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    A study on Value of Travel Time of Electronic Scooter Users and its Influencing Factors : Focusing on Gwangjin-gu and Sungdong-gu

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฑด์„คํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2020. 2. ์ •์ฐฝ๋ฌด.Since the 1980s, Korea has undergone rapid urbanization, and the urbanization rate has raised from 56.7% to 81.4% in 2019. People and capital are flocking to cities for a variety of reasons, including education, work, cultural life and hospitals. Cities attract people for its efficient concentrationof various resources but also let people pay for its congestion at the same time. Road traffic congestion is a common problem for large cities all around the world. Improving mobility within/between cities play a vital role in comfortable life and the quality of life in cities. The Fourth Industrial Revolution is causing a qualitative transformation of the mobility industry, which is closely linked to the changes of how people generally move within the city. This can be summed up in the word MaaS(Mobility as a Service). MaaS refers to mobility as a service. To be more specific, it refers to a method of purchasing and using the entire mobile service at once from the consumer's point of view. The concept includes not only route planning from orgin to destination, but also reservation and payment all at once. MaaS emerges as a principal theme of mobility industry, and sheds light on first-last mile mobility which has not been noticed before. In general, 'mobility' is divided into two types of mobility(access mobility) and transportation (using-transportation-mobility). The former is called first-last mile mobility. Combined with advanced technology, the mobility industry is expanding into the first-last mile. Uber, a vehicle-sharing business which was a huge success to the extent that even created the term Uber Moment to refer the phenomenon in which transforms the existing industrial scene with the advent of new technology, took over the bicycle sharing company `` Jump Bike '' in 2018. Bird, a leading electric scooter rental company, has grown into a unicorn in the shortest time. In Korea, 20 companies are competing in 2019. In traffic research, the amount of money people are willing to pay to shorten travel time is defined in terms of value of travel time. Regarding value of travel time and mobility, the majority of relevant studies are relatively long distances compared to the first-last mile mobility. Therefore, it is necessary to examine whether the conventional affecting factors such as the purpose of travel, travel time, and travel distance are still valid for the first-last mile mobility. This study aims to estimate value of travel time of electronic scooter users and quantitatively analyze its influencing factors. A multiple regression model was implemented including independent variables that could reflect the characteristics of users, spatial and temporal characteristics. New variables such as fine dust and rainfall are also have been taken into consideration in this study. A number of countries around the world are striving to embrace the concept of MaaS in urban planning. Seoul Metropolitan Government is also trying to introduce Seoul-MaaS. The results of this study can be used as a basis for measuring the demand and benefits of first-last mile mobility or electronic scooter. The influence of each factor derived from the research results is expected to be utilized in various ways when the domestic public transportation MaaS system is established in the future. However, this study is limited to short period of time(8 months) and relatively small area(2 districts) and the dependent variable could be more precisely defined. Further data acquisition and refinement of research methodologies are expected to better reflect the characteristics of the data.80๋…„๋Œ€ ์ด๋ž˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๋„์‹œํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, 1980๋…„๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„ 56.7%์˜€๋˜ ๋„์‹œํ™”์œจ์€ 2019๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ 81.4%์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ง๋œ๋‹ค(ํ†ต๊ณ„์ฒญ). ๊ต์œก, ์ง์žฅ, ๋ฌธํ™”์ƒํ™œ, ๋ณ‘์› ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์ž๋ณธ์€ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์ง‘์ ๋œ ์ž์›์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ธ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ˜ผ์žก์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์น˜๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„๋กœ ๊ตํ†ต ํ˜ผ์žก์€ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ๋“ค์ด ๊ณตํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๊ณจ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์•“๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋„์‹œ ๋‚ด ์ด๋™์€ ๋„์‹œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์พŒ์ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒํ™œํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 4์ฐจ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ชจ๋นŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์งˆ์  ์ „ํ™˜์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์‹œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” MaaS(Mobility as a Service)๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋กœ ์š”์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. MaaS๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ชจ๋นŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ๋ฅผ ๋œปํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, MaaS๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ด๋™ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์— ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•ด ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ชฉ์ ์ง€๊นŒ์ง€ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ณ„ํš ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์˜ˆ์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์ง€๋ถˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ, ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๊ณ„ํš๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. MaaS๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด์ „๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ํผ์ŠคํŠธ-๋ผ์ŠคํŠธ ๋งˆ์ผ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™์€ ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ด๋™(์ ‘๊ทผ ์ด๋™)๊ณผ ๊ตํ†ต์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ด๋™(์ฐจ๋‚ด ์ด๋™), ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜๋ˆ ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ „์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ํผ์ŠคํŠธ-๋ผ์ŠคํŠธ ๋งˆ์ผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•œ ๋ชจ๋นŒ๋ฆฌํ‹ฐ ์‚ฐ์—…์€ ํผ์ŠคํŠธ-๋ผ์ŠคํŠธ ๋งˆ์ผ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. 