The great Gatsby의 상징적 의미

The Great Gatsby offers some of the severest and closest of the American material civilization in the age of 1920 after the world war 1. In the novel, the writer sharply criticized and analyzed by symbolism, both the newly grown wealthiest after the world war and people of traditional high wealthy society in the age of spiritual poverty, poor observation worth, corruption of moral and almighty of material that is wealth only makes good life. The Great Gatsby is considered as a commentary on the American dream representing the romantic illusion of the possibilities of life on a level at which the material and the spiritual have become inextricably confuse. In dramatizes the continuing ambiguity between the merchantilism and the idealism in the direct life of the hero, Gatsby, through symbolism. The purpose of the study is to pursue and analyze this symbolism either through scenes or characters of the novel. The main symbolism analyzed by the writer through scenes are as follows: The single green light at which Gatsby is looking out in his garden symbolizes his dream, the projection of his wishes, the valley of ashes in which Myrtle and Wilson live, the human situation in an age of chaos and the disorder of the society, the color white, hypocrisy of the high class people, the summer's sultriness, human hatred and violence, and so forth. Conclusion made through analysis of the characters of the novel is that the irony of American history and the corruption of the American dream are symbolized by what Gatsby is, while Tom and Daisy symbolize the inhuman materialism, and the 'ash-grey'men of whom Wilson is the representative symbolize a terrible embodiment of the realities which have killed Gatsby's dream. The Great Gatsby is an exploration of the American dream as it exists in a corrupt period, and it is an attempt to determine that concealed boundary that divides the reality from the illusions.;The Great Gatsby는 전후 1920년대의 미국의 물질문명 사회를 신랄히 비평한 F. Scott Fitzgerald의 작품이다. 전후의 혼란한 틈을 타서 급작히 성장했던 신흥갑부들과 전통적인 부유층들의 정신적 빈곤성과 도덕적 부패성, 부만이 good life를 영위할 수 있는 최선의 방법이라고 생각하는 물질만능주의 사상 등 작가는 그 당시의 사회상을 상징을 통해 작품 속에 묘사하면서 가혹히 분석 비평하고 있다. The Great Gatsby는 인생의 가능성에 대하여 낭만적인 환상을 가지는 미국적인 꿈에 대한 비평으로 간주된다. 이러한 작가의 미국적인 꿈은 상징의 수법을 통하여 묘사되며 Gatsby 의 실생활 속에 투영된 중상주의와 이상주의 사이의 많은 모순을 극화한 것이라고 볼 수 있다. 본 논문의 목적은 이 소설의 scene과 character를 통하여 이 작품의 상징을 추구하고 분석하는데 있다. 본 논문에서 scene을 통하여 분석한 주요한 상징은 다음과 같다. Gatsby가 그의 정원에서 바라보는 “green light"는 그의 꿈, 그의 소망의 투사를 상징하며, Myrtle과 Wilson이 살고 있는 ”Valley of ash"는 무질서한 세대에 사는 인간의 위치와 사회의 무질서를 상징해주며, White Color는 상류계급의 위선을, 또 여름날의 무더위는 인간의 격정을 상징하는 등등이다. 작중 인물들의 분석을 통한 상징은 Gatsby의 본질이 미국역사의 irony와 미국적인 꿈의 부패를 상징해 준 것에 있으며, Tom과 Daisy는 비인간적인 물질주의를 상징했고, Willson을 그 대표 인물로 한 “재빛인간들”은 Gatsby 의 꿈을 말살시켜버린 무분별하고 가혹한 현실을 상징한 것이다. 결론적으로 The Great Gatsby는 1920년대의 부패한 미국사회 속에서 존재했던 미국적인 꿈을 탐구한 것이며 현실을 망상으로부터 분리시키는 그 숨은 경계선을 결정하려는 시도인 것이다.I. 서론 1 II. 시대적 배경 및 생애 4 III. Scene을 통해 본 상징 13 IV. Character를 통해 본 상징 31 V. 결론 54 참고문헌 56 영문초록 5

