4 research outputs found

    A Study on the Control of Structural Vibration Transmission Generated by Refrigerator Compressor

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    Recently an interest about living environment according to the economic life with industrial development is more increased, so a recognition about low noise and low vibration of home appliance was an important selection condition. A refrigerator is always a product works unlike general home appliances, so concern about design of vibration and noise reduction has increased. In this study the structure-borne noise should be controlled by the compressor of the refrigerator machine room. Control measure was provided using vibration experiment and ANSYS. The structure-borne noise of the refrigerator body is largely to be occur by the compressor vibration of the machine room due to the vibration being transmitted to the lower mount and discharge pipe and transmitted vibrations occur the structure-borne noise of low frequency to the refrigerator body. To check the vibration characteristics of the machine room by a compressor, it was necessary to do transfer rates test and vibration spectrum analysis using a exciter. A characteristic of spring mount and rubber mount about compressive load are checked through Stopper control test of upper mount for preventing separation of compressor and mount. After selecting excellent mount for damping, control measure was provided for the best effective vibration control through changing shape. The modified mount was fitted in the transmissibility and natural frequencies test and in actual refrigerator machine room. And it was checked for vibration control utility through vibration test of operating the compressor. For control about resonant and the discharge pipe of operating the compressor frequency and contact of machine room base plate, the experimental mode and finite element mode of the discharge pipe were analyzed, and it was applied after designing the attachment for resonant frequency avoidance and contact prevention. To check usefulness about vibration control of designed attachment and contact prevention, the vibration in machine room was measured in transmissibility test and operating refrigerator. These analysis data may help set the vibration control measurement about compressor vibration transmission path design.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 3 ์ œ2์žฅ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹ค์˜ ์ง„๋™ ํŠน์„ฑ 5 2.1 ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ 5 2.2 ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹ค์˜ ์ง„๋™ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ง„๋™์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ 7 ์ œ3์žฅ ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง„๋™์ „๋‹ฌ ์ œ์–ด 13 3.1 ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ ํŠน์„ฑ 13 3.2 ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ง„๋™ ํŠน์„ฑ 15 3.3 ์ง„๋™ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งˆ์šดํŠธ ํ˜•์ƒ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ 20 3.4 ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง„๋™ ์ œ์–ด์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€ํ†  24 ์ œ4์žฅ ํ† ์ถœ๋ฐฐ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง„๋™์ „๋‹ฌ ์ œ์–ด 29 4.1 ํ† ์ถœ๋ฐฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ง„๋™์ „๋‹ฌ ํŠน์„ฑ 29 4.2 ํ† ์ถœ๋ฐฐ๊ด€์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๋ชจ๋“œํ•ด์„ 31 4.3 ํ† ์ถœ๋ฐฐ๊ด€์˜ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œํ•ด์„ 35 4.4 ๊ณต์ง„ ๋ฐ ์ ‘์ด‰ ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๊ฒ€ํ†  37 4.5 ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋ฌผ ์ ์šฉ์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€ํ†  43 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  = 47 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ = 4

    Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicle-Mediated Cytosolic Delivery of Flagellin Triggers Host NLRC4 Canonical Inflammasome Signaling

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    Bacteria-released components can modulate host innate immune response in the absence of direct host cell-bacteria interaction. In particular, bacteria-derived outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) were recently shown to activate host caspase-11-mediated non-canonical inflammasome pathway via deliverance of OMV-bound lipopolysaccharide. However, further precise understanding of innate immune-modulation by bacterial OMVs remains elusive. Here, we present evidence that flagellated bacteria-released OMVs can trigger NLRC4 canonical inflammasome activation via flagellin delivery to the cytoplasm of host cells. Salmonella typhimurium-derived OMVs caused a robust NLRC4-mediated caspase-1 activation and interleukin-1ฮฒ secretion in macrophages in an endocytosis-dependent, but guanylate-binding protein-independent manner. Notably, OMV-associated flagellin is crucial for Salmonella OMV-induced inflammasome response. Flagellated Pseudomonas aeruginosa-released OMVs consistently promoted robust NLRC4 inflammasome activation, while non-flagellated Escherichia coli-released OMVs induced NLRC4-independent non-canonical inflammasome activation leading to NLRP3-mediated interleukin-1ฮฒ secretion. Flagellin-deficient Salmonella OMVs caused a weak interleukin-1ฮฒ production in a NLRP3-dependent manner. These findings indicate that Salmonella OMV triggers NLRC4 inflammasome activation via OMV-associated flagellin in addition to a mild induction of non-canonical inflammasome signaling via OMV-bound lipopolysaccharide. Intriguingly, flagellated Salmonella-derived OMVs induced more rapid inflammasome response than flagellin-deficient Salmonella OMV and non-flagellated Escherichia coli-derived OMVs. Supporting these in vitro results, Nlrc4-deficient mice showed significantly reduced interleukin-1ฮฒ production after intraperitoneal challenge with Salmonella-released OMVs. Taken together, our results here propose that NLRC4 inflammasome machinery is a rapid sensor of bacterial OMV-bound flagellin as a host defense mechanism against bacterial pathogen infection.ope

