15 research outputs found

    ์ง€๋ฅด์ฝ”๋‹ˆ์•„ ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ง„ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์˜ ๊ตฝํž˜์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ธ์žฅ์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„ ์‹œํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ : ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œ๋ฒ•์  ํ•ด์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์น˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์น˜์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2022.2. ์กฐ๋ณ‘ํ›ˆ.Objective: There has been technical difficulties in measuring the bond strengths between brittle dental substrates and materials, especially in preparing specimens. This study evaluated the validity of the relatively easy flexural bond strength (FBS) test in measuring bond strength of resin cement to zirconia as an alternative to the cumbersome tensile bond strength (TBS) and micro-tensile bond strength (MTBS) tests. Material and Methods: The FBS and TBS of resin cement to zirconia were measured experimentally after three surface treatments on a zirconia ceramic: air abrasion only (A), conditioning with Single Bond Universal (U) after air abrasion, and conditioning with Z-Prime Plus (Z) after air abrasion. The data were investigated using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Weibull statistics, and a theoretical simulation. In addition, using a finite element analysis (FEA), the validity of the FBS test as an alternative to the TBS was verified again by comparing the stress distribution within the virtual specimens in both test configurations. Results: In both the FBS and TBS tests, the experimental data were consistent and quantitatively similar. First, according to ANOVA, the U group showed the highest bond strengths in both tests, followed by the Z group and the A group. In each surface treatment group, the FBS was higher than the TBS. Second, the Weibull fitting showed the same order of strength in both tests (A TBS). Third, the theoretical ratios calculated from the Weibull moduli agreed well with the experimental ratios of the FBS to the TBS. Finally, a similar pattern in stress distributions within both the virtual models were also confirmed by the FEA. Conclusion: The FBS test can be an alternative to the TBS and MTBS tests in measuring the bond strength of brittle resin cement to zirconia.1. ๋ชฉ ์  ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ง€๋ฅด์ฝ”๋‹ˆ์•„ ์„ธ๋ผ๋ฏน์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ ˆ์ง„ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์˜ ๊ตฝํž˜์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ์ธ์žฅ์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ตฝํž˜์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„์‹œํ—˜์˜ ์ธ์žฅ์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„์‹œํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ๋ฐฉ ๋ฒ• CAD/CAM์šฉ ์ง€๋ฅด์ฝ”๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋ธ”๋ก (IPS e.max ZirCAD)์„ ์™„์ „ ์†Œ๊ฒฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ˜• (2 mm x 2 mm x 12.5 mm) ์ง€๋ฅด์ฝ”๋‹ˆ์•„ ์‹œํŽธ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ธ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค; ๋ฏธ์„ธ์ž…์ž ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋งˆ๋ชจ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ (A), ๋ฏธ์„ธ์ž…์ž ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋งˆ๋ชจ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํ›„ Single Bond Universal (3M ESPE) ์ ์šฉ (U), ๋ฏธ์„ธ์ž…์ž ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋งˆ๋ชจ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ํ›„ Z-Prime Plus (BISCO) ์ ์šฉ (Z). ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ง€๋ฅด์ฝ”๋‹ˆ์•„๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ฉด์ด 2 mm x 2 mm x 25 mm์ธ ์•„ํฌ๋ฆด๋ฆญ ๋ชฐ๋“œ์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์— ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋ฉด์ด ๋ ˆ์ง„์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์™€ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฝ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ชฐ๋“œ์˜ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ๋ ˆ์ง„ ์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ (RelyX Ultimate)๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์›Œ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋ฅด์ฝ”๋‹ˆ์•„์™€ ๋ ˆ์ง„์‹œ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๋œ 2 mm x 2 mm x 25mm์ธ ์‹œํŽธ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œํŽธ์€ ์˜จ๋„ 37โ„ƒ, ์Šต๋„ 100%์—์„œ 24์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์‹œํŽธ์„ 2 ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•˜์œ„๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋‹ค; ๊ตฝํž˜์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„ (F), ์ธ์žฅ์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„ (T). ๊ตฝํž˜์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„์‹œํ—˜์€ 4์ ˆ์  ๊ตฝํž˜์‹œํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4์ ˆ์  ๊ตฝํž˜์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„ ์‹œํ—˜์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ํ•˜์ค‘์ ์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์€ 10 mm, ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์ง€์ง€๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์€ 20 mm๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์••์ถ•๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œํ—˜ํŽธ์ด ํŒŒ์ ˆ๋  ๋•Œ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ํ•˜์ค‘์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ์žฅ์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ์‹œํŽธ์„ ์‹คํ—˜์šฉ ์ง€๊ทธ์— ๊ณ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์žฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒŒ์ ˆ๋  ๋•Œ์˜ ์‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ 2๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ธก์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ฐ’์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ Weibull ๋ถ„ํฌ์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2015๋…„ Leguillon๋“ฑ์ด ์ทจ์„ฑ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ธ์žฅ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ๊ตฝํž˜๊ฐ•๋„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ์‹คํ—˜์  ๋น„์™€ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŽธ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์‹œํŽธ ๋‚ด ์‘๋ ฅ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. 3. ๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ ๊ตฝํž˜์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„์™€ ์ธ์žฅ์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„ ์‹œํ—˜์น˜๋Š” ์ •๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์„œ๋กœ ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„ ์‹œํ—˜ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ U๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, Z ๊ทธ๋ฃน, A ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ’์€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์กŒ๋‹ค (pZ>A ์ˆœ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ตฝํž˜์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ์ธ์žฅ์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค (p<0.001). Weibull ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋น„์™€ ์‹คํ—˜์  ๋น„ ์—ญ์‹œ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œ ๋ถ„์„๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€์ƒ ์‹œํŽธ ๋‚ด ์‘๋ ฅ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 4. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  ์น˜๊ณผ์šฉ ์ ‘์ฐฉ์ œ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์‹œํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ธ์žฅ์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ตฝํž˜์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„ ์ธก์ •๋ฒ•์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ ‘์ฐฉ๊ฐ•๋„ ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ฐ’์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ถ„์„, Weibull ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„, ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋น„๊ต ๋ฐ ์œ ํ•œ์š”์†Œ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Abstract i Table of Contents iii List of Figures iv List of Tables viii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Study Background 1 1.2. Purpose of Thesis 6 Chapter 2. Materials and Methods 7 2.1 Zirconia specimen preparation 7 2.2 Surface treatment procedure 10 2.3 Cementation of the resin cement to the zirconia 11 2.4 Experimental groups 12 2.5 Four-point FBS test 14 2.6 TBS test 15 2.7 Data selection according to the failure mode 16 2.8 Statistical analysis 17 2.9 Finite Element Analysis for specimen experiments 18 Chapter 3. Results 25 Chapter 4. Discussion 40 Chapter 5. Conclusions 50 Bibliography 52 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 57 Appendix: Complete results of FEA 61๋ฐ•

    ์•„์šฐํ† ๊ฒ ํ›ˆ๋ จ(Autogenic Training)์ด ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋…์œ„ํ—˜๊ตฐ์˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐํ†ต์ œ ๋ฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋…์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 2. ๊น€์„ฑ์žฌ.์ดˆ ๋ก ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋…์ด๋ž€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‚ด์„ฑ, ๊ธˆ๋‹จ์ฆ์ƒ, ์กฐ์ ˆ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ƒ์‹ค(๊น€๋™์ผ ์™ธ, 2011)๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ€์ ์‘์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋… ์œ„ํ—˜๊ตฐ์€ ์œ ์•„๋™์ด๋‚˜ ์„ฑ์ธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด 2๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๋ น๊ตฐ์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋…์œ„ํ—˜๊ตฐ์€ ๋งค๋…„ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋…์œ„ํ—˜๊ตฐ์€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ค‘ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ธฐ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์ž๊ธฐํ†ต์ œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ค‘์žฌ์ œ๊ณต์€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋… ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ์น˜์œ ์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์•„์šฐํ† ๊ฒ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ์ค‘๋… ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋ง์„ ์–ต์ œ, ์ž๊ธฐํ†ต์ œ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๋“ค์ด ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์ ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋… ์œ„ํ—˜๊ตฐ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์šฐํ† ๊ฒ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋น„๋™๋“ฑ์„ฑ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์ „์‚ฌํ›„ ์œ ์‚ฌ์‹คํ—˜์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์„œ์šธ์‹œ์— ์†Œ์žฌํ•œ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 4๊ณณ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 2๊ณณ, ์ด 6๊ณณ์˜ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” ์žฌํ•™ ์ค‘์ธ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ค‘ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋… ์ž๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹จ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ตฐ ์ด์ƒ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋กœ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ 24๋ช…, ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ 22๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์šฐํ† ๊ฒ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ 2016๋…„ 4์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 10์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฃผ 1ํšŒ ์ด 8ํšŒ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•™๊ตํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์‹œํ–‰ ์ „ํ›„๋กœ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ˜์‘, ์ž๊ธฐํ†ต์ œ, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋… ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” SPSS 24.0 ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์•„์šฐํ† ๊ฒ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›์€ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ(p=.002), ์ž๊ธฐํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค(p=.000). ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋… ์ ์ˆ˜์—์„œ๋„ ์‹คํ—˜๊ตฐ์€ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ(p=.003) ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•„์šฐํ† ๊ฒ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋…์œ„ํ—˜๊ตฐ์˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์ž๊ธฐํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋… ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ค‘์žฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„์šฐํ† ๊ฒ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์€ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ, ์‹ ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ด์™„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ฐ ์‹ ์ฒด์ ์ธ ํšŒ๋ณต์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™์  ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ถ”ํ›„ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋… ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  4 3. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ 4 โ…ก. ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 7 1. ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋… 7 2. ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์™€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋… 11 3. ์ž๊ธฐํ†ต์ œ์™€ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋… 13 4. ์•„์šฐํ† ๊ฒ ํ›ˆ๋ จ(Autogenic Training) 16 โ…ข. ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ธฐํ‹€ 20 1. ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๊ธฐํ‹€ 20 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค 22 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 23 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 23 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 24 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋„๊ตฌ 25 4. ์•„์šฐํ† ๊ฒ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ 27 5. ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 33 6. ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 37 7. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ์ธก๋ฉด 38 โ…ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 39 1. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ 39 2. ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ˜์‘, ์ž๊ธฐํ†ต์ œ, ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ค‘๋… 43 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค ๊ฒ€์ • 44 โ…ฅ. ๋…ผ ์˜ 48 1. ์•„์šฐํ† ๊ฒ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ 48 2. ํ•™๊ต ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์•„์šฐํ† ๊ฒ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ 55 3. ์•„์šฐํ† ๊ฒ ํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๋ ค์‚ฌํ•ญ 57 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์  59 5. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™์  ์˜์˜ 60 โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 63 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 65 ๋ถ€๋ก 77 Abstract 113Maste

    ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์„ฑ ์ธ์ • ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฒ•ํ•™์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ๊ถŒ์˜์ค€.์ฝ”๋กœ๋‚˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋น„๋Œ€๋ฉด ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ์ด์šฉ์ด ์žฆ์•„์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ธก์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์‚ฐ์—…์€ ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ณ , ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์ด๋‚˜ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€๋ฐ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‚ฐ์—…์ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ํšจ์šฉ์ด ์ปค์ง์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์— ๋™์˜ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์ฃผ์ฒด ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ๋ณ„๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์ง‘์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋™์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํฌ์ธํŠธ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€, ํ˜น์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฒฝํ’ˆ์— ์‘๋ชจํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋“ฑ์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ด€๊ณ„ ํ•˜์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์™ธ์—๋„ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๋ณด์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ด์— ๋™์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์œ ์ƒ๊ณ„์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํฌ์„ญํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋™์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๊ด€๊ณ„ ํ•˜์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ธ์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์ด ์ •๋ณด์ฃผ์ฒด์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ํšจ์šฉ์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ •๋ณด์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ด์šฉ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฏธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ƒ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ „๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ณด์ฃผ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ๊พ€ํ•จ์ด ํƒ€๋‹นํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.With the growth of the platform industry, many predict that the future industrial structure will be centered on the platform as the use of non-face-to-face platforms due to COVID-19 becomes more frequent. In particular, these platform industries often collect personal data, and the collected personal data is often reused for the development of algorithms or artificial intelligence. Despite the growing economic value and utility of the industry, the information subject that agrees to collect personal data is not paid much. Therefore, focusing on whether personal data has property value, it was reviewed whether collecting and agreeing to the collection was in return, and furthermore, it was reviewed whether the collection of personal information and its consent could be explained under contract law. Considering the case of paying points available on the platform in return for personal data, it is confirmed that personal information can be considered a paid contract. By recognizing the property value of personal data under a certain transaction contract relationship, it is expected that the development of the industry using personal information will give direct economic profit to the data subject and determine individuals to use personal data more carefully and independently.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋™์˜์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 4 2.1. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 4 2.1.1. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 4 2.1.2. ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด 5 2.1.3. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋™์˜ 6 2.2. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์˜์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 13 2.2.1. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ 13 2.2.2. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์˜์ œ๋„ 14 2.2.3. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์˜์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ 15 2.3. GDPR์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋™์˜์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 22 2.4. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 25 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋™์˜๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 27 3.1. ๊ณ„์•ฝ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์Œ๋ฌด๊ณ„์•ฝ๊ณผ ์œ ์ƒ๊ณ„์•ฝ 27 3.1.1. ์„œ์„ค 27 3.1.2. ์Œ๋ฌด๊ณ„์•ฝ ๋ฐ ํŽธ๋ฌด๊ณ„์•ฝ 29 3.1.3. ์œ ์ƒ๊ณ„์•ฝ 31 3.2. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€ 35 3.2.1. ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด์ž๊ธฐ๊ฒฐ์ •๊ถŒ 36 3.2.2. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ธ์‹ 36 3.2.3. ์™ธ๊ตญ ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ก€์—์„œ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์„ฑ 39 3.2.4. ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ธ์‹ ๋ณ€ํ™” 46 3.2.5. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 47 3.3. ํ•„์ˆ˜๋™์˜ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์„ฑ 48 3.4. ์„ ํƒ๋™์˜ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด ์ˆ˜์ง‘์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์„ฑ 51 3.4.1. ์„ ํƒํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ธ‰๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 51 3.4.2. ์„ ํƒํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋™์˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ œ๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ธ‰๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 53 3.5. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 56 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  58 4.1. ์ ์šฉ๋Œ€์ƒ 58 4.2. ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ณ„์•ฝ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ ์šฉ 60 4.2.1. ์„œ์„ค 60 4.2.2. ์ฑ„๋ฌด๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๋ฐ ํ•˜์ž๋‹ด๋ณด์ฑ…์ž„ 63 4.2.3. ์›์ƒํšŒ๋ณต์˜๋ฌด 65 4.3. ํŠน๋ณ„๋ฒ•์˜ ์ ์šฉ 67 4.3.1. ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ๊ณต์ •ํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  67 4.3.2. ๋…์ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ •๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ  68 4.4. ๊ณ„์•ฝ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ ์ ์šฉ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 69 4.4. 1. ๊ฐ€์•ก์˜ ์‚ฐ์ • 69 4.4. 2. ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์ฒ ํšŒ 70 4.4. 3. ๋ฏธ์„ฑ๋…„์ž ๋ณดํ˜ธ 76 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  80์„

