주미나리아재미는 B군으로, 기는미나리아재비는 C군에 포함시킬 수 있다. A군의 각 종들은 외부형태적인 특징이 뚜렷하여 종의 분류에 문제점 없었다. B군에 속하는 각 종들은 미나리아재비와 유사한데, 미나리아재비의 특징은 줄기에 털이 퍼져나고, 수과의 부리는 짧고, 염색체의 수는 2n=14이고 중부 이남의 저지대에 분포한다. 바위미나리아재비는 미나리아재비에 비해 소형이고 한라산（해발 1500m 이상）에 분포한다. 만주미나리아재비는 미나리아재비 보다 대형이고 염색체의 수는 2n=28 또는 2n=48이다. 이 식물은 중부이북에 분포한다. 산미나리아재비는 줄기에 털이 누어나고 수과의 부리끝은 굽어지며 북부지역에 분포한다. C군에 속하는 식물중에 왜젓가락풀, 털개구리미나리와 기는 미나리아재비의 줄기는 눕거나 서며 마디에서 뿌리를 낸다. 염색체수에 있어서 왜젓가락풀은 2n=16이고 털개구리미나리와 기는미나리아재비는 2n=32로 차이가 나며, 또 기는미나리아재비는 털개구리미나리에 비해 포복경이 발달하고 꽃이 크다. 반면에 젓가락풀과 개구리미나리의 줄기는 바로 서며, 마디에서 뿌기를 내지 않는다. 전자는 꽃잎과 접합과가 타원형이고 수과의 부리가 짧은 반면에, 후자는 꽃잎은 장타원형이고 집합과는 구형이며 수과의 부리를 굽어있다. 제주개구리미나리는 개구리미나리에 비해 크기가 소형이며 개화기가 늦다. ; Nakai（1952）reported 12 species and 9 varieties of Ranunculus in Korea. In the present study, by the grossomorphological investigation of reproductive and vegetative characters, the taxonomy of 12 species and 2 subspecies of Ranunculus were reevaluated. An identification key to the species, specific descriptions and distribution maps were provided. The interspecitic relationships was, keryotype, and pollen morphology. The investigated taxa were grouped into the following three. Group A, including R. gmelini DC, R. sceleratus L., R. extorris Hance, and R. franchetii H. Boiss, in which the number of chromosome is 16 or 32, pollen tricolpate, leaf simple and leaf and stem mostly hairless. Group B, including R. japonicus Thunb. Ssp. Japonicus, R. japonicus Thunb. ssp. chrycotrichus（Nakai）Y. Lee, R. grandis Honda, and R. acris L. var. monticola（Kit.）Tamura, in which the number of chromosome is 14, pollen 6-pericolpate, leaf simple, and leaf and stem hairy. Group C, including R. repens L., R. chinensis Bunge, R. tachiroei Fran. et Sav. R. tachiroei Fran. et Sav. ssp. quelpaertensis Y. Lee, R. silerifolius Lev., and R. cantoniensis DC, in which the chromosome number is 16 or 32, pollen 12（15）-pericolpate, leaf compound, and leaf and stem hairy. In these groups, R. gmelini, R. acris var. monticola, and R. grandis, which are restricted to the northern part of the peninsula, were included based on the morphological characters and previously reported chromosome number. Within Group A, each species possesses a distinct morphological characteristics and no taxonomic problem was found. The species of Group B showed somewhat overlapping variaton and sometimes causes indentification problems. R. japonicus is characterized by having spread haired stem, almost sessile achene, chromosome number 2n=14, and inhabits in the low land in the central to southern part of peninsula. R. japonicus ssp. chrysotrichus is shorter than R. japonicus, and distributed only on Mt. Halla（1,500m Elev.）