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    ใ€Œ็Ž‰้ธžๅฅ‡็ธใ€็ ”็ฉถ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ตญ์–ด๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ์ •๋ณ‘์„ค.ใ€Œ็Ž‰้ธžๅฅ‡็ธใ€ใฏใ€ไป–ใฎ้•ท็ทจๅฎถ้–€ๅฐ่ชฌใซๆฏ”ในใ€ใ€Œๅฅณๆ€งใ€ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹้–ขๅฟƒใ ใ‘ใงใชใใ€ใ€Œไธ‹ๅฑคใ€ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹้–ขๅฟƒใŒๆ‹กๅคงใ—ใŸไฝœๅ“ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€‚ๆœฌ็จฟใฏใ€ใ€Œ็Ž‰้ธžๅฅ‡็ธใ€ใฎใ“ใ†ใ„ใ†็‰นๅพดใซ็€็›ฎใ—ใ€ไปฃ่กจ็š„ใช้•ท็ทจๅฎถ้–€ๅฐ่ชฌใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€ŒๅŠ‰ๆฐไธ‰ไปฃ้Œ„ใ€ใจใ€ๅ‰็ทจใ€Œๆ˜Œ่˜ญๅฅฝ็ธใ€ใจใฎๆฏ”่ผƒใ‚’้€šใ˜ใ€ใ€Œ็Ž‰้ธžๅฅ‡็ธใ€ใฎๅฐ่ชฌๅฒ็š„ไฝ็›ธใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Š็ฒพ็ทปใซๆธฌใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’็›ฎ็š„ใจใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ€€็ฌฌไธ€็ซ ใฎ็ฌฌไบŒ็ฏ€ใงใฏใ€ไบˆๅ‚™็š„่€ƒๅฏŸใจใ—ใฆใ€Œ็Ž‰้ธžๅฅ‡็ธใ€ใฎ็•ฐๆœฌใจ้–ข้€ฃ่ณ‡ๆ–™ใ‚’ๆคœ่จŽใ—ใŸใ€‚ใ€Œ็‡•ไบฌๆœฌใ€ใจใ€Œ่”ตๆ›ธ้–ฃๆœฌใ€ใฎๅทฎใฏใ€็ญ†ๅ†™่€…ใฎ็ฉๆฅต็š„ใชๆ”นไฝœๆ„่ญ˜ใŒๅๆ˜ ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ็ตๆžœใจใ„ใ†ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ๅŽŸๅ…ธใ‚ใ‚‹ใ„ใฏ้šฃๆŽฅใ—ใŸ็ณปๅˆ—ใฎๆฏๆœฌใ‚’่ชฐใ‹ใŒๆฃๆ„็š„ใซๅ–ๆจใ—ใŸๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใŒ้ซ˜ใ„ใจ่€ƒใˆใ€ใ€Œใƒ—ใƒชๆœฌใ€ใจใ€Œๆช€ๅ›ฝๅคงๆœฌใ€ใฏไป–ใฎ็•ฐๆœฌใง็ขบ่ชใงใใชใ„ไธป่ฆๅ™ไบ‹ใฎไธ€้ƒจใ‚’ๅซใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‹ใ‚‰ใใฎไพกๅ€คใ‚’ๆ–ฐใŸใซ็ขบ่ชใ—ใŸใ€‚ ใ€€็ฌฌไบŒ็ซ ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œ็Ž‰้ธžๅฅ‡็ธใ€ใ‚’ๆง‹ๆˆใ™ใ‚‹ไธป่ฆๅ™ไบ‹ใ‚’่‘›่—คใฎไธปไฝ“ใจใชใ‚‹็™ปๅ ดไบบ็‰ฉใ‚’ไธญๅฟƒใซๅˆ†ๆžใ—ใ€็ฌฌไธ‰ใƒปๅ››็ซ ใฎ่ญฐ่ซ–ใฎใŸใ‚ใฎ่ถณใŒใ‹ใ‚Šใ‚’่จญใ‘ใŸใ€‚ๅ™ไบ‹ใฎๆฏ”้‡ใŒๅฐ‘ใชใ„ใจๅˆคๆ–ญใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹11็ต„ใ‚’้™คใ„ใŸใ€ๆฎ‹ใ‚Š12็ต„ใฎ็”ทๅฅณ็ต็ธ่ซ‡ใ ใ‘ใ‚’่ญฐ่ซ–ใฎ็ฏ„็–‡ใซ่จญๅฎšใ—ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰็”ทๅฅณ็ต็ธ่ซ‡ใซ็พใ‚ŒใŸไบบ็‰ฉ่‘›่—คใฎๆง‹้€ ็š„ๆง˜็›ธใ‚’ใพใจใ‚ใŸใ€‚ ใ€€็ฌฌไธ‰็ซ ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œ็Ž‰้ธžๅฅ‡็ธใ€ใซ็พใ‚ŒใŸใ€Œๅฅณๆ€งใ€ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹้–ขๅฟƒใŒใ€ไป–ใฎ้•ท็ทจๅฎถ้–€ๅฐ่ชฌใจใฉใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅผๅˆฅ็‚นใ‚’ๆŒใคใฎใ‹ใ‚’่€ƒๅฏŸใ—ใŸใ€‚็ฌฌไธ€็ฏ€ใงใฏใ€็”ทๅฅณ็ต็ธ่ซ‡ใฎๅ™ไบ‹ๆง‹้€ ใ‚’็”ทไธปไบบๅ…ฌใฎไบบ็‰ฉๅƒใซใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œ่ฑชๆ”พๅž‹็”ทๆ€งใจใฎ็ธ็ตใ€ใจใ€Œๅ›ๅญๅž‹็”ทๆ€งใจใฎ็ธ็ตใ€ใซๅˆ†้กžใ—ใŸๅพŒใ€ๅ™ไบ‹ใฎๆง‹้€ ็š„ๆง˜็›ธใจๆ„ๅ‘ณใซใคใ„ใฆๅˆ†ๆžใ—ใŸใ€‚ใใฎ็ตๆžœใ€ไฝœๅ“ใฏๆ•ไบ‹็›ธไบ’้–“ใฎใ€Œๅๅพฉใ€ใ€ใ€ŒๆŽฅ่„ˆใ€ใ€ใ€Œ็›ธๅ€คใ€ใ‚’้€šใ˜ใ€ๅ•้กŒๆ„่ญ˜ใ‚’ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅผท่ชฟใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใจ่ฆ‹ใŸใ€‚ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๅ†…ๅฎนใ‚’่ธใพใˆใ€็ฌฌไบŒ็ฏ€ใงใฏๆ€งๆšดๅŠ›ใฎๅ™่ฟฐๆ–นๅผใซใคใ„ใฆ่ชฟในใŸใ€‚ๅ ด้ขๆๅ†™ใ€ไบบ็‰ฉใฎๅฟƒ็†ใƒปๆ…‹ๅบฆใ€ไบบ็‰ฉ้–ขไฟ‚ใ€ๅ™่ฟฐ่€…ใฎ่ฉฑ่ก“ใชใฉใ‚’ไธญๅฟƒใซใ€็”ทๆ€งใฎๆšดๅŠ›ๆ€งใจๆจฉๅจๆ„่ญ˜ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ๅฆๅฎš็š„่ช่ญ˜ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใฆใŠใ‚Šใ€ใ€Œๆกœ่ก€่ฉฑ็ด ใ€ใŒๅฎถ็ˆถ้•ท็š„็”ทๆ€งใฎๆจฉๅจๆ„่ญ˜ใ‚’้ขจๅˆบใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚ณใƒผใƒ‰ใซใ€Œ่ปข็”จใ€ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚’ๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใซใ—ใŸใ€‚็ฌฌ3็ฏ€ใงใฏใ€ๆ„›ๆƒ…ๅฉšใ‚’็†ฑๆœ›ใ™ใ‚‹ไบŒไบบใฎๅฅณๆ€งใฎไบบ็‰ฉๅฝข่ฑกใซใคใ„ใฆๅˆ†ๆžใ—ใŸใจใ“ใ‚ใ€ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ็ฉๆฅต็š„ใชๆ„›ๆƒ…ใŒไป–ใฎ้•ท็ทจๅฎถ้–€ๅฐ่ชฌใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Šใ€ๆฆ‚ใญ่‚ฏๅฎšใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†็‚นใงใ€Œๅฅณๆ€งใ€ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ๆ‹กๅคงใ—ใŸ้–ขๅฟƒใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸใ€‚ ใ€€็ฌฌๅ››็ซ ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œ็Ž‰้ธžๅฅ‡็ธใ€ใฎๅ™่ฟฐๆ„่ญ˜ใ‚’ๆ”ฏใˆใ‚‹ๅˆฅใฎ่ปธใงใ‚ใ‚‹ใ€Œไธ‹ๅฑคใ€ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹้–ขๅฟƒใ‚’ๆŽขใฃใŸใ€‚็ฌฌ1็ฏ€ใงใฏใ€ใ€Œไธ‹ๅฑคใ€ใฎ่ฒงใ—ใ•ใ‚’ๆดปๅ†™ใ—ใ€ไบบ่บซๅฃฒ่ฒทใŒ่”“ๅปถใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹็พๅฎŸใ‚’ๅ†™ๅฎŸ็š„ใซๅๆ˜ ใ—ใ‚ˆใ†ใจใ™ใ‚‹ๅ™่ฟฐ่€…ใฎๆ„่ญ˜ๅฟ—ๅ‘ใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใŸใ€‚ไธ”ใคใ€ไธŠๅฑค่ถฃๅ‘ใฎ้•ท็ทจๅฎถ้–€ๅฐ่ชฌใงใฏใ€ใ‚ใฃใŸใซ่ฆ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใชใ„ไธ‹ๅฑค็”ทๅฅณใฎๆ„›ๆƒ…่ซ‡ใ‚’ๅ†…ๅฎนใซ็››ใ‚Š่พผใ‚“ใงใ„ใ‚‹ใจใ„ใ†็‚นใงใ€ใใฎ้–ขๅฟƒใฎ้ ˜ๅŸŸใŒๆ‹กๅผตใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ“ใจใ‚’็ขบ่ชใ—ใŸใ€‚็ฌฌ2็ฏ€ใฏใ€ใ“ใ†ใ—ใŸ่ญฐ่ซ–ใฎๅปถ้•ท็ทšไธŠใงใ€ไธ‹ๅฑค่ฃœๅŠฉไบบ็‰ฉใฎๆฏ”้‡ๆ‹กๅคงใซ้–ขใ—ใฆ่€ƒๅฏŸใ—ใŸใ€‚ไธ‹ๅฑค่ฃœๅŠฉไบบ็‰ฉใฎๅฝนๅ‰ฒใŒๆ‚ชไบบๅž‹ไบบ็‰ฉใซ้™ใ‚‰ใšๅ–„ไบบๅž‹ไบบ็‰ฉใซใพใง่จญๅฎšใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ็‚นใ€ไธŠๅฑคไธญๅฟƒไบบ็‰ฉใฎไธ€ๆ™‚็š„ใชใ€Œไธๅœจใ€ใ‚„ใ€Œ็ฉบ็™ฝใ€ใซไปฃใ‚ใ‚‹ไธ‹ๅฑค่ฃœๅŠฉไบบ็‰ฉใŒๅ‡บ็พใ—ใŸใ“ใจใชใฉใ‹ใ‚‰ใ€ใ€Œไธ‹ๅฑคใ€ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹้–ขๅฟƒใฎๆ‹กๅคงใŒๆŽขใ‚ŒใŸใ€‚์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅํŽธ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์†Œ์„ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ํ•˜์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์งˆ์— ์ฐฉ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์žฅํŽธ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์†Œ์„ค์ธ ๊ณผ ์ „ํŽธ ๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜ ์†Œ์„ค์‚ฌ์  ์œ„์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •์น˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Š ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œโ… ์žฅ์˜ ์ œ2์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋น„์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ๋กœ์„œ ์˜ ์ด๋ณธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ็‡•ไบฌๆœฌ๊ณผ ่—ๆ›ธ้–ฃๆœฌ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ํ•„์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ์ž‘ ์˜์‹์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค, ์›์ „ ํ˜น์€ ์ธ์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๋ชจ๋ณธ์„ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๊ณ , ๋ฟŒ๋ฆฌๆœฌ๊ณผ ๋‹จ๊ตญ๋Œ€ๆœฌ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋ณธ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์„œ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œโ…ก์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์š” ์„œ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ์žฅ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œโ…ขใƒปโ…ฃ์žฅ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐœํŒ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋น„์ค‘์ด ์ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜๋Š” 11์Œ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ 12์Œ์˜ ๋‚จ๋…€๊ฒฐ์—ฐ๋‹ด๋งŒ์„ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋“ค ๋‚จ๋…€๊ฒฐ์—ฐ๋‹ด์— ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ์ธ๋ฌผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œโ…ข์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์— ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅํŽธ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์†Œ์„ค๊ณผ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ณ€๋ณ„์ ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ1์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋…€๊ฒฐ์—ฐ๋‹ด์˜ ์„œ์‚ฌ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚จ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผํ˜•์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ˜ธ๋ฐฉํ˜• ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์—ฐ๊ณผ ๊ตฐ์žํ˜• ๋‚จ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ ๋’ค, ์„œ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์„œ์‚ฌ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๅๅพฉ, ๆŽฅ่„ˆ, ็›ธๅ€ค๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ, ์ œ2์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ฑํญ๋ ฅ์˜ ์„œ์ˆ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํˆ๋‹ค. ์žฅ๋ฉด ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ, ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌใƒปํƒœ๋„, ์ธ๋ฌผ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ์„œ์ˆ ์ž์˜ ์–ธ์ˆ  ๋“ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ํญ๋ ฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ถŒ์œ„์˜์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ธ์‹์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ตํ˜ˆํ™”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์  ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„์˜์‹์„ ํ’์žํ•˜๋Š” ์ฝ”๋“œ๋กœ ่ฝ‰็”จ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ œ3์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ์• ์ •ํ˜ผ์„ ์—ด๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผํ˜•์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ ๊ทน์  ์• ์ •์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅํŽธ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์†Œ์„ค๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๊ธ์ •๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•๋Œ€๋œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œโ…ฃ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ ์„œ์ˆ ์˜์‹์„ ์ง€ํƒฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ่ปธ์ธ ํ•˜์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์‚ดํˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ1์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•˜์ธต์˜ ๊ฐ€๋‚œ์„ ํ•์ง„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ธ์‹ ๋งค๋งค๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์—ฐํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์„œ์ˆ ์ž์˜ ์˜์‹์ง€ํ–ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ์ธต ์ทจํ–ฅ์˜ ์žฅํŽธ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์†Œ์„ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ข€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ๋“œ๋ฌธ ํ•˜์ธต ๋‚จ๋…€์˜ ์• ์ •๋‹ด์„ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์ด ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ2์ ˆ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ์—ฐ์žฅ์„ ์ƒ์—์„œ, ํ•˜์ธต ๋ณด์กฐ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋น„์ค‘ ํ™•๋Œ€์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ธต ๋ณด์กฐ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ์•…์ธํ˜• ์ธ๋ฌผ์— ๊ตญํ•œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์„ ์ธํ˜• ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„ค์ •๋œ ์ , ์ƒ์ธต ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋ถ€์žฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜์ธต ๋ณด์กฐ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด ์ถœํ˜„ํ•œ ์  ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•˜์ธต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํ•„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.