4์ฐจ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ๊ณต์œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ด๋™์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋™ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์‚ฐ์—… ํ˜„์žฅ์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฒ„ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธUber Moment๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ํƒ„์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰ ๊ณต์œ  ๋น„์ฆˆ๋‹ˆ์Šค ์—…์ฒด์ธ ์šฐ๋ฒ„๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ 2018๋…„ ์ž์ „๊ฑฐ ๊ณต์œ  ์—…์ฒด์ธ ์ ํ”„ ๋ฐ”์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ์ˆ˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋™์ฐจ ์ด๋™๊ณผ์˜ ์‹œ๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— MaaS์— ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ง ๋‹ค๊ฐ€๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์›€์ง์ž„์ธ ์…ˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์ „๋™ ํ‚ฅ๋ณด๋“œ ๋Œ€์—ฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ธ ๋ฒ„๋“œ(Bird)๋Š” ์ตœ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ์œ ๋‹ˆ์ฝ˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ 2019๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 20๊ฐœ ์‚ฌ์—…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตํ†ต ๊ด€๋ จ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋™์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‹จ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€๋ถˆํ•  ์šฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์•ก์€ ํ†ตํ–‰์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ฐ€์น˜๋ผ๋Š” ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ด๋™์€ ํผ์ŠคํŠธ-๋ผ์ŠคํŠธ ๋งˆ์ผ ์ด๋™๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ์ด๋™์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ตํ–‰์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ฐ€์น˜์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ธ ์ด๋™ ๋ชฉ์ , ์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ฐ„, ์ด๋™ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๋“ฑ์ด ํผ์ŠคํŠธ-๋ผ์ŠคํŠธ ๋งˆ์ผ ์ด๋™ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ธ ์ „๋™ ํ‚ฅ๋ณด๋“œ์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์œ ํšจํ•œ์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„๋ณด ๋Œ€๋น„ 1๋ถ„์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง€๋ถˆํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ „๋™ํ‚ฅ๋ณด๋“œ์˜ ์ง€๋ถˆ์šฉ์˜๊ธˆ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์ž‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์˜๋‚ด๋ฆฐ ๋’ค, ์ „๋™ ํ‚ฅ๋ณด๋“œ ์ด์šฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ง€๋ถˆ์šฉ์˜๊ธˆ์•ก์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ, ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์ด๋™ ๋ชฉ์ , ์ด๋™ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฏธ์„ธ๋จผ์ง€๋‚˜ ๊ฐ•์šฐ๋Ÿ‰ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์€ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ MaaS๋ฅผ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์— ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ์—ญ์‹œ ์„œ์šธํ˜• MaaS๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํผ์ŠคํŠธ-๋ผ์ŠคํŠธ ๋งˆ์ผ ์ด๋™์ˆ˜๋‹จ์˜ ์ˆ˜์š” ๋ฐ ํŽธ์ต์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ๊ฐ ์š”์ธ ๋ณ„ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต MaaS ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋  ๋•Œ ๋‹ค๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์  ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋น„๊ต์  ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ข€ ๋” ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”ํ›„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ๋“ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  ์ •๊ตํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ข€ ๋” ์ž˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  5 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 6 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก  ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  8 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ Firs/Last Mile 8 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํ†ตํ–‰์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  11 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค 18 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 18 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค 20 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ‹€ 24 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 24 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 32 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ํ๋ฆ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 44 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 49 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 49 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค ๊ฒ€์ฆ 54 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  58 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜ 58 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 62 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 64 Abstract 69Maste

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