. R.grandis, which is taller and larger than R. japonicus, has chromosome number 2n=28 or 42, and is distributed to the northern peninsula. R. acris var. monticola has appressed haired stem and curved beak of achene and inhabits over the northernmost part of peninsula. Within Group C, R, repens, R. silerifolius, and R. cantoniensis have slopped or erect stem and roots produced from the nodes. Among the three, the chromosome number of the second is 2n=16, and that of the last 2n=32. On the other hand, R. chinensis and R. tachiroei have erect stem and do not produce roots from the node. Between the two, the petal and the aggregate fruit are ovate and the beak of achene is short in the former, whereas the petal is oblong to elliptic, and the aggregate fruit is gloval, and the beak of achene is long and curved in the latter. R. tachiroei ssp. quelpaertensis is shorter than R. tachiroei ssp. tachiroei.논문개요 ------------------------------------------------------------- ⅷ Ⅰ. 서론 ------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Ⅱ. 재료 및 방법 ----------------------------------------------------- 5 A. 재료 ------------------------------------------------------------ 5 B. 연구 방법 ------------------------------------------------------- 5 1. 외부 형태 ----------------------------------------------------- 5 2. 내부 구조 ----------------------------------------------------- 5 3. 화분 ---------------------------------------------------------- 8 4. 염색체 -------------------------------------------------------- 9 5. 생육환경 및 지리적 분포 --------------------------------------- 10 6. 분계적 분석 --------------------------------------------------- 11 Ⅲ. 결과 및 고찰 ----------------------------------------------------- 15 A. 속의 기재 ------------------------------------------------------- 15 B. 종의 기재 ------------------------------------------------------- 16 C. 외부 형태 ------------------------------------------------------- 35 1. 일반적 특징 --------------------------------------------------- 35 2. 분류학적 검토 ------------------------------------------------- 40 D. 내부 구조 ------------------------------------------------------- 42 1. 일반적 특징 --------------------------------------------------- 42 2. 분류학적 검토 ------------------------------------------------- 45 E. 화분 ------------------------------------------------------------ 47 1. 일반적 특징 --------------------------------------------------- 47 2. 분류학적 검토 ------------------------------------------------- 50 F. 염색체 ---------------------------------------------------------- 51 1. 일반적 특징 --------------------------------------------------- 51 2. 분류학적 검토 ------------------------------------------------- 66 G. 생육환경 및 지리적 분포 ----------------------------------------- 67 H. 종의 분류학적 고찰 ---------------------------------------------- 75 I. 분계분석에 의한 종간 유연관계 ----------------------------------- 83 Ⅳ. 종합 고찰 -------------------------------------------------------- 88 참고문헌 ------------------------------------------------------------- 91 영문초록 ------------------------------------------------------------- 9