마우스에서 모체를 통해 얻은 Naegleria fowleri 면역에 관한 연구

의학과/박사[영문] [한글] 인체에서 원발성 뇌수막염을 일으키는 Naegleria fowleri는 자연환경에서 검출되는 병 원성이 강한 자유생활아메바의 일종으로 이에 의한 발병은 어른보다 어린이에서 그 빈도 가 높은 편이다. N. fowleri의 수동면역에 대해서는 현재까지 별로 알려진 바가 없으므로 본 연구에서는 마우스에 있어 임신 중 어미마우스에 부여한 면역이 태반을 통하여 태중(胎中)인 마우스 에 전달되는지 또는 분만후의 수유(授乳)를 통하여 그 면역이 전달되는지를 알아보고저 하였다. N. fowleri 영양형 0359주(株)는 37℃ 항온기 내에서 CGVS배지를 사용하여 무군적으로 배양하였으며 실험동물로 ICR마우스를 사용하였고 새끼 마우스는 3∼4주 동안 수유시킨 후 N. fowleri를 감염 시켰다. 임신이 확인된 후 1주 또는 2주부터 살아있는 N. fowleri 영양형을 1주일 간격으로 2회 주입시켜 면역시켰다. 마우스를 secobarbital로 마취시킨 후 N. fowleri영양형 5×10**4 개가 함유된 생리식염수 부유액 5μl를 비강내로 떨어뜨려 감염시켰다. 실험군과 대조군은 다음과 같이 분류하였다. 즉 실험 Ⅰ군은 어미마우스를 N. fowleri 로 면역시키고 태어난 새끼마우스에게 그 모유를 먹인 실험군이고, 실험 Ⅱ군은 면역된 어미마우스에서 태어난 새끼마우스에게 면역이 안된 정상 어미마우스의 모유를 먹인 실험 군이다. 실험 Ⅲ군은 생리식염수를 복강내로 주입시킨 정상 마우스로부터 태어난 새끼마 우스에게 면역시킨 어미마우스의 모유를 먹인 실험군이며, 실험Ⅳ군은 복강내로 생리식염 수를 주입시킨 어미마우스에서 태어난 새끼에게 그 모유를 먹인 대조군이다. 어미마우스를 면역시킨 후 어미와 이로부터 태어난 새끼마우스 혈청 내에서 N. fowleri 에 대한 항체가를 효소표식 면역검사법 (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)으로 측정하였다. 임신 2∼3주에 면역시켰을 경우 실험군 Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ에서 N. fowleri 감염으로 인한 마우 스의 사망율은 대조군에 비해 현저히 낮았으며 생존기간은 대조군에 비해 큰 차이가 없었 다. 임신 1∼2주에 면역시켰을 경우 실험군 Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ의 마우스 사망율은 대조군과 비교 할 때 큰 차이가 없었고 생존 기간도 대조군에 비해 차이가 없었다. N, fowleri를 마우스 복강내에 두차례 주입시켜 면역시킨 후 매주 측정된 항체가는 점 차 증가하였고 따라서 시행한 면역방법이 효과적임을 알 수 있었다. 새끼마우스를 3∼4주 동안 수유시킨 후 N. fowleri로 감염시키기 직전에 혈청내의 항체가를 측정하였을 때 실 험군 Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ 모두에서 대조군보다 높은 항체가를 나타내었다. 사망한 마우스의 뇌조직에서 N. fowleri 감염에 의한 아메바성 뇌수막염의 염증소견을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이상의 실험성적으로 보아 어미 마우스에 N. fowleri로 면역시키면 이로부터 태어난 새 끼마우스는 방어면역을 가지고 있으며, 이러한 수동면역은 어미로부터 새끼마우스로 태반 을 통하여 전달 될 뿐만아니라 모유를 통해서도 전달된다는 결론을 얻었다. Experimental Study on Vertical Transmission of Immunity Against Naegleria fowleri Myoung-Hee Ahn Department of Medical Science The Graduate School, Yonsei University (Directed by Professor Keun-Tae Lee, M.D. and Professor Kyung-Il Im. H.D.) Naegleria fowleri, a highly pathogenic free-living amoeba, has been recognized as a causative agent of fatal meningoencephalitis in humans, especially in young children. Several studies have shown that maternal (colostral and/or transplacental) antibody may passively protect the newborn against infectious agents prior to the acquired immunity. The present investigation was aimed to study the effect of vertical transmission of immunity against N. fowleri infection from dams to offsprings in murine model. Naegleria fowlers, strain 0359, cultivated axenically in CGVS medum at 37℃ was employed as an experimental pathogen. Male and female ICR mice were mated for two weeks with 3:2 ratio, respectively. Pregnant mice were immunized by intraperitoneal inoculation of live trophozoites of N. fowlers, with an inoculum of 1×10**5 amoebae once a week for 2 times. Immunization was done on the 2nd and 3rd week gestation. Immediately after the delivery, the newborns were mated either with their dams (Immunized vs. non-immunized) or with foster mothers (immunized vs. non-immunized), and were fed milk for 3 to 4 weeks. The mice were inoculated intranasally with 5×10**4 live N. fowleri, trophozoites in 10μl physiological saline under secobarbital anesthesia. After infection, they were inspected daily until sacrifice. After sequential immunization and just before infection in cases of offsprings, the serum IgG response in mice against N. fowleri was examined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). For the study, Naegleria trophozoites were disrupted by sonicator and sedimented at 8,000×g for 1 hour. The supernatant was used as Naegleria antigen for ELISA after dialysis. The optical density of the serum IgG level were significantly increased from 0.21±0.11 before immunization to 0.45±0.29 and 1.02±0.28 after 1st and 2nd immunization, respectively. The mortality rate (53.6%) in experimental progeny was also significantly decreased as compared with controls(93.6%) when dams were immunized on the 2nd and 3rd week gestation. Mean survival time did not prolong in experimental groups as compared with control group. In addition. serum IgG levels of the offsprings mated with immunized dams(natural or foster) were higher than those of the control group. Based on these results, it is considered that maternal immunity against N. fowleri is transferred to the offsprings through the placenta and/or milk.restrictio