    An Integrative Review of Sexuality and Mental Health

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    Purpose: Sexuality is a fundamental element of human life and is closely related to mental health. This study was conducted to understand domestic research trends on gender, mental health, and psychological well-being through an integrated review. Methods: Through four domestic databases, 15 papers were finally selected using the search terms 'sex', 'mental health', and 'psychological well-being'. Results: Fifteen papers have been published since 2000 and 10 documents have been published since 2010. A majority of the studies were basic research and reviews, and these included four qualitative studies. Depending on the subject, we classified five articles into three themes by the developmental stages (youth, married women, and the elderly), eight sexual minority studies, and two other studies (right to sexual self-determination, and dating for people with disabilities). Conclusion: A more open social concern and approach to sex, the most basic human need, is warranted. The field of nursing practice requires more attention

    ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•ํŽธํ‰์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์•”์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณ‘์› ํ™˜์ž-์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์น˜์˜ํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ์ด์ข…ํ˜ธ๊น€ํ˜„๋• .Objectives : The association between periodontitis and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in large cases with cohort controls have yet to be evaluated. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of periodontitis with OSCC across the tumor location and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage among Koreans. Methods : Among 424 participants, OSCC cases (n=146) were recruited from Seoul National University dental hospital and controls (n=278) matched to age, sex and smoking of cases were selected from Yangpyeong health and periodontal cohort in Korea. OSCC was diagnosed through tissue biopsy and radiographs such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The location and TNM stage were classified after the surgery. Periodontitis was defined by alveolar bone loss using panoramic radiograph following the 5th European guideline. Alcohol intake, education, physical activity, obesity by body mass index, hypertension by blood pressure, diabetes by plasma glucose, and hypercholesterolemia by plasma cholesterol were considered as confounders. Information about age, sex, smoking, alcohol intake, education, and physical activity was obtained through interview. Body mass index and blood pressure were through physical examination. Pre-operative glucose and cholesterol were obtained through laboratory tests. Bivariate analysis was applied using Fishers exact chi-square test. Multivariable conditional logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the adjusted association of periodontitis with OSCC after controlling for confounders. Subgroup analyses by age, sex and smoking were explored by OSCC and periodontitis. Results : Participants with periodontitis is 3.7 times more likely to have OSCC (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=3.66, 95% confidence interval=1.46-9.23) as compared to participants without periodontitis. The differences in periodontitis was not statistically significant across TNM stages of OSCC (p>0.05) nor its location (p>0.05). The link was highlighted among males (aOR=6.55) and elders over 60 (aOR=4.98). Conclusion : Our data showed that periodontitis was independently associated with OSCC. Thus periodontitis could be a risk factor of OSCC.๋ชฉ์  : ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ•ํŽธํ‰์ƒํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์•” (OSCC)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ณ‘์› ํ™˜์ž-์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์—์„œ ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ์˜ OSCC ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ข…์–‘ ์œ„์น˜์™€ ์ข…์–‘-์ž„ํŒŒ์ ˆ-์ „์ด (tumor-node-metastasis, TNM) ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋Š” ์ด 424๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์น˜๊ณผ๋ณ‘์›์˜ OSCC ํ™˜์ž๋Š” 146๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์–‘ํ‰ ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๋ น, ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ฐ ํก์—ฐ์„ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐํ•œ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์€ 278๋ช… (132์ง์€ 1:2, 14์ง์€ 1:1)์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. OSCC๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์˜์ƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง ์ƒ์ฒด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ์ข…์–‘ ์œ„์น˜์™€ TNM ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ์€ ์ œ5์ฐจ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์น˜์ฃผํ•™ํšŒ ์ง€์นจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŒŒ๋…ธ๋ผ๋งˆ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์น˜์กฐ๊ณจ ์†์‹ค๋กœ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•Œ์ฝ”์˜ฌ ์„ญ์ทจ, ๊ต์œก, ์‹ ์ฒด ํ™œ๋™, ์ฒด์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์ง€์ˆ˜์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋น„๋งŒ, ๊ณ ํ˜ˆ์••, ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ง€์งˆ์ฆ์„ ํ˜ผ๋ˆ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉด์ ‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๋ น, ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ํก์—ฐ์œจ, ์Œ์ฃผ๋Ÿ‰, ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ ์‹ ์ฒด ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๊ณ , ์‹ ์ฒด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒ€์ง„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฒด์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์ง€์ˆ˜์™€ ํ˜ˆ์••์€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ˆ์•ก๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘๊ณผ ๊ณ ์ง€์งˆ์ฆ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ์˜ OSCC์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ผ๋™๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ •ํ•œ ํ›„ ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ์˜ OSCC์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์ • ๊ต์ฐจ๋น„๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๋ น, ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ํก์—ฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธตํ™”๋ถ„์„์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ์˜ OSCC TNM ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ์™€ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์€ Fisher 's exact chi-square test๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ : ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์€ ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค ๋ณด๋‹ค OSCC ์œ ๋ณ‘์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด 3.7๋ฐฐ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค (๋ณด์ • ๊ต์ฐจ๋น„ [aOR] = 3.66, 95 % ์‹ ๋ขฐ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ = 1.46-9.23). ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” OSCC์˜ TNM ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค (p> 0.05). ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ์˜ OSCC์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ (aOR = 6.55)๊ณผ 60์„ธ ์ด์ƒ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž(aOR = 4.98)์—์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ์ด OSCC์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋…๋ฆฝ์  ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์น˜์ฃผ์—ผ์€ OSCC์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.I. Introductionโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅ 1 II. Materials and methodsโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅ 4 III. Resultsโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅ 10 IV. Discussion โ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅ 12 V. Conclusionโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅ 16 References โ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅ โ€ฅ17 Appendix 1โ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅ 23 Appendix 2 โ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅโ€ฅ 30Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์กฐ์†Œ๊ณผ ์กฐ์†Œ์ „๊ณต,1997.Maste

    Music listening lesson plan study in terms of `Musicing` : on the focus of D. Elliott`s Music Matters

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์Œ์•…๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต,2005.Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ(๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก์ „๊ณต), 2019. 2. ๊ตฌ๋ณธ๊ด€.Grammar inquiry learning has been accepted in grammar education as an alternative paradigm that can be a key for the uselessness of grammar education, which is raised by skeptical criticism of grammatical knowledge with absolute authority. The process of objectifying the language of a native speaker who is unconsciously and automatically used his or her own language as an object of inquiry with systematic regularity, and finding the solution on the discovered language problem with various cognitive activities can contribute to the growth of high dimensional thinking, the goal of public education. However, current grammar inquiry education still deals with grammar inquiry learning as one of teaching and learning methods to assist understanding of grammar knowledge. In addition, when teaching the procedural knowledge of grammar inquiry education, it merely makes students to mechanistically imitate the formal and declarative stages of inquiry. As a result, the learners had difficulties in performing the grammar inquiry and show various errors. This resulted in a negative recognition of the grammar inquiry learning itself. The purpose of this study is to induce learners to practice grammar inquiry effectively and to offer them a meaningful process of knowledge construction through grammar inquiry based on correct intervention of teachers. Therefore it is necessary to grasp firstly in which part learners have difficulty and are showing errors in grammar inquiry process, what kind of specific errors are, and what factors affect such errors. For this purpose, in chapter โ…ก, it was firstly confirmed that the grammar inquiry learning was accepted as the contents of grammar education on the curriculum and the textbook. On the contrary, the fact that the grammar inquiry education still cant find its place on the teaching and learning level was critically confirmed. Therefore, it is needed to elaborate the concept of miscue as a educational clue to the current state of learners. And it is also needed that systematize all the factors that can be involved in it. In this way, designing grammar inquiry education based on the analysis of actual learners performative miscues can affect not only to form a desirable positive attitude of learners about grammar inquiry, but also to improve the ability of problem solving and meta-intellectual learning ability of learners through grammar inquiry. Based on this, in chapter โ…ข, the learners thinking-aloud datas about their grammar inquiry process are collected through oneโ€“onโ€“one interview and small group discussion method, and are analyzed qualitatively. In result, the details of the specific performative miscues and detailed factors involved in it are specified. The learners who are participating in the experiment are limited to 2nd and 3rd grades in high school, who are suitable for thinking-aloud their grammar inquiry process. Also the grammar inquiry tasks presented to the learners are composed of five sets based on morphology and syntax knowledge, in consideration of the difference between the procedural stage and the subject content area. The data analysis was conducted focusing on methodological knowledge of inquiry, attitude of grammar inquiry activity and attitude about grammar inquiry activity among contents elements of grammar inquiry education. The types of performative miscues seen by learners are classified based on the nature of knowledge that they are expected to construct through grammar inquiry. Specifically, it can be divided into two major categories: Constructing a transitional conceptual system that conflicts with the grammatical knowledge system, and Inadequate realization of cognitive behavior and strategies required for the inquiry process. Besides, the negative factors influencing the occurrence of these miscues are analyzed based on the results of the teacher-learners questionnaire survey and the theoretical foundations in Chapter II, and they are differentiated in aspects of learner factor, internal factor of inquiry problem, and teacher factor. Based on these analysis, chapter IV presents a practical grammar inquiry teaching and learning method aiming at formating reasonable inquiry knowledge and desirable grammar exploration attitudes. In this study, the miscues of the learners in the grammar inquiry process function as a practical indicator to reveal the point where the learners need educational support. Therefore, based on this, practical teaching knowledge for grammar inquiry education can be prepared. By restructuring factors of the performative miscues analyzed in chapter โ…ข, the specific categories of teaching principles consist of explicit inspection for triggering metacognition system of learners, sharing of premise about macroscopic structuring of grammar inquiry as educational content, and elaboration of representations and examples for grammar inquiry learning. This study pointed out the limitations of the previous studies that focused only on the detailed process of grammar inquiry and the function elements that accompanied them, and put forward practical teaching and learning methods based on the phenomena observed in the course of actual grammar inquiry. In addition, it is meaningful that the cues of education found from the learners were reorganized into the knowledge for the instructors so that include the roles of the teacher and the learner as the collective subject of the grammar inquiry learning.๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ•™์Šต์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์ง€์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ์˜์ ์ธ ๋น„ํŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง๋ฏธ์•”์•„ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๊ต์œก ๋ฌด์šฉ๋ก ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์  ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๊ต์œก์— ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ๋ชจ์–ด ํ™”์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์˜์‹์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ž๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ€๋ ค ์“ฐ๋˜ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ทœ์น™์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•œ ํƒ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ๊ด€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ์–ธ์–ด์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์˜ ํ•ด๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ์•„ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์€ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹ ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, ํ•™๊ต ๊ต์œก์—์„œ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋“ฑ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ ฅ์˜ ์‹ ์žฅ์—๋„ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ํฐ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ต์œก์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์ง€์‹ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์ˆ˜ยทํ•™์Šต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ๋งŒ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ•™์Šต์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์š”์†Œ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์ ยท์ ˆ์ฐจ์  ์ง€์‹์„ ๊ต์ˆ˜ยทํ•™์Šตํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ •ํ˜•์ ์ด๊ณ  ์„ ์–ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์‹์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๊ทธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ•™์Šต ์ž์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์ธ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ท€๊ฒฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๋™ํ•˜๊ณ , ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง€์‹ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Œ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€, ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด โ…ก์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ์ธต์œ„์—์„œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ•™์Šต์ด ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๋’ค, ๊ทธ์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ๊ต์ˆ˜ยทํ•™์Šต ์ธต์œ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ต์œก์ด ์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ์ด์ž ๊ต์œก์  ์‹ค๋งˆ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์„œ๋กœ์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜(miscue)์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ •๊ตํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ์— ๊ด€์—ฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ๋ฐ˜ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ โ…ข์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๋Œ€์ผ ๋ฉด๋‹ด๊ณผ ์†Œ์ง‘๋‹จ ํ† ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์ˆ  ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์˜ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๊ด€์—ฌ๋˜๋Š” ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ช…์„ธํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์‹คํ—˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์ง€์‹์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์ˆ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 2-3ํ•™๋…„์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ œ์—์„œ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์  ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ ์˜์—ญ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ก  ๋ฐ ํ†ต์‚ฌ๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ 5์„ธํŠธ์˜ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„์€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์š”์†Œ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ํŠนํžˆ ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์  ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ™œ๋™์˜ ํƒœ๋„ ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์ง€์‹ ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ์ƒ์ถฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๋„๊ธฐ์  ๊ฐœ๋… ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ์ง€ ํ–‰์œ„ ๋ฐ ์ „๋žต์˜ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์‹คํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์š”์ธ์€ โ…ก์žฅ์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์Šต์ž ์š”์ธ, ํƒ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์š”์ธ, ๊ต์‚ฌ ์š”์ธ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™์Šต์ž ์š”์ธ์€ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์ธ์ง€์ ยท์ •์˜์  ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ํƒ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์š”์ธ์€ ๊ณผ์ œ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์  ํ‘œ์ƒ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™” ๋ฐฉ์‹ ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ต์‚ฌ ์š”์ธ์€ ๋น„๊ณ„์˜ ์ œ๊ณต์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ โ…ฃ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํƒ๊ตฌ์  ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ํƒœ๋„์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ต์ˆ˜ยทํ•™์Šต์˜ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋Š” ํ•™์Šต์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ต์œก์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์›์„ ์š”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๊ธฐ์—, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์ง€์‹์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— โ…ข์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ ๋ฐœ ์š”์ธ์„ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์ธ์ง€ ์ฒด์ œ ์ด‰๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ช…์‹œ์  ์ ๊ฒ€, ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ „์ œ ๊ณต์œ , ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ•™์Šต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ‘œ์ƒํ™” ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์˜ ์ •๊ตํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฒด๊ณ„ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋งŒ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘๋˜ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€์ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‹ค์ฒœ์ ์ธ ๊ต์ˆ˜ยทํ•™์Šต ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ํ•™์Šต์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋‹จ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํŽธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ 3 2.1. ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ต์œก์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 4 2.2. ๊ต์ˆ˜-ํ•™์Šต ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 7 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 10 โ…ก. ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ† ๋Œ€ 15 1. ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์‹คํƒœ 15 1.1. ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ ์ธต์œ„ 15 1.2. ๊ต์ˆ˜-ํ•™์Šต ์ธต์œ„ 22 (1) ๊ต์‚ฌ ์ธ์‹ 22 (2) ํ•™์Šต์ž ์ธ์‹ 26 2. ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜(miscue)์˜ ๊ต์œก์  ์ •์˜ 29 2.1. ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ์—ญํ•  29 (1) ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 29 (2) ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์˜ ์—ญํ•  35 (3) ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋งฅ๋ฝ 36 2.2. ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์ธ 40 (1) ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ ๋ฐœ ์š”์ธ 40 (2) ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ•™์Šต์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ ๋ฐœ ์š”์ธ 45 3. ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์˜์˜ 49 3.1. ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์‹ ์žฅ 49 3.2. ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ•™์Šต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์˜์  ํƒœ๋„ ํ˜•์„ฑ 50 3.3. ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์ธ์ง€์  ํ•™์Šต ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์‹ ์žฅ 51 โ…ข. ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์˜ ์–‘์ƒ ๋ถ„์„ 53 1. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 53 1.1. ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ์ „์ œ 53 1.2. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 58 (1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์˜ ์„ ์ • 58 (2) ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ œ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 64 (3) ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 68 1.3. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 69 (1) ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 69 (2) ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 70 2. ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ•™์Šต์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์˜ ์–‘์ƒ 75 2.1. ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ์ง€์‹ ์ฒด๊ณ„์™€ ์ƒ์ถฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๋„๊ธฐ์  ๊ฐœ๋… ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 77 (1) ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์  ์ธต์œ„์˜ ํ˜ผ๋™ 78 (2) ์–ธ์–ด์  ์ง๊ด€์— ์˜์กดํ•œ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ถ”๋ก  80 (3) ์–ธ์–ด ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœยท์˜๋ฏธ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํ˜ผ๋™ 83 2.2. ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ •์— ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ์ง€ ํ–‰์œ„ ๋ฐ ์ „๋žต์˜ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์‹คํ˜„ 85 (1) ํƒ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ํŠน์ • ๋ถ€๋ฉด ๋ˆ„๋ฝ 85 (2) ํƒ๊ตฌ์  ์ง€์‹ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž์˜์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์„ค์ • 86 (3) ์ผ์ฐจ์  ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๋ฏธ์ธ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์—ฐ์‡„์  ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ 88 3. ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์‹ฌํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ 90 3.1. ํ•™์Šต์ž ์š”์ธ 90 (1) ์ธ์ง€์  ์š”์ธ 91 โ‘  ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ํƒ๊ตฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์ดํ•ด ๋ถ€์กฑ 91 โ‘ก ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์ ๊ฒ€์˜ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ 93 (2) ์ •์˜์  ์š”์ธ 96 โ‘  ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ ์ง‘์ฐฉ๋ ฅ 96 โ‘ก ๋ชจํ˜ธ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ์šฉ์ธ 97 3.2. ํƒ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์š”์ธ 100 (1) ํ‘œ์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ง„์ˆ ์˜ ๋ถˆ๋ช…๋ฃŒ์„ฑ 100 (2) ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋‹จ์„œ ํƒ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์œ ๋„ ๋ฐ ์•ˆ๋‚ด ๋ถ€์žฌ 102 3.3. ๊ต์‚ฌ ์š”์ธ 104 (1) ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋„˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ณด ์ œ๊ณต 105 (2) ์ธ์ง€ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„๋ช…์‹œ์ ์ธ ํ”ผ๋“œ๋ฐฑ 107 โ…ฃ. ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„์„์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ต์ˆ˜-ํ•™์Šต์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 111 1. ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„์„์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ต์œก์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 111 1.1. ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํƒ๊ตฌ์  ์ง€์‹์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 112 1.2. ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ํƒœ๋„์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 113 2. ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„์„์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ต์œก ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 114 2.1. ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณต๋™ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ธ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์ง€์‹ ๋งˆ๋ จ 115 2.2. ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ๋‚ด์šฉ ์ง€์‹ ์ฒด๊ณ„ํ™”์˜ ์ผํ™˜ 118 3. ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„์„์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์ง€์‹์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ต์ˆ˜ยทํ•™์Šต์˜ ์‹ค์ œ 122 3.1. ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„์„์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ต์œก์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์ง€์‹ 122 (1) ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€์ธ์ง€ ์ฒด์ œ ์ด‰๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ช…์‹œ์  ์ ๊ฒ€ 124 (2) ๊ต์œก ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ „์ œ ๊ณต์œ  126 (3) ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ํ•™์Šต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ‘œ์ƒํ™” ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์‹œ์˜ ์ •๊ตํ™” 129 3.2. ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๋ถ„์„์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ• ํƒ๊ตฌ ๊ต์ˆ˜ยทํ•™์Šต์˜ ์‹ค์ œ 134 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  138Maste

    ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ : ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์™•์‚ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ง€๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜์ง„.