A mother and daughter with the p.R443X mutation of mucopolysaccharidosis type II: Genotype and phenotype analysis

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of iduronate-2-sulfatase. Most reported patients are males because of X-linked recessive inheritance pattern. Only a few female patients with Hunter syndrome have been reported, and there is no prior report of offspring from a patient with Hunter syndrome. In this report, we describe a woman with mild manifestations of Hunter syndrome who gave birth to a daughter. Both the mother and daughter carried the p.R443X mutation in exon 9 of the ID2S gene. Iduronate-2-sulfatase activity in the mother was as low as that found in male Hunter syndrome patients, but it was in the low-normal range in her daughter. Unlike her mother, the daughter did not show any physical signs of Hunter syndrome, and urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycan was within normal range. However, she had severe pulmonary vein stenosis with pulmonary hypertension and a large atrial septal defect and died at 11 months of age. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

(A) break-even analysis that helps with decision making involving the introduction of ultrasonography

보건관리학과/석사[한글]본 연구의 목적은 초음파의 진료과별 사용실태에 따른 손익분석을 통하여 경영자의 의사결정을 지원하는 기준 자료를 제공하는데 있다. 이를 위해 일개 대학병원의 초음파를 통해 주요 진단과 시술을 시행하는 3개 과에 대한 손익분기분석을 실시하였다. 연구조사기간은 2008년 1월부터 6월까지였다. 원가에 필요한 자료는 전산 자료를 이용하여 수집하였다. 본 연구의 주요 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 과별 원가구조 초음파 원가는 원가대상에 따른 분류를 통해 직접비와 간접비로 구분하였다. 직접비에서 인건비가 산부인과 69.3%, 영상의학과 67.4%, 심장 초음파실 58.2%로 모두 인건비가 가장 큰 비중을 차지하고 있었으며 다음으로 초음파기기의 감가상각비 순이었다. 초음파실 별로 재료비를 건당 평균으로 산출한 결과 산부인과 266원, 영상의학과 233원, 심장 초음파실 2,355원으로 심장 초음파실이 가장 높았다. 초음파기기 동력비는 영상의학과 동력비가 442,000원으로 가장 높았으나 비중이 크지 않아 원가에 큰 영향을 주지는 않았다. 간접비는 7,156,000원로 심장 초음파실이 가장 높았으며, 건물 감가상가비가 가장 많은 비중을 차지하였다. 2. 손익분기분석 원가는 고정비와 변동비로 구분할 수 있다는 가정 하에, 과별 원가구조를 통해 확인된 원가로 손익분기분석을 실시하였다. 과별 평균 관행수가는 산부인과 23,398원, 영상의학과 72,306원, 심장 초음파실은 84,478원 이었다. 손익 분기수가는 산부인과 24,627원, 영상의학과 53,179원, 심장 초음파 65,174원 이었다. 이 결과에 따르면 영상의학과, 심장 초음파실은 현재의 수가 내에서 손익분기점을 초과하여 원가를 보상하고 있지만 산부인과는 현재 수가로는 원가를 충실히 보상받지 못하고 있었다. 이상의 연구결과로 볼 때 초음파기기를 이용해 진단 및 시술을 시행하고 있는 과별 초음파실의 원가비율 중 인건비 비중이 가장 높았고, 다음으로 초음파 기기의 감가상각비로, 고정비가 대부분을 차지하고 있었다. 이는 초음파기기의 손익분기분석을 통해 현재의 관행 수가 내에서도 원가를 보상 받지 못하고 있는 초음파실 에서는 원가 중 대부분을 차지하는 고정비용의 절감을 모색해야 할 것이고, 현재 손익분기점을 초과하여 검사를 시행하고 있는 과에서도 지속적인 이익 창출을 위해서는 효율적인 운영과 원가절감에 노력을 기울여야 할 것이다. [영문]The purpose of this study was to provide criteria which help executives to make decisions through the analysis of profitability of ultrasonography conducted in each medical department. In order to achieve such purpose, the study conducted break-even analyses on three medical departments of a university hospital in which has used ultrasonography was largely conducted in diagnosing diseases and performing surgeries. The research was carried out from January to June 2008. The data necessary for calculating cost price, were collected using by computerized data. The results of the study were summarized as follows. 1. The Cost price structure of each medical department The cost price of ultrasonography was divided into direct cost and indirect cost through the categorization by cost object. Labor cost accounted for the largest portion of the direct cost with 69.3% in the department of obstetrics and gynecology, 67.4% in the department of radiology and 58.2% in the cardiac ultrasonography center, which followed by the depreciation cost of ultrasonography equipment. The calculation of the average material cost of each ultrasonographic test by medical test found that the cardiac ultrasonography center took first place with 2,355 won, followed by the department of obstetrics and gynecology with 266 won and the department of radiology with 233 won. As for the power cost of ultrasonography equipment, the department of radiology took fist place with 442,000 won. The power cost, however, did not affect much the cost price, because it accounted for only a small portion of the cost. As for indirect cost, the cardiac ultrasonography center ranked first with 7,156,000 won. Building depreciation cost accounted for the largest portion of the indirect cost. 2. Break-even analysis Under the supposition that cost price can be divided into fixed cost and variable cost, a break-even analysis was conducted using the cost price confirmed through the cost structure of each medical department. As for the average customary charge of ultrasonography test conducted in each medical department, the department of obstetrics and gynecology charged 24,627 won, the department of radiology 53,179 won and the cardiac ultrasonography center 65,174 won. According to these results, the charges of ultrasonography test imposed by the department of radiology and the cardiac ultrasonography center wre enough to surpass break-even levels, but the charge imposed by the department of obstetrics and gynecology was not enough to offset the cost price. In conclusion, labor cost accounted for the largest proportion of cost price of ultrasonography test conducted in diagnosing diseases and performing surgeries in medical departments, followed by the fixed cost of ultrasonographic equipment depreciation cost. In medical department where the current charge of ultrasonography test turned out not to offset cost price through the break-even analysis of ultrasonographic equipment, ways to reduce fixed cost which accounts for the largest proportion of the cost price should be sought. Even medical departments whose current charge of ultrasonography test is enough to surpass break-even level are required to work for efficient management and cost reduction to continuously generate profits.ope