    ์„ธ๊ท ์„ฑ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ˆ™์ฃผ NLRC4 ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ทœ๋ช…

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    ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ๋…น๋†๊ท  ๋˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์žฅํ‹ฐํ‘ธ์Šค๊ท ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ ์„ธ๊ท ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ์ฒœ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ฐฉ์–ด์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์—ผ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ๋“ค ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ™์ฃผ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹์„ธํฌ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธ๊ท ์„ ํฌ์‹ ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด์™”์ง€๋งŒ ์„ธ๊ท ์ด ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€ ํ™œ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ 1 ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฟผ๋Ÿผ์„ผ์‹ฑ๊ณผ ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ฟผ๋Ÿผ์„ผ์‹ฑ์€ ๋…์„ฑ ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฟผ๋Ÿผ์„ผ์‹ฑ ์—ฐ๊ด€ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ๋…์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท  ๊ฐ„์˜ ์†Œํ†ต๊ณผ์ •์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฟผ๋Ÿผ์„ผ์‹ฑ์ด ๋…น๋†๊ท ์˜ ๋…์„ฑ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ˆ™์ฃผ ์„ ์ฒœ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ฟผ๋Ÿผ์„ผ์‹ฑ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž์  ํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋…น๋†๊ท ์ด ์„ธํฌ์™ธ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฟผ๋Ÿผ์„ผ์‹ฑ ์˜์กด์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…น๋†๊ท ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์„ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๊ณจ์ˆ˜ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๋Œ€์‹์„ธํฌ์— ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์•ผ์ƒํ˜• ๋…น๋†๊ท ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์ฟผ๋Ÿผ์„ผ์‹ฑ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐํ• ๋…น๋†๊ท ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ„๋น„๋œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ ค๋ฆฐ์ด NLRC4 ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€์„ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋กœ ํ•œ ์นด์ŠคํŒŒ์ œ-1 ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์™€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ฃจํ‚จ-1ฮฒ์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์•ผ์ƒํ˜• ๋…น๋†๊ท ์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฌผ์€ ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์•„์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธํฌ์™ธ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋น„๋œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ ค๋ฆฐ์„ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ NLRC4 ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์ €ํ•ดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด ๋ถ„๋น„๋œ ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์•„์ œ๋Š” ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€ ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„ํ•ดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€ ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ „ํŒŒ๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฟผ๋Ÿผ์„ผ์‹ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ๋…์„ฑ์ธ์ž์ธ ํŒŒ์ด์˜ค์‹œ์•„๋‹Œ๊ณผ ์ฟผ๋Ÿผ์„ผ์‹ฑ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ 3-oxo-C12 ํ˜ธ๋ชจ์„ธ๋ฆฐ๋ฝํ†ค์€ NLRC4- ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ NLRP3 ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์™€ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์„ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ 1 ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋†๋…น๊ท ์ด ์ฟผ๋Ÿผ์„ผ์‹ฑ ์˜์กด์ ์ธ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆ™์ฃผ์˜ ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€ ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ํšŒํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ 2 ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ท ์„ฑ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฌผ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ธ ์™ธ๋ง‰์†Œํฌ์ฒด์™€ ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ง‰์†Œํฌ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ณต์ƒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์„ฑ ๊ทธ๋žŒ์Œ์„ฑ๊ท ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ธ๊ท  ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ™์ฃผ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์™ธ๋ง‰์†Œํฌ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ™์ฃผ์˜ ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์ž์  ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์žฅํ‹ฐํ‘ธ์Šค๊ท ์˜ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ฑ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฌผ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋ง‰์†Œํฌ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ™์ฃผ ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์žฅํ‹ฐํ‘ธ์Šค๊ท ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์„ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๊ณจ์ˆ˜ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๋Œ€์‹์„ธํฌ์— ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์žฅํ‹ฐํ‘ธ์Šค๊ท ์˜ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ฑ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฌผ์— ์˜ํ•ด NLRC4 ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ท ์„ฑ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฌผ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์™ธ๋ง‰์†Œํฌ์ฒด์— ์˜ํ•ด NLRC4 ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€ ๋งค๊ฐœ ์นด์ŠคํŒŒ์ œ-1 ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์™€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ฃจํ‚จ-1ฮฒ์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์™ธ๋ง‰์†Œํฌ์ฒด์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋Š” ํด๋ผํŠธ๋ฆฐ ๋งค๊ฐœ ๋‚ดํฌ์ž‘์šฉ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋ผ์ ค๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฐํ• ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์žฅํ‹ฐํ‘ธ์Šค๊ท ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•œ ์™ธ๋ง‰์†Œํฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” NLRC4 ์˜์กด์ ์ธ ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์žฅํ‹ฐํ‘ธ์Šค๊ท ์˜ ์™ธ๋ง‰์†Œํฌ์ฒด์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ ค๋ฆฐ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ทธ๋žŒ ์Œ์„ฑ์„ธ๊ท ์ธ ๋…น๋†๊ท ์˜ ์™ธ๋ง‰์†Œํฌ์ฒด์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋„ NLRC4 ์˜์กด์ ์ธ ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ”Œ๋ผ์ ค๋ฆฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋Œ€์žฅ๊ท ์˜ ์™ธ๋ง‰์†Œํฌ์ฒด์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” NLRC4 ๋น„์˜์กด์ ์ธ ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์™ธ๋ง‰์†Œํฌ์ฒด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ ค๋ฆฐ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ 2 ๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์žฅํ‹ฐํ‘ธ์Šค๊ท ์˜ ์™ธ๋ง‰์†Œํฌ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ ค๋ฆฐ์„ ์ˆ™์ฃผ์„ธํฌ์— ์ „๋‹ฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ NLRC4 ์ธํ”Œ๋ผ๋งˆ์ข€์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. Inflammasome signaling can contribute to host innate immune defense against bacterial pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Salmonella typhimurium. In most studies, the activation of inflammasome casused by bacterial infection has been studied in host cells after engulfing bacteria. However, the inflammasome activation by bacterial-secreted molecules is not well elucidated. In part 1, the results regarding quorum sensing (QS) and inflammasome signaling are described. Quorum sensing means bacterial communication that improves the toxicity of bacteria by promoting the expression of many QS-related genes, such as those related to toxic factors. Although quorum sensing plays an important role in the toxicity of P. aeruginosa, little is known about the molecular effects of QS that affect the host innate immune response. Here, I showed that P. aeruginosa restrains inflammasome signaling by releasing QS-dependent molecules in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Secreted flagellin in bacterial secretant from QS-defective strain lasR/rhlR mutant, but not from wild type P. aeruginosa triggers robust activation of the NLRC4 inflammasome. In this situation, bacterial secretant from WT P. aeruginosa impairs activation of NLRC4 inflammasome by degrading extracellular flagellin via secreted proteases. Furthermore, secreted-proteases from WT P. aeruginosa also degrade inflammasome components in extracellular space to inhibit the propagation of inflammasome-mediated responses. Additionally, both QS-related virulence factor pyocyanin and QS autoinducer 3-oxo-C12 homoserine lactone directly inhibit activation and assembly of NLRC4 and NLRP3 inflammasome. Collectively, these results indicate that P. aeruginosa evades the host inflammasome defense system through QS-dependent mechanisms. In part 2, the results regarding the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), one kind of the bacterial secretant, and activation of inflammasome signaling are described. OMVs are produced by commensal and pathogenic gram-negative bacteria. OMVs are known as a cargo carrier that allows bacterial cell to communicate with each other, but also it interacts with host cells. But the molecular mechanism of how OMVs affect the activation of host inflammasome is not fully elucidated. Here, I present evidences that OMVs in bacterial secretant from S. typhimurium, intracellular bacteria, can induce host inflammasome signaling in BMDMs. First, bacterial secretant from S. typhimurium promotes the activation of inflammasome, and this result is dependent on NLRC4. Furthermore, OMVs trigger NLRC4 inflammasome activation because of the presence of flagellin and type โ…ข secretory system (T3SS) component prgJ protein on the surface of isolated OMVs. The activation of inflammasome signaling by OMVs was mediated by clathrin-dependent endocytosis. When OMVs from flagellin-deficient S. typhimurium were used, it was confirmed that flagellin played an important role in the OMVs of S. typhimurium by observing that activation of NLRC4-dependent inflammasome did not occur. In addition, OMVs from P. aeruginosa, flagellated bacteria, promoted NLRC4-mediated inflammasome activation, but not from non-flagellated E. coli strain. Taken together, these data suggest that the OMVs of S. typhimurium can cause activation of NLRC4 inflammasome by transporting flagellin to host cells as a cargo carrier.open๋ฐ•
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