A Scheme for Mutual International Recognition of National Technical Qualifications

본 연구의 목적은 우리 나라의 국가기술자격 제도와 주요 국가의 자격제도를 비교하고, 국가간 자격의 상호인정 동향과 사례를 분석하여, 우리 나라 국가기술자격의 국제적 상호 인정 방안을 마련하고자 하는 데 있다. 이를 위한 구체적인 연구목표는 다음과 같다. 1) 국가간 자격의 상호인정 배경 및 사례 분석 2) 국가기술자격의 국가간 상호인정 가능성 탐색 3) 국가기술자격의 국가간 상호인정 방법 제시 4) 우리 자격의 국제적 활용성 제고 방안 제시The objective of this research was to explore a scheme of international mutual recognition of National Technical Qualifications(NTQs) for the purpose of activation of the economy through the free movement of human resource. To achieve the objective of this research the system for NTQs of Korea to those of the advanced countries was compared. The tendency and examples of international mutual recognition as well as presented international mutual recognition scheme of NTQs were analyzed. This research was carried out through collection and analysis of the related data, comparison of qualification system among selected foreign countries, interviewing with experts and questionnaire survey. □ The Actual Condition on the International Mutual Recognition of Qualifications Mutual Recognition Between Nations Internationally, Australia and New Zealand were the typical countries that had contracted an agreement on mutual recognition for qualifications. It was analyzed that the same language and cultural background, similar labor market, education and training system were the primary factors for accomplishing the mutual recognition for qualification with ease. During the process of the agreement, they established the Trans-Tasman Mutual Recognition Arrangement(TTMRA) in order to eliminate the elements that impede the mutual recognition. The basic concept of the TTMRA was that those who devote themselves to the job registered in Australia have the right to employ at the same occupation in Australia. At present, all of the authorized jobs except for the medical field were mutually recognized by the TTMRA in both countries. Mutual Recognition through Regional Organization It could be confirmed from this research that the mutual recognition of qualifications by regional organization was promoted largely from the EU, NAFTA, and APEC. First, the form of mutual recognition in the EU could be largely divided into the academic and the vocational qualifications. Recognition on the academic qualifications give students the opportunity to gain an approval of the degree by another member of the EU without any additional requirements. NARIC Network and the SOCRATES Program stimulated this mutual recognition of academic degree. Leonardo Da Vinci Program was the similar system for mutual recognition of vocational qualifications. Second, Canada, USA and Mexico, members of NAFTA, reached at an agreement for mutual recognition in 1995 by cooperative work among the Engineering Representative Organizations. This agreement described principles on objective and clear standard, which provided necessary education. Third, APEC aimed at stimulating movement of labor among the Asian-Pacific region. APEC Human Resources Development Committee(HRDC) promoted mutual recognition of qualification for Australian Engineering Association. Mutual Recognition through International Organizations The representatives of organizations that promote mutual recognition of qualification among countries under the leadership of international organizations were the World Trade Organization(WTO), Organization of the Economic Cooperation Development(OECD), Universal League of Architects(ULA). The WTO concluded a General Agreement on Trade Service(GATS) with the scheme for a multilateral expansion of the market on the service professions. In this agreement, it presented a scheme that permits the condition on qualification, examination of qualification and the technical standard not to serve as obstacles to professional vocations such as accountant, lawyers and etc. At present, it was on the course of promoting mutual recognition on the qualifications of accountants, which was relatively easy to control internationally. OECD extensively re-examined regulation and adopted the Proposal on Reform Regulation for mutual cooperation. It was promoting international mutual recognition system that would enable even the professional vocation such as lawyers, accountants, architects, doctors. The UIA made committee of working group organized to increase international mutual recognition for architect qualification. The UIA set up the international standard for experts in architectural design. The mutual recognition of architect qualification was in progress in USA, Canada, Mexico, China, EU, Australia and the Southeast Asian countries. The Actual Condition on the Mutual Recognition of National Technology Qualification in Korea There was no NTQ item which was international mutual recognized by agreement. However the occupations which had standardized skill were partly progressing on international mutual recognition leaded by related organization and institute. Qualifications of technically advanced country was widely accepted to the other countries. The prominent fields were aviation, welding, marine and etc. In the field of Aviation, national qualification except the NTQ promoted mutual recognition of the employees in countries that had contracted an agreement by the ICAO regulations. In the field of welding, the Welding Technician Qualification was approved by Germany and Japan that was issued out by a Civil Group, the Korea Welding Association. In the field of marine, the qualification for marine engineer was approved only in specific countries. □ Scheme for International Mutual Recognition of National Technology Qualification Scheme for international mutual recognition of NTQ were as follows. Upgrade Professionalism and Public Confidence of NTQ The international mutual recognition for qualification was accomplished at national level generally, but the actual performance of the mutual recognition agreement considered on the professionalism. So it should be formed under the circumspection of Civil Professional Groups. And to increase the professionalism of NTQ it would be proper to entrust the right for qualification management to the Related Professional Civil Group. The government has to be in charge of severe quality assurance to maintain public confidence for qualifications. Tighten up the application requirements for NTQ The key criteria for international mutual recognition of qualification is the level of qualification including the qualification holders' education and career. Therefore, application requirements for Professional Engineer and Engineer should be restricted only to whom completed or obtained certain required academic degree or the credit. Set up the Unified Qualification System The most active fields progressing international mutual recognition of qualification is welding, aviation, marine, and electronic communication, which contains the international or each country's technical standards. In Korea, however, such qualifications mostly exist as duplicated items at individual national qualification and the NTQ system and competent authorities are also different. In order to increase the effectiveness of the international mutual recognition of qualification, we must build the unified qualification structure apart from duplicable qualification item within the range of domestic qualifications.연구요약 Ⅰ. 서 론 1 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 1 2. 연구 방법 3 Ⅱ. 주요국과 우리 나라의 자격관리체계 비교 9 1. 각국의 기술사 자격관리 체계 9 2. 기술사 이외의 자격관리 체계 22 3. 우리 나라의 자격관리 체계 36 Ⅲ. 국가간 자격의 상호인정 배경 및 현황 43 1. 상호인정의 배경 및 장단점 43 2. 국가기술자격의 국제적 상호인정 실태 45 3. 우리 나라 자격의 상호인정 현황 68 Ⅳ. 국가기술자격의 국가간 상호인정 방안 99 1. 자격의 상호인정 형태 99 2. 국가기술자격제도의 개선 방안 107 3. 상호인정 방안 112 Ⅴ. 결론 및 제언 117 1. 결 론 117 2. 제 언 119 참고문헌 121 Abstract 125 부 록 13

A Study on Criteria for the Credit Approval of Nationally Authorized Civil Qualifications

본 연구는 국가공인 민간자격에 대한 학점인정 방안을 마련하는 데 목적이 있다. 즉, 본 연구는 학점인정등에관한법률 제7조 4항의 시행규칙 제정과 관련하여 국가공인 민간자격 취득자에 대한 학점 인정방안을 제시하려는 것이다.The study aims to propose plans to give credit approval to those who obtain authorized civil qualifications, in accordance with the enforcement regulations under the Clause 7, Article 4 of「the law on credit approval and others」. Preceding studies on the grounds and principles of credit approval, analyses on the related references and materials, and surveys asking the managers of authorized civil qualifications their opinion over giving credit approval to authorized civil qualifications were conducted as the methodology of this study. Besides, a conference inviting experts from the relevant fields was held to specifically overview the contents and levels to be examined by qualification items, to conduct a face-to-face survey on directions to take in the credit approval of authorized civil qualifications, and to analyze the level and the degree of the difficulty of questions in the examinations of authorized civil qualifications. The contents and results through this study are as follows. Theological Research for Judgement on the Level of Qualification In a theological research to give judgement on the level of qualification, standards for the judgement were drawn from the comprehensive examination over the Bloom's classification of behavioral objectives, Lee Moo Keun and others' the level of basic capacity for an occupation and Presseisen & Beyer's classification of thinking and the grade level of national technical qualification. The level of qualification was divided into five grades from 'Level A' at the highest to 'Level E' at the lowest according to the grade classification mode. In addition to that, the rank of knowledge and work and the scope of responsibility were classified into five grades under each corresponding level. An investigation on work to be carried out for a qualification item came to make it possible to settle an appropriate level of qualification by finding the level of work and the scope of responsibility in the performance of the work. Current Status on Nationally Authorized Civil Qualifications In 2000, 28 items(12.9%) were approved out of 217 civil qualification items applied for national authorization. In 2001, 7 items(8.0%) out of 114 civil qualification items. In 2002, 5 items(1.5%) out of 110 civil qualification items. Afterward, 1 item became invalid and currently, the total number of authorized civil qualification items comes to 39. Therefore, the study on the credit approval of nationally authorized civil qualifications was conducted with an emphasis on these 39 qualification items. Criteria for the credit approval of nationally authorized civil qualifications Conformity of credit approval The credit approval of nationally authorized civil qualifications was proposed on a basis of the conformity of credit approval suggested in the previously conducted studies on criteria for credit approval in the national technique qualification and other national qualifications. Concerning qualifications to apply for authorized civil qualifications, the qualification items having clear descriptions about the conditions of education and work experience comparable to those of the national technique qualification were considered to take the level of credit approval based on the principles of credit approval taken in the national technique qualification and other national qualifications. Additionally, qualifications excluding certain items among authorized civil qualifications in giving credit approval were set on a basis of selection standards of preceding studies and 'Exceptional conditions in the subject of credit approval for other national qualifications' notified by Korean Educational Development Institute. ettlement of the level of credit approval For the authorized civil qualification items unable to formulate criteria for credit approval in accordance with the principles of credit approval taken in the national technique qualification and other national qualifications, two factors were put under consideration for setting the level of the credit approval. First, the level and scope of work were investigated. Second, the content of qualification inspection was compared with the course work of college The degree of difficulty in the scope and performance of work was reviewed by expertise qualification and general qualification, respectively. Expertise qualification indicates whether or not the required knowledge and technique are acquired for performing duty in specific work fields. It falls into service fields and qualification items except qualification items on general clerical work of the national technique qualification and other national qualifications. To the contrary, general qualification is to prove the degree of acquisition of knowledge and technique for improving the efficiency of work throughout diverse types of occupations. It includes qualifications to verify language proficiency, mathematical and statistical capacity, problem settlement, negotiation and communication skillsWhen the authorized civil qualification came under the expertise qualification, the level of qualification was determined in comparison with the level of work of national qualifications. In the case of the general qualification, the credit to be approved was settled by conducting a comparative inspection on the course work of college.Ⅰ. 서 론 1 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 1 2. 연구 방법 3 Ⅱ. 비정규 학습에 대한 학점인정 동향 5 1. 비정규 학습에 대한 성취도 인정 5 2. 자격에 대한 학점인정 동향 9 3. 자격 수준 판단을 위한 이론적 탐색 13 Ⅲ. 민간자격제도 및 국가공인 민간자격 현황 25 1. 민간자격제도 도입 배경 25 2. 민간자격 종목 현황 28 3. 민간자격 관리자 37 4. 민간자격 국가공인 38 Ⅳ. 학점 인정 제도 59 1. 학력과 자격의 연계 59 2. 자격에 대한 학점 인정 60 3. 외국의 학점 인정 동향 71 Ⅴ. 국가공인 민간자격의 학점 인정 방안 95 1. 학점 인정의 대상과 수준판단 95 2. 국가공인 민간자격별 학점 산정 99 3. 표준교육과정과의 연계 146 Ⅴ. 제 언 151 참 고 문 헌 155 Abstract 159 부 록 16

[해외동향] 미국의 직업교육 훈련 최근 동향

잘 알려진 바와 같이, 미국은 다양한 인종, 기후, 자원, 관습을 가지고 있어 교육ㆍ훈련 제도가 주마다 다르게 운영되고 있다. 따라서, 미국의 직업훈련을 간단히 소개하기는 쉽지 않아 본 글에서는 미국 직업교육ㆍ훈련의 일부를 필자가 단기 연수 기간에 접한 사실을 중심으로 살펴보고자 한다. 미국에서는 국가의 주요 사업이 철저히 관련법을 제정하여 그 법령에 의거 사업 목적, 시행 주체, 수행 기간, 추진 방법, 해당 기금을 설정하여 집행하고 있다. 미국 직업교육의 발전 배경을 개략적으로 볼 때 1962년에 인력개발훈련법(Manpower Development Training Act)을 제정하여 일반 중등교육 시설에서 기피하는 직업과정을 독립적으로 재정 지원하여 직업교육을 활성화시키는 노력을 경주하였고, 1973년에는 종합고용훈련법(Comprehensive Employment and Training Act)으로 직업교육을 고용과 연계시키도록 주정부에서 지역 자치단체로 결정권을 대폭 이양하여 실시해 보았고, 1983년에는 직업훈련협력법(Job Training Partnership Act)을 통하여 연방정부 주도로 직업훈련 프로그램을 일반고등학교, 지역사회대학, 사립기술대학, 노동조합, 개별 사업체 등에서 운영을 하도록 재정지원을 함으로써 직업교육의 확산을 도모하였다

Current Status and Reforming Direction for Korean Vocational Qualifications System

본 연구는 첫째, 우리 나라 자격제도의 종합적인 운영 실태를 파악하고 관련 제도를 폭넓게 분석하며 둘째, 향후 자격제도의 전반적인 정책 방향과 구체적인 발전 방안을 추출함을 주 목적으로 수행되었다.A. Purpose of Study A nation's competitiveness is heavily dependent on the competence of its population. Along with the intensification of international competition and rapid economic and technological changes, a reform of vocational qualification system is needed in order to enhance the foundation skills of young people and to encourage flexible arrangements that emphasize a life-long learning. Korean vocational qualification system has not effectively responded to the needs from industries. This study tried to analyze the current status and problems of vocational qualification system and to develop policy tasks to improve the vocational qualification system both in public and private sectors. B. Methods and Procedure Research methods employed in this study were a review of the related literature and laws, a series of conferences with the officials from ministries, vocational educators, representatives from the awarding bodies, assessment centers and professional associations, a survey for holders of national certification and personnel management officers in various industries, and observation of the vocational qualification system in advanced countries. The main purpose of the survey was to investigate current status of the vocational qualification system and needs of the respondents toward it. The sample of the survey was selected by the stratified random sampling method covering the nation-wide industries. It was composed of 542 holders of national certification and 157 officers working in departments of personnel management. C. Major Findings The major findings of the study were as follows. The vocational qualification system is faced with a strong demands for reform to raise the competitiveness of the human resources by strengthening the links between education and the job market, upgrading the standards, and rearranging the direction of vocational education and training. It has not been leading the establishment of a competence-oriented society, Also it has not established a system needed to stimulate a free exchange of labors among industries by strengthening portability and transferability and recognizing various job competencies that could be closely linked with the National Qualification System. Main and basic functions of the vocational qualification system have not fully been implemented in the light of the transparency of its management, the transferability of learning outcomes, the flexibility in reflecting the demands from industries, the currency in national base, and competition among awarding bodies. Considering the limitation of the government's management of the qualification system in responding to demands from industries and the shortened time span between the creation and the disappearance of new skills, private organizations including awarding bodies, assessment centers and professional associations should be encouraged to be involved in the administration of the qualification system on a national base. However, both the national and the private qualification system have not played the mutually complementary roles which are needed for developing whole qualification system in the nation. With the advent of the information and knowledge era, the rationale of dividing the category of technical skills becomes less clear. It is pointed out that the types and levels of the qualifications should be combined and simplified as much as possible. Ministry of Labor has tried to meet such a requirement by amending the Enforcement Decree of the National Technical Qualification Law in 1998. Nevertheless, the national qualification system still needs to be opened to everyone regardless of the person's level of education. The vocational education and training programs and the assessment process of the qualification system has not been closely linked each other. Students who have successfully completed programs in vocational high schools, vocational training centers, and vocational junior colleges have not properly been evaluated and accredited without taking tests. D. Policy Recommendations A comprehensive set of policies to improve the vocational qualification system is recommended as follows. First of all, it is necessary to prepare policies and action plans which can stimulate vocational qualification system to perform main functions. Reform efforts should be focused on the recovery of transparency, transferability, flexibility, currency, competition, and equity of access of the vocational qualification system. Vocational qualification system should be more "consumer-oriented" rather than "provider-oriented." In this respect, it is necessary to develop policies to make the qualification system more "consumer-oriented" by making industries' participation mandatory in setting the standards, types and levels of the qualifications. The linkage between vocational education programs and the qualification assessment process should be strengthened. With regard to this point, 'National Skill Standards' should be established. Curricula of vocational high schools, vocational training centers, and vocational junior colleges should be developed under this framework so as to be mutually linked each other. Members of the committee designated to develop the Standards should be composed of vocational educators, representatives of employer associations, trade unions, the awarding bodies, assessment centers, professional associations, teachers of vocational education and training institutions, and officials of related ministries. Graduates of various vocational education and training institutions should have the opportunity to be properly evaluated and accredited in obtaining certificates if they demonstrate successful achievements during the period of schooling and training. The 'Basic Qualification Law' promulgated in 1997 well defines the provisions related to this policy. In this regard, KRIVET(Korea Research Institute for Vocational Education and Training) should take the role of evaluation and accreditation of the students. On the other hand, holders of the national certificates are to be given college-level credits based on the recognition of their achievements during the process of assessment of qualification, when they apply for junior college and above in a related field. 'Credit Bank System' introduced by the 'Credit Recognition Law' and promulgated in 1997 stipulates related provisions. Both measures will activate the linkage between the vocational qualification system and vocational education and training system. The 'Basic Qualification Law stipulates the introduction of the 'Authorized Qualification System' which allows qualifications of private sectors to get public recognition from the Government. Through the expansion of approval of qualifications managed by private organizations, the whole system of the nation should be diversified and activated. According to the 'Basic Qualification Law,' the Government should help them develop criteria, methods, and procedures of assessment. But the government should be responsible for managing the fundamental certificate fields relating to the safety of the people and those fields that are difficult for a private organization to manage. Awarding bodies managing national vocational qualifications are experiencing difficulty in handling the large number of assessment process and in utilizing facilities and equipment to test practical subjects. These problems degrade the quality of assessment and thereby holders of certificates are not welcomed in industry. How to overcome the financial problems of the awarding bodies is closely related to maintaining the quality of the vocational qualification system.연구요약 Ⅰ. 서 론 3 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 3 2. 연구 내용 7 3. 연구 방법 9 4. 연구의 한계점 14 Ⅱ. 이론적 접근과 선행 연구 분석 19 1. 자격의 개념과 기능 19 2. 사회 변화에 따른 자격제도의 개편 방향 33 3. 자격제도 선행 연구의 동향 40 Ⅲ. 주요 국가의 자격제도 개편 동향 51 1. 영국 51 2. 일본 70 3. 프랑스 94 4. 각국의 시사점 108 Ⅳ. 자격제도의 운영 실태와 문제점 119 1. 국가자격제도 전반 119 2. 국가기술자격제도 130 3. 민간자격제도 186 4. 국제공인자격제도 202 5. 자격검정과 직업교육훈련과정의 연계 운영 211 6. 자격제도의 문제점 및 논의 220 Ⅴ. 자격제도의 개선 방안 241 1. 정책 추진의 기본 방향 241 2. 개선 방안 244 3. 연구 과제 264 참고문헌 269 Abstract 277 부 록 28

A Research on the National Qualification Assurance System for Engineers and Craftsmen

본 연구는 우리나라 자격의 중추적 기능을 담당하고 있는 국가기술자격을 대상으로 하였으며, 그중에서 비교적 오랜 동안 시행해 검정 실적이 풍부하면서 가장 많은 종목을 점유하고 있는 기술·기능계 자격에 대한 질 관리 현황을 파악해 보고, 개선방안을 탐색하는 데 목적을 두었다.This study aims at understanding the current situation of quality assurance on national technical qualification that can take the initiative in developing human resources in a technical field and exploring a scheme for improvement. To achieve this goal, the method of quality assurance was examined, the current situation, problems and needs on national technical qualification, and foreign cases on the method of quality assurance were analyzed. Based on this, the study proposed the methods of quality assurance on national technical qualification and operating system and a follow-up program on national technical qualification items. The collection and analysis of the relevant materials, a survey targeting qualification holders and personnel managers in industries as respondents, expert consultations, face-to-face interviews of experts and qualification holders in the technical industry to reflect their opinions were applied for the methodology of the study. The study makes some suggestions for the improvement of quality assurance on national technical qualification as follows.Ⅰ. 서론 1 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 1 2. 연구 내용 및 방법 3 3. 용어의 정의 8 4. 연구의 제한점 9 Ⅱ. 기술·기능계 자격의 질 관리 방법 탐색 11 1. 질 관리 개념 11 2. 자격의 질 관리 방법 13 Ⅲ. 기술·기능계 자격의 질 관리 현황 및 문제점 27 1. 기술·기능계 자격 질 관리 체계 27 2. 기술·기능계 자격 운영 현황 및 문제점 47 3. 기술·기능계 자격종목 문제 분석 58 Ⅳ. 기술·기능계 자격의 질 관리에 대한 요구 분석 85 1. 자격의 효용성과 호환성 85 2. 검정의 타당성 및 신뢰성 92 3. 사후관리의 필요성 102 Ⅴ. 외국의 자격 질 관리 방법 107 1. 영국 107 2. 미국 109 3. 독일 112 4. 프랑스 114 5. 일본 116 6. 시사점 118 Ⅵ. 기술·기능계 자격의 질 제고 방안 121 1. 자격 내용에 대한 질 관리 방안 121 2. 자격 운영 및 제도에 대한 질 관리 방안 127 3. 자격종목에 대한 사후관리 방안 130 Ⅶ. 요약 및 결론 135 1. 요약 135 2. 결론 136 참고문헌 141 Abstract 143 부 록 14

Qualification Management Handbook

목 차 제1장 자격관리 기본 원리 제1절 자격의 개념 및 기능 11 1. 자격의 개념 11 2. 자격의 기능 14 3. 자격의 중요성 16 4. 자격 관련 용어 17 제2절 자격의 도입배경 19 1. 자격제도의 발전과정 19 2. 자격제도의 개황 21 제3절 자격의 구분 25 1. 기능별 유형 26 2. 내용별 유형 26 3. 시행 주체별 유형 27 제4절 자격 관련법령 28 1. 자격 기본법 28 2. 국가기술자격법 31 3. 개별 국가자격법령 32 4. 학점인정 등에 관한 법률 33 5. 기타 관련법 34 제2장 자격종목의 신설 및 개발 제1절 자격종목 신설시 고려사항 37 1. 국내 외 유망직종 조사 37 2. 자격의 국내 외 통용성 조사 39 3. 교육훈련 기반 분석 40 4. 취업 가능성 조사 40 5. 자격 신설 타당성 분석 41 제2절 직무분석 실시 42 1. 직무분석의 목적 42 2. 직무분석 방법 44 3. 직무분석의 실제 46 제3절 자격 운영 계획 수립 65 1. 필요성 65 2. 자격관리 규정 65 제3장 자격의 관리 운영 방법 제1절 자격종목 개발 67 1. 검정기준의 설정 67 2. 검정방법 68 3. 응시요건 설정 70 4. 자격의 유효기간 설정 및 갱신 70 제2절 검정 시행 71 1. 문항관리 71 2. 검정 횟수 73 3. 검정 수수료 73 4. 소원 처리 74 제3절 검정 조직 관리 75 1. 자격관리 규정 75 2. 검정기관의 독립 76 3. 내부감사 77 제4장 국가자격제도의 운영 제1절 국가자격제도 도입배경 79 1. 국가기술자격 제도의 도입 79 2. 국가기술자격법령의 변화 80 3. 국가자격제도 및 시행기관의 변천 82 제2절 국가기술자격 관리 84 1. 국가기술자격 제도의 운영체제 84 2. 국가기술자격 검정의 시행 88 3. 출제관리 105 4. 신설종목 개발절차 116 5. 국가기술자격 검정업무 전산화 118 제5장 국가기술자격 검정위탁제도 제1절 자격검정 위탁기준 121 제2절 자격검정 위탁방법 122 1. 국가기술자격 위임ㆍ위탁 확대의 필요성과 방향 122 2. 국가기술자격 위임ㆍ위탁 확대 시행 방안 123 3. 적용전략 129 4. 직업 교육 훈련 평가 인증제도 131 5. 자격관리자 인증제 도입방안 136 제6장 민간자격 국가공인 제도 제1절 국가 공인 제도의 의의 143 1. 공인민간자격제도의 정의 및 공인기준 143 2. 공인민간자격의 도입 취지 143 3. 공인민간자격의 법적 지위 144 4. 공인민간자격의 연혁 144 제2절 민간자격의 국가공인 절차 145 1. 국가공인제도 운영구조 146 2. 공인절차 146 3. 공인신청 대상 147 4. 공인신청 서류 148 제3절 공인을 위한 평가 조사방법 154 1. 평가의 기본방향 154 2. 평가 방법 155 3. 민간자격의 공인 현황 164 제4절 재공인 및 변경공인 166 1. 민간자격의 재공인 166 2. 재공인 조사연구 방향 및 내용 181 3. 민간자격의 변경공인 182 제5절 공인민간자격의 사후관리 184 1. 사후관리의 의의 184 2. 사후 심사 및 결과 처리 187 참고문헌 192 부 록 <부록 1> 자격의 질 관리 이론 195 <부록 2> 선진국의 자격관리 215 <부록 3> 자격종목 관리 사례(출제 및 채점 관리를 중심으로) 273 <부록 4> 민간자격 검정 관리ㆍ운영규정 사례 342 <부록 5> 자격관리자 인증 선진국 평가 기준 사례 35

[해외동향] 폐허가 된 인류문명의 발상지 이라크에 한국의 교육열을 심는다.

바그다드, 메소포타미아, 바빌론, 유프라테스 강, 우리가 세계 역사에서 익히 들어오던 명사이다. 그 지역이 지금 현대 강국의 공격을 받고 폐허가되어 경제 재건을 위해국제사회의 도움을 필요로 하게 되었다. 필자는 한국국제협력단의이라크 지원 사업중 국립직업훈련원의 설립 요청에 대한 타당성 조사차9월 2 7일부터 1 0월5일까지 출장을 다녀왔다. 이라크는 아직 연합군 임시 행정처(CPA : Coalition Provisional Authority)의 과도 통치를 받고 있으므로 표면적으로는 이라크 노동 사회부의 초청이지만 실제로는 C P A가 안내 및의사 결정을 하고 있음을 느꼈다. 이라크 노동사회부는 이번 전쟁으로 6 0 %에 달하는 실업률을 해결코자 전쟁으로 파괴된 전국의 5개 직업 훈련원을 복구하고 1 2개를 신설할 계획의 일환으로 한국에 그 모델이 될 수 있는 한-이라크 국립직업훈련원을바그다드 도심에 세워 줄 것을 제의하였다

Qualification Management Handbook

자격은 개인의 능력을 판단할 수 있는 객관적인 증명 자료로써 많은 기업에서 활용되고 있으며 또한 요구된다. 이는 개인이 직무수행에 필요한 자질, 능력, 지식 등을 갖고 있는지 그 여부를 객관적으로 나타낼 수 있는 척도로써, 기업(산업현장)은 필요한 시기에 적합한 인재를 얻고 개인에게는 언제라도 취직과 전직이 가능하도록 지원해 주고 있는 인적자산의 가치를 알리는 신호기제(signal) 역할을 하고 있다. 이처럼 개인의 직무능력을 평가하는 도구로써 자격의 중요성이 강조됨에 따라 자격관리기관도 증가하고 있으나 자격관리의 미숙 및 공신력 저하로 인하여 자격의 활용성은 크게 개선되지 않고 있다. 이러한 이유로 인해 자격관리의 내실화를 촉진할 수 있는 자격종목 개발 단계부터 사후관리에 이르는 일련의 관리 방법을 제공하고 관련 법령 및 선진국의 자격시험 관리 기법과 평가원리에 대한 실무적 정보 제공이 요구되고 있다.또한 국가자격과 민간자격의 상호보완적 발전 기회를 제공하고, 산업과 직업분야의 현장성을 수렴할 수 있는 자격종목 개발부터 먼저 지속적으로 보완하고 유지할 수 있는 방법 제시가 필요하다.제1장 자격관리 기본 원리 제1절 자격의 개념 및 기능 11 1. 자격의 개념 11 2. 자격의 기능 14 3. 자격의 중요성 16 4. 자격 관련 용어 17 제2절 자격의 도입배경 19 1. 자격제도의 발전과정 19 2. 자격제도의 개황 21 제3절 자격의 구분 25 1. 기능별 유형 26 2. 내용별 유형 26 3. 시행 주체별 유형 27 제4절 자격 관련법령 28 1. 자격 기본법 28 2. 국가기술자격법 31 3. 개별 국가자격법령 32 4. 학점인정 등에 관한 법률 33 5. 기타 관련법 34 제2장 자격종목의 신설 및 개발 제1절 자격종목 신설시 고려사항 37 1. 국내 외 유망직종 조사 37 2. 자격의 국내 외 통용성 조사 39 3. 교육훈련 기반 분석 40 4. 취업 가능성 조사 40 5. 자격 신설 타당성 분석 41 제2절 직무분석 실시 42 1. 직무분석의 목적 42 2. 직무분석 방법 44 3. 직무분석의 실제 46 제3절 자격 운영 계획 수립 65 1. 필요성 65 2. 자격관리 규정 65 제3장 자격의 관리 운영 방법 제1절 자격종목 개발 67 1. 검정기준의 설정 67 2. 검정방법 68 3. 응시요건 설정 70 4. 자격의 유효기간 설정 및 갱신 70 제2절 검정 시행 71 1. 문항관리 71 2. 검정 횟수 73 3. 검정 수수료 73 4. 소원 처리 74 제3절 검정 조직 관리 75 1. 자격관리 규정 75 2. 검정기관의 독립 76 3. 내부감사 77 제4장 국가자격제도의 운영 제1절 국가자격제도 도입배경 79 1. 국가기술자격 제도의 도입 79 2. 국가기술자격법령의 변화 80 3. 국가자격제도 및 시행기관의 변천 82 제2절 국가기술자격 관리 84 1. 국가기술자격 제도의 운영체제 84 2. 국가기술자격 검정의 시행 88 3. 출제관리 105 4. 신설종목 개발절차 116 5. 국가기술자격 검정업무 전산화 118 제5장 국가기술자격 검정위탁제도 제1절 자격검정 위탁기준 121 제2절 자격검정 위탁방법 122 1. 국가기술자격 위임ㆍ위탁 확대의 필요성과 방향 122 2. 국가기술자격 위임ㆍ위탁 확대 시행 방안 123 3. 적용전략 129 4. 직업 교육 훈련 평가 인증제도 131 5. 자격관리자 인증제 도입방안 136 제6장 민간자격 국가공인 제도 제1절 국가 공인 제도의 의의 143 1. 공인민간자격제도의 정의 및 공인기준 143 2. 공인민간자격의 도입 취지 143 3. 공인민간자격의 법적 지위 144 4. 공인민간자격의 연혁 144 제2절 민간자격의 국가공인 절차 145 1. 국가공인제도 운영구조 146 2. 공인절차 146 3. 공인신청 대상 147 4. 공인신청 서류 148 제3절 공인을 위한 평가 조사방법 154 1. 평가의 기본방향 154 2. 평가 방법 155 3. 민간자격의 공인 현황 164 제4절 재공인 및 변경공인 166 1. 민간자격의 재공인 166 2. 재공인 조사연구 방향 및 내용 181 3. 민간자격의 변경공인 182 제5절 공인민간자격의 사후관리 184 1. 사후관리의 의의 184 2. 사후 심사 및 결과 처리 187 참고문헌 192 부 록 자격의 질 관리 이론 195 선진국의 자격관리 215 자격종목 관리 사례(출제 및 채점 관리를 중심으로) 273 민간자격 검정 관리ㆍ운영규정 사례 342 자격관리자 인증 선진국 평가 기준 사례 35

Restructuring Directions for the Korean Qualification System

본 연구의 목적은 국민의 평생직업능력개발과 국가 인력개발정책을 주도 할 수 있는 자격제도를 구축하기 위하여 자격제도의 종합적인 개편 방안을 마련하는 것이다. 연구 목적을 달성하기 위한 구체적인 하위 연구목표는 다음과 같다. 1) 우리 나라 자격제도 개편의 필요성 탐색 2) 주요국의 자격제도 개혁 실태 및 시사점 분석 3) 자격제도 개편을 위한 국내의 여건 분석 4) 자격제도의 기본틀 개발The purpose of this study was to provide a new model of the National Qualification system so that it could play a leading role in the national policy on human resource development. Study was performed with the following contents: the strengthening of ties between the education system and the qualification system; the policy directives to the Ministries of Labor and Education and other relevant authorities; the coordination of national and private qualification systems; and the framework for a new qualification system. Research methods include literature review, analysis of related data, interviews, meeting with experts, and policy discussion groups. The reorganization of the qualification system was discussed in the following two aspects: basic direction and policy direction. □ Basic Direction of the Restructuring Process First, the qualification system needed to function as the critical link between the education system and the labor market. As an objective measure of individual competency in terms of human capital value, qualification might be utilized as important signal for the employment, re-employment, and further education of workers. A demand-oriented qualification system linking qualification, vocational education and training, and the workplace should be established. Second, a process of evaluating and certifying key skills should be included in the certification process. Third, there needed to be flexibility in the qualification system so that it is able to respond to technological changes. For instance, qualification categories and standards require diversification, and new criteria for test as well as the qualification itself and new examination subjects should be prepared for the altered qualification categories through a job analysis. Fourth, a system of qualification management and operation through trilateral cooperation between employee, employer, and government needed to be established. Fifth, a national skill standard for vocational competency according to industry needs to be developed so that it may be used as a link between in-company training and qualification standards as well as a guideline for the vocational curriculum development and criteria