High Work-Related Stress and Anxiety as a Response to COVID-19 Among Health Care Workers in South Korea: Cross-sectional Online Survey Study.

Background: The COVID-19 outbreak had a severe impact on health care workers' psychological health. It is important to establish a process for psychological assessment and intervention for health care workers during epidemics. Objective: We investigated risk factors associated with psychological impacts for each health care worker group, to help optimize psychological interventions for health care workers in countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Respondents (n=1787) from 2 hospitals in Korea completed a web-based survey during the period from April 14 to 30, 2020. The web-based survey collected demographic information, psychiatric history, and responses to the 9-item Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics (SAVE-9), 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scales. We performed logistic regression to assess contributing factors as predictor variables, using health care workers' depression as outcome variables. Results: Among 1783 health care workers, nursing professionals had significantly higher levels of depression (PHQ-9 score: meannurse 5.5, SD 4.6; meanother 3.8, SD 4.2; P<.001), general anxiety (GAD-7 score: meannurse 4.0, SD 4.1; meanother 2.7, SD 3.6; P<.001), and virus-related anxiety symptoms (SAVE-9 score: meannurse 21.6, SD 5.9; meanother 18.6, SD 6.3; P<.001). Among nursing professionals, single workers reported more severe depressive symptoms than married workers (PHQ-9 score ≥10; meannurse 20.3%; meanother 14.1%; P=.02), and junior (<40 years) workers reported more anxiety about the viral epidemic (SAVE-9 anxiety score; meannurse 15.6, SD 4.1; meanother 14.7, SD 4.4; P=.002). Logistic regression revealed that hospital (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.45, 95% CI 1.06-1.99), nursing professionals (adjusted OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.02-1.98), single workers (adjusted OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.05-2.16), higher stress and anxiety to the viral infection (high SAVE-9 score, adjusted OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.17-1.24), and past psychiatric history (adjusted OR 3.26, 95% CI 2.15-4.96) were positively associated with depression. Conclusions: Psychological support and interventions should be considered for health care workers, especially nursing professionals, those who are single, and those with high SAVE-9 scores. Keywords: COVID-19; South Korea; anxiety; assessment; depression; health care worker; health personnel; intervention; mental health; occupational stress; stress

Utility of the Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemic-3 Items as a Tool for Assessing Work-Related Stress, and Relationship With Insomnia and Burnout of Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background and Objective The aim of this study is to explore the usefulness of the Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemic-3 items (SAVE-3) scale as a tool for assessing work-related stress in healthcare workers. Methods There were 389 participants and all remained anonymous. The SAVE-9, the Patient Health Questionnaire-4, the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel (MBI-HSS-MP), the perceived stress scale (PSS), and single item insomnia measure were used. After checking whether the SAVE-3 scale is clustered into a sole factor from SAVE-9 scale based on principal component analysis with promax rotation, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was done on the 3 items of the SAVE-3 to examine the factorial validity for a unidimensional structure. Results The SAVE-3 was clustered with factor loadings from 0.664?0.752, and a CFA revealed that 3 items of the SAVE-3 cohered together into a unidimensional construct with fit for all of indices (comparative fit index = 1.00; Tucker Lewis index = 1.031; standardized root-mean-square residual = 0.001; root-mean-square-error of approximation = 0.00). The SAVE-3 scale showed acceptable reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.56 and McDonald’s ω = 0.57) in this sample. A high SAVE-3 score correlated significantly with younger age (r = -0.12, p = 0.02), a high PSS score (r = 0.24, p < 0.001), a high total score for the MBI-HSS-MP (r = 0.35, p < 0.001) and all of its subscales (emotional exhaustion, r = 0.40, p < 0.001; personal accomplishment, r = -0.14, p < 0.005; depersonalization, r = 0.39, p < 0.001), and poor sleep quality (r = 0.15, p < 0.001). Conclusions Taken together, the data suggest that SAVE-3 is a reliable, valid, and usable scale for measuring work-related stress in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 epidemic