Analysis of relationship among botany contents in textbooks of elementary and secondary school

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :과학교육학과,1998.Docto

Identification of 11 novel mutations in 49 Korean patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type II

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) or Hunter syndrome is a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS). As MPS II is X-linked, patients are usually males with heterogeneous mutations ranging from point mutations to gross deletions and recombination. In 2003, we reported a mutation analysis of 25 patients with MPS II. In this study, 31 mutations in another 49 Korean patients (45 families) with MPS II are reported: 12 missense, nine deletions, four splicing, two nonsense, two insertions, one deletion/insertion, and IDS-IDS2 recombination mutations. Among these mutations, 11 were novel ones (4 missense mutations: Ser61Pro, Pro97Arg, Pro228Ala, and Pro261Ala; 5 deletions: c.344delA, c.420delG, c.768delT, c.1112delC and c.1402delC; 1 deletion/insertion: c.1222delinsTA; and 1 insertion mutation: c.359-360insATCC). The IDS-IDS2 recombination mutations were most frequently observed; all patients with this mutation had the severe MPS II phenotype. However, most of the patients (5/7) with the G374G splicing mutation had an attenuated phenotype, except for two sibling cases with the severe phenotype. Except for a few recurrent mutations such as the G374G, R443X, L522P, and recombination mutations, each patient had a unique individual mutation. Therefore, careful interpretation of genotype-phenotype correlations is warranted. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Molecular divergence between disjunct taxa in eastern Asia and eastern North America

Eastern Asian-eastern North American disjuncts in four genera were examined for allozyme divergence and sequence divergence of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. The disjunct pairs of taxa include Caulophyllum robustum-C. thalictroides, Menispermum dauricum-M. canadense. Penthorum chinense-P. sedoides, and Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica-P. leptostachya var. leptostachya. Allozyme divergence was comparable in Caulophyllum and Penthorum (genetic identities of 0.534 anti 0.546) and was considerably higher than between pairs of taxa in Menispermum (0.273) and Phryma (0.291). Caulophyllum and Penthorum, which have the highest genetic identities at allozyme loci, also have low ITS sequence divergences (1.30 and 1.65%, respectively). Phryma, which has low isozyme identity, also has the highest ITS sequence divergence (4.46%). The two taxa of Menispermum have low ITS sequence divergence (0.93%) despite having a low identity (0.273) at allozyme loci. The results suggest that divergence between the taxa in the four genera are not the result of a single historical event. Estimated divergence times are reasonably consistent with a late Miocene disjunction for Caulophyllum and Penthorum, whereas the age of the Phryma disjunction is calculated at over 20 million years. The nonconcordant divergences between allozymes and ITS sequences in Menispermum may be caused by concerted evolution in the latter or possibly longer generation time in the woody plants. Additional molecular data are needed to clarify the situation

Mutations of ACADS gene associated with short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency

Short-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (SCADD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation associated with mutations in the ACADS gene (Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Short-chain, OMIM #606885). SCADD is a heterogeneous condition that has been associated with various clinical phenotypes ranging from fetal metabolic decompensation in infancy to asymptomatic individuals. Here, the first Korean neonate diagnosed with SCADD by biochemical and genetic findings is reported. The patient has remained asymptomatic by avoiding hypoglycemia. An increased concentration of butylcarnitine was detected on newborn screening. Subsequent urine organic acid analysis showed increased urinary excretion of ethylmalonic acid. To confirm the presence of the genetic abnormality, all the coding exons of the ACADS gene and flanking introns were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequence analysis of the ACADS gene revealed novel homozygous missence mutations, c. 1031A>G (p.E344G) in exon 9. In summary, the first Korean patient with confirmed SCADD by genetic analysis is reported with novel mutation. © 2011 by the Association of Clinical Scientists, Inc

Two novel insulin receptor gene mutations in a patient with rabson-mendenhall syndrome: The first Korean case confirmed by biochemical, and molecular evidence

Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome (RMS) is a rare syndrome manifested by extreme insulin resistance with hyperinsulinemia, acanthosis nigricans, tooth dysplasia and growth retardation. Our patient was first noted at the age of 8 months due to pigmentations on skin-folded areas. Initial laboratory tests showed normal fasting glucose (69 mg/dL). Fasting insulin level was severely elevated, up to 554.6 μIU/mL, and c-peptide level was increased, up to 13.81 ng/mL. However, hemoglobin A1c was within normal range (4.8%). He is now 11 yr old. His growth development followed the 5-10th percentile and oral hypoglycemic agents are being administered. The last laboratory results showed insulin 364.1 μIU/mL, C-peptide 4.30 ng/mL, and hemoglobin A1c 7.6%. The boy was a compound heterozygote for the c.90C > A and c.712G > A mutations of the insulin receptor gene, INSR, which are nonsense and missense mutations. In summary, we report the first Korean case of RMS, which was confirmed by two novel mutations of the INSR. © 2012 The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences

A polymorphism in the growth hormone receptor is associated with height in children with Prader-Willi syndrome

The exon-3 deletion polymorphism (d3, Database of Genomic Variants ID: Variation_64191) in the growth hormone receptor (GHR) gene is associated with increased growth response to growth hormone (GH) therapy in GH-deficient patients. However, an association of the GHR genotype with height has not yet been reported in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). The aim of this study was to assess the association of GHR alleles with height before starting GH therapy in patients with PWS. Seventy-four patients with PWS were genotyped and their medical records were retrospectively reviewed (45 males and 29 females, median age 8.7 years). One hundred normal controls, with known final height, were also genotyped. The GH-exon 3 locus was genotyped using a PCR multiplex assay. The distribution of alleles in the patients with PWS was not different from controls [(fl/fl n=53 (72%), fl/d3 n=21 (28%)) in PWS vs. (fl/fl n=72(72%), fl/d3 n=26(26%), and d3/d3 n=2(2%)]. However, patients with PWS carrying a d3 allele had significantly greater height standard deviation scores (SDS) (P=0.025) and higher insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) level (P=0.041), although the age at the start of GH therapy, weight, BMI, and body fat were not different. The d3 allele was associated with height and IGF-I levels before GH therapy and suggests that even before GH therapy, d3 allele may influence height through GH secretion. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

Allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts from Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. and erigeron annus L. on radicles growth of Lactuca sativa and Raphanus raphanistroides

We studied the allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of Eupatorium rugosum Houtt. and Erigeron annus L. leaves on root hair development and electrophoretic protein patterns in Lactuca sativa L. and Raphanus raphanistroides Nakai. Root hair development in both test plants (L. sativa and R. raphanistroides) was inhibited by increasing donor plants aqueous extract concentration. Extracted proteins in radicles of test species were identified through SDS-PAGE. Protein bands of L. sativa treated with E. rugosum disappeared in the range of 26 to 18.5 kDa and those of L. sativa treated with E. annus disappeared in the range of 26 to 9 kDa. In R. raphanistroides, the protein bands were similar in control and treated plants. The results suggested that although the aqueous extracts from E. rugosum and E. annus inhibited the early growth of receptor plants, but their inhibitory allelopathic effects were stronger on L. sativa than on R. raphanistroides