โ… . ๅบ่ซ– 1 1. ็ก็ฉถ็›ฎ็š„ ๋ฐ ็ก็ฉถๅฒ 1 2. ็ก็ฉถๅฐ่ฑก๊ณผ ็•ฐๆœฌ 5 โ…ก. ๆ•ไบ‹ๆง‹้€ ์™€ ไบบ็‰ฉ 29 โ…ข. ๏ฆๆ€ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ้—œๅฟƒ 68 1. ็”ทๆ€งไบบ็‰ฉ๊ณผ ๏ฆๆ€งไบบ็‰ฉ์˜ ้—œไฟ‚ ๆจฃ็›ธ 68 2. ๆ€งๆšดๅŠ›์˜ ๆ•่ฟฐๆ–นๅผ 76 3. ็ฉๆฅต็š„ ๏ฆๆ€ง่ฑก๊ณผ ๆ„›ๆƒ…ๅฉš 91 โ…ฃ. ไธ‹ๅฑค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ้—œๅฟƒ 100 1. ไธ‹ๅฑค ่‹ฆ้›ฃ๊ณผ ๆ„›ๆƒ…์˜ ๆ•่ฟฐ 100 2. ่ฃœๅŠฉไบบ็‰ฉ์˜ ๆฏ”้‡ ๆ“ดๅคง 112 โ…ค. ็ต่ซ– 126 ๅƒ่€ƒๆ–‡็ป 128 ้™„้Œ„ 134 ๆ—ฅๆ–‡ๆŠ„้Œ„ 145Maste

    Comparison of black-pigmented bacteroides using 16S rRNA analysis between Chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodont

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    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งŒ์„ฑ ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ ํ™˜์ž์™€ ๊ธ‰์† ํŒŒ๊ดด์„ฑ ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ„์˜ ํ‘์ƒ‰์ƒ‰์†Œ ํ˜•์„ฑ Bacteroides (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens)์˜ ์„ธ๊ท ๋ถ„ํฌ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ์„ฑ ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ ํ™˜์ž 30๋ช…์˜ ์งˆํ™˜๋ถ€์œ„(์น˜์ฃผ๋‚ญ ๊นŠ์ดโ‰ฅ6 mm)์™€ ๋น„์งˆํ™˜๋ถ€์œ„(์น˜์ฃผ๋‚ญ๊นŠ์ดโ‰ค3 mm)์—์„œ ์น˜์€์—ฐํ•˜์น˜ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ CP, N-CP๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ธ‰์† ํŒŒ๊ดด์„ฑ ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ 30๋ช…์˜ ์งˆํ™˜๋ถ€์œ„(์น˜์ฃผ๋‚ญ ๊นŠ์ดโ‰ฅ 6 mm)์™€ ๋น„์งˆํ™˜๋ถ€์œ„(์น˜์ฃผ๋‚ญ๊นŠ์ดโ‰ค3 mm)์—์„œ ์น˜์€์—ฐํ•˜ ์น˜ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜์—ฌ AP, N-AP๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ 16S rRNA ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. P. gingivalis๊ฐ€ CP๊ตฐ์—์„œ 98.33%, AP๊ตฐ์—์„œ 94.17%๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ P. intermedia๋Š” CP๊ตฐ์—์„œ 77.50%, AP๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” 64.17%๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , P. nigrescens๋Š” CP๊ตฐ์—์„œ 35.00%, AP๊ตฐ์—์„œ 29.17%๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. P. intermedia์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—์„œ๋งŒ CP๊ตฐ์—์„œ AP๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์œ ์˜์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์„ธ๊ท  ๋ถ„ํฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค(p<0.05). 2. CP๊ตฐ๊ณผ N-CP๊ตฐ์—์„œ์˜ ์„ธ๊ท ๋ถ„ํฌ๋„๋Š” P. gingivalis๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 98.33%, 43.33%๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, P. intermedia๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 77.50%, 10.00%๋ฅผ, P. nigrescens๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 35.00%, 3.33%๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŒ์„ฑ ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 3์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์„ธ๊ท  ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์งˆํ™˜๋ถ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋น„์งˆํ™˜๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์œ ์˜์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์„ธ๊ท ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค(p<0.01). 