Effects of Depression and Resilience of Public Workers on Work-related Stress and Anxiety in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: This study explored the clinical variables related to public workers' stress and anxiety regarding the viral epidemic, and the mediating effect of resilience on the relationship between their depression and anxiety in response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: A total of 938 public workers answered anonymous questionnaires in May 2020. The survey included rating scales such as the Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-9 (SAVE 9), Patients Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 2 items (CD-RISC 2), and subjects also answered whether they were employed in COVID-19 related fields. Results: Married, female, junior, public workers reported a higher level of stress and anxiety in response to the viral epidemic. Furthermore, high levels of stress and anxiety toward the epidemic are defined by high PHQ-9, high GAD-7, and low CD-RISC 2 scores. It could also be seen that resilience mediated the effect of depression in public workers and their stress and anxiety levels toward the epidemic. Conclusion: It is important to reduce the psychological burden of public workers and manage their mental health to help them cope with the epidemic wisely and efficiently. Among many mental health factors, psychological resilience represents an essential target for psychological intervention among public workers

Resilience and Work-Related Stress May Affect Depressive Symptoms in Nursing Professionals during the COVID-19 Pandemic Era

Objective We aimed to investigate the effect of nursing professionals? resilience on their mental health, work-related stress, and anxiety in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We conducted an online survey in the Asan Medical Center and Ulsan University Hospital, South Korea. We extracted data of 824 nursing professionals who consented to participate, including demographic variables and the Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-9 (SAVE-9), PHQ-9, GAD-7, and Brief Resilience Scale scores. Results Resilience was negatively correlated with Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) (rho=-0.23), Generalized Anxiety Scale-7 items (GAD-7) (rho=-0.25), Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidem-ics-6 items (SAVE-6) (rho=-0.15), and Stress And anxiety to Viral Epidemics-3 items (SAVE-3) (rho=-0.13, all, p<0.001). Logistic regression analysis adjusting age, marital status, and years of employment revealed that high level of general anxiety [adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.31?1.50], work-related stress during viral epidemics (aOR=1.16, 95% CI=1.03?1.29), and a low level of resilience (aOR=0.91, 95% CI=0.85?0.97) were expecting variables for the depression of healthcare workers. Conclusion Nursing professionals? level of resilience may be associated with low level of work-related stress and anxiety induced by a viral epidemic. We need to explore further the possibility of resilience as coping strategy of healthcare workers in this pandemic era. Psychiatry Investig 2021;18(4):357-36

How COVID-19 Affected Healthcare Workers in the Hospital Locked Down due to Early COVID-19 Cases in Korea

Background: The healthcare workers (HCWs) were exposed to never-experienced psychological distress during the early stage of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The aim of this study was to investigate how the COVID-19 pandemic affected the mental health of HCWs during the hospital lockdown period due to mass healthcareassociated infection during the early spread of COVID-19. Methods: A real-time online survey was conducted between April 14?18, 2020 among HCWs who worked at the university hospital where COVID-19 was confirmed in a patient, and the hospital was shut down for 3 weeks. Along with demographic variables and work-related information, psychological distress was measured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Maslach Burnout InventoryGeneral Survey scale, and the Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-9. Results: The HCWs working in the cohort ward and those who have experienced social discrimination had significantly higher level of depression (PHQ-9 score; 5.24 ± 4.48 vs. 4.15 ± 4.38; P < 0.01 and 5.89 ± 4.78 vs. 3.25 ± 3.77; P < 0.001, respectively) and anxiety (GAD-7 score; 3.69 ± 3.68 vs. 2.87 ± 3.73; P < 0.05 and 4.20 ± 4.22 vs. 2.17 ± 3.06; P < 0.001, respectively) compared to other HCWs. Worries regarding the peer relationship and the skepticism about job were associated with depression (odds ratio [OR], 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07?1.79; P < 0.05 and OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.31?2.17; P < 0.001, respectively) and anxiety (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.21?2.49; P < 0.01 and OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.09?2.17; P < 0.05, respectively), while fear of infection or worsening of health was not. Path analysis showed that work-related stress associated with the viral epidemic rather than anxiety about the viral epidemic mainly contributed to depression. Conclusion: The present observational study indicates that mental health problems of HCWs exposed to COVID-19 are associated with distress in work and social relationship. Early intervention programs focusing on these factors are necessar