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•  ๋•Œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ… ํ˜•์„ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ง€ํ‘œ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ถ”์ •๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณต๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ดํ•ด ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณ„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ด์š”์ธ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ฌธํ™” ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์ค‘์š”๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ์™•์‚ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ณ„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ค‘์š”๋„๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธ‰/์กฐ์ ˆ/์ง€์›/๋ฌธํ™” 4๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘, ๋ฌธํ™” > ์กฐ์ ˆยท์ง€์› > ๊ณต๊ธ‰ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”๋„ ์ˆœ์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ ๋ฌธํ™” ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ณ„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์ค‘์š”๋„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ค๋ฌธ ์‘๋‹ต์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ธ ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ต์œก ์„œ๋น„์Šค > ๋ฌธํ™”์œ ์‚ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค > ์˜์ ยท์ข…๊ต์  ์„œ๋น„์Šค > ์‹ฌ๋ฏธ์  ์„œ๋น„์Šค > ํœด์–‘ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์„ธ๋ถ€ ๋ฌธํ™” ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ง€๋ถˆ์˜์‚ฌ๊ธˆ์•ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณ„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ด ์š”์ธ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๊ต์ฐจ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ต์ฐจ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ง€๋ถˆ์˜์‚ฌ๊ธˆ์•ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณ„ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์„ฑ๋ณ„๊ณผ ์†Œ๋“์ˆ˜์ค€, ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ น๊ณผ ์†Œ๋“์ˆ˜์ค€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธํ™” ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์†์„ฑ๋ณ„๋กœ ํ™”ํ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ™”๋œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์„ ํ˜ธ ํŒŒ์•…์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์ด์š”์ธ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์—, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ •์ฑ… ์ง‘ํ–‰์˜ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธํ™” ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ˜ธ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š” ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ๋กœ์จ ํ™œ์šฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 2. ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ 1) ๊ตญ์™ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ 2) ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋™ํ–ฅ 3) ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1. ๋ฌธํ™” ์„œ๋น„์Šค 1) ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„ ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 2) ๋ฌธํ™” ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 3) ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์†์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋ฌธํ™” ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 2. ๋ฌธํ™” ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ํ‰๊ฐ€ 1) ๋ฌธํ™” ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฉด์„ฑ 2) ๋ฌธํ™” ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 3) ๋ฌธํ™” ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 4) ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  ์ถ”์ถœ : ์„ ํƒ์‹คํ—˜๋ฒ• โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง€์—ญ 1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 2) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง€์—ญ ์„ ์ •์˜ ์ด์œ  2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1) ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ 2) ์„ค๋ฌธ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1. ๋ฌธํ™” ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์ค‘์š”๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 1) ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ณ„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์ค‘์š”๋„ ์ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‚ฐ์ • 2) ๋ฌธํ™” ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์ค‘์š”๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ 3) ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 2. ๋ฌธํ™” ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์†์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์ค‘์š”๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 1) ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ถ€ ๋กœ์ง“ ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ณ„ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ถ”์ • 2) ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ณ„ ์ƒ๋Œ€์  ์ค‘์š”๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ 3) ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 3. ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณ„ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ด์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„ 1) ์„ค๋ฌธ ์‘๋‹ต์ž์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ 2) ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 3) ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณ„ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ด์š”์ธ ๋„์ถœ 4) ์†Œ๊ฒฐ โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€-์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ๋ฏผ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€-๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ๊ฐ ์„ ํƒ์‹คํ—˜๋ฒ• ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ฐธ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒMaste

    An Analysis of the Local Businesses in Seoul Using Spatial Multilevel Model

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 2. ์ž„์ฑ„์˜.์ตœ๊ทผ ์ž์˜์—…์ž๋“ค์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ์ƒ๊ถŒ์ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณจ๋ชฉ์ƒ๊ถŒ์ด๋ž€ ํฐ ๋Œ€๋กœ๋ณ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ถŒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๊ถŒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ์ƒ๊ถŒ์ด ์†Œ๋น„์ž๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ์‹œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ์ƒ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณจ๋ชฉ์ƒ๊ถŒ์€ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€, ๊ณจ๋ชฉ ๋‚ด ์—…์ข… ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค์ธต ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค์ธต ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค์ธต ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ SAR ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œํ‚จ Hierarchical SAR(HSAR) ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ชจ์ˆ˜ ์ถ”์ • ์‹œ ๋ฒ ์ด์ง€์•ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ ๋งˆ๋ฅด์ฝ”ํ”„ ์‚ฌ์Šฌ ๋ชฌํ…Œ์นด๋ฅผ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•(MCMC)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ชจํ˜• ์ ํ•ฉ ํ›„ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ๊ณจ๋ชฉ์ƒ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋งค์ถœ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณธ๋‹ค.1 ์„œ๋ก (Introduction) 1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์†Œ๊ฐœ 2 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 3 2 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ค๋ช…(Data Description) 4 2.1 ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 4 2.2 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ „์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ 7 3 ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก (Method) 9 3.1 ๋‹ค์ธต๋ชจํ˜•(Multilevel Model) 9 3.2 SAR ๋ชจํ˜•(Simultaneous Autoregressive ModelSAR Model) 11 3.3 ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค์ธต๋ชจํ˜•(Spatial Multilevel Model) 12 3.3.1 ์‚ฌ์ „๋ถ„ํฌ(prior distribution) 15 4 ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„(Data Analysis) 17 4.1 ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ(Results) 19 5 ๊ฒฐ๋ก (Conclusion) 23 Appendix A : R ์ฝ”๋“œ 27 Abstract 33Maste
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