3. AP๊ตฐ๊ณผ N-AP๊ตฐ์—์„œ์˜ ์„ธ๊ท ๋ถ„ํฌ๋„๋Š” P. gingivalis๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 94.17%, 50.00%๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, P. intermedia๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 64.17%, 23.33%๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ , P. nigrescens๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 29.17%, 23.33%๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธ‰์† ํŒŒ๊ดด์„ฑ ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ์—์„œ๋Š” P. gingivalis์™€ P. intermedia์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์งˆํ™˜๋ถ€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋น„์งˆํ™˜๋ถ€์œ„์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์œ ์˜์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์„ธ๊ท  ๋ถ„ํฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜(p<0.01), P. nigrescens์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 4. N-CP์™€ N-AP๊ตฐ์—์„œ์˜ ์„ธ๊ท ๋ถ„ํฌ๋„๋Š” P. gingivalis๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 43.33%, 50.00%๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, P. intermedia๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 10.00%, 23.33%๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ , P. nigrescens๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 3.33%, 23.33%๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค ๋งŒ์„ฑ ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ๊ณผ ๊ธ‰์† ํŒŒ๊ดด์„ฑ ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ์˜ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋น„๊ต์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์„ธ๊ท  ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์ธ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์—์„œ ๋งŒ์„ฑ ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผํ™˜์ž์™€ ๊ธ‰์† ํŒŒ๊ดด์„ฑ ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ‘์ƒ‰์ƒ‰์†Œ ํ˜•์„ฑ Bacteroides์˜ ์„ธ๊ท ๋ถ„ํฌ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, P. intermedia์™€ P. nigrescens์˜ ๊ธ‰์† ํŒŒ๊ดด์„ฑ ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข€ ๋” ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The purpose of the research is to compare the distribution of Black-pigmented Bacteroides between Chronic Periodontitis and Aggressive Periodontitis. P. gingivalis, P. intermedia and P. nigrescens were examined in order to evaluate their distribution in patients with Chronic Periodontitis(CP) and Aggressive Periodontitis(AP). PCR and dot-blots hybridization of 16S rRNA gene were used to compare bacterial distribution of two groups - CP group and AP group, which were divided into two subgroups. Subgingival plaque taken from the diseased sites(pocket depthโ‰ฅ6 mm) and healthy sites(pocket depthโ‰ค3 mm) were grouped into the experimental group and the control group. The result are as follows ; 1. The distribution of P. gingivalis was 98.33% for chronic Periodotitis(CP), 94.17% for Aggressive Periodontitis(AP), the distribution of P. intermedia was 77.50% for CP, 64.17% for AP, and the distribution of P. nigrescens was 35.00%, 29.17%. In all 3 types of bacteria, CP group showed higher distribution compared to AP group, but only P. intermedia showed statistically significant difference. 2. In the case of CP, every type of bacteria showed higher distribution in the experimental group with statistically significant difference. 3. In the case of AP, every type of bacteria also showed higher distribution in the experimental group, but P. gingivalis and P. .intermedia showed the result with statistically significant difference, and the other did not 4. In 3 all bacteria type, N-AP showed higher distribution than N-CP without statistically significant difference These results suggest that the comparison of the distribution of Bacteroides between Chronic Periodontitis and Aggressive Periodontitis has no statistically significant difference, except P. intermedia.ope

    ๋ฐฑ์„œ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€์—์„œ bone morphogenetic protein-2์˜ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate-block์˜ ๊ณจ์žฌ์ƒํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„ํก์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์ฐจํ๋ง‰์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    Dept. of Dental Science/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ž„ํ”Œ๋ž€ํŠธ ๋ฐ ์น˜๊ณผ๋ณด์ฒ  ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์‹œ ์ž„์ƒ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํก์ˆ˜๋œ ์น˜์กฐ๊ณจ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์น˜์กฐ๊ณจ์žฌ์ƒ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ์น˜์กฐ๊ณจ ์ฆ๋Œ€์ˆ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณจ์ด์‹์žฌ ์ค‘ ์ž๊ฐ€๊ณจ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ œํ•œ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฒด์žฌ๋กœ ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์œ ๋„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ (bone morphogenetic protein, BMP)์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์œ ๋„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ž…์ฆ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ค„์ ธ ์™”๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง์••์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œ ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate Block (MBCP block)์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œ ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ง์••์„ ๊ฒฌ๋”œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณจ๋Œ€์ฒด๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ˆ˜์ง์  ๊ณจ์ฆ๋Œ€์ˆ ์‹œ ํก์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋น„ํก์ˆ˜์„ฑ์˜ ์ฐจํ๋ง‰์ด ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ MBCP block์„ ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์œ ๋„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ (rhBMP-2)์˜ ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฑ์„œ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฐจํ๋ง‰์„ MBCP block์ƒ๋ฐฉ์— ์œ„์น˜์‹œ์ผœ ์ฐจํ๋ง‰์ด ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋น„๊ต ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.40๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์›…์„ฑ ๋ฐฑ์„œ์—์„œ 8ใŽœ ์ง€๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ž„๊ณ„ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ๋ถ€ ๊ฒฐ์†์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 20๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์”ฉ 2 ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด MBCP block์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ(๋†๋„ 0.025mg/ml rhBMP-2)๋งŒ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๊ตฐ, MBCP block์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ(๋†๋„ 0.025mg/ml rhBMP-2)๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ํ›„ MBCP block ์ƒ๋ฐฉ์— ๋น„ํก์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์ฐจํ๋ง‰(e-PTFEmembrane)์„ ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ˆ  ํ›„ 2์ฃผ์™€ 8์ฃผ์— ์น˜์œ  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์งํ•™์ , ์กฐ์ง๊ณ„์ธกํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ต ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์กฐ์ง๊ณ„์ธกํ•™์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‘๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ 8์ฃผ์งธ๊ฐ€ 2์ฃผ์งธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณจ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜์„ฑ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (P<0.05). ๋‘ ๊ตฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋น„๊ต์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์˜์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์กฐ์ง ํ˜•์„ฑ๋Ÿ‰ (augmented area) ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ๋น„๊ต์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ง€ ์ฐจํ๋ง‰์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ MBCP block์ƒ๋ฐฉ์˜ ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ์ข€๋” ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋ง‰์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ข€๋” ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.๋ฐฑ์„œ ๋‘๊ฐœ๊ณจ ๊ฒฐ์†๋ถ€์—์„œ MBCP block์€ ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์œ ๋„๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์‹ ์ƒ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ์œ ์˜์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œ ์ง€๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•ด์„œ ์ˆ˜์ง์••์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณจ ์ฆ๋Œ€์ˆ  (vertical bone augmentation) ์‹œ ๊ณจ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์œ ๋„๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ ์šด๋ฐ˜์ฒด๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ์ฐจํ๋ง‰์€ ํŠน์ดํ•œ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]Objectives : This study evaluated the osteogenic potential of rhBMP-2 delivered with MBCP block/e-PTFE membrane upon 2weeks and 8weeks wound healing phase in a critical sized rat calvarial defect model.Material and Methods: Eight-millimeter critical sized calvarial defects were created surgically in 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were divided into 2 groups containing 14 animals each. The defects were treated with rhBMP-2/MBCP block and rhBMP-2/MBCP/e-PTFE membrane. MBCP block(8x3 mm)was used as a carrier of rhBMP-2. The e-PTFE membrane was used to cover rhBMP-2/MBCP block. The rat were euthanized at 2 and 8weeks after surgery for histologic and histomorphometric analyses.Results: The level of Bone formation was significantly higher in defects of both group at 8 weeks than 2 weeks(P<0.05). A comparison of the rhBMP-2/MBCP block, there was no additional effect in rhBMP-2/MBCP block/e-PTFE membrane. At 8weeks, membrane group showed more even bone formation in the top of the MBCP block.Conclusions: These results suggest that use of rhBMP-2/MBCP block combined with e-PTFE membrane may achieve bone augmentation, but compared to rhBMP-2/MBCP block(without membrane) there was no significant difference in membrane groups.ope

    The Effect of Leader's Emotional Intelligence on Team Effectiveness and Affective Commitment : Focusing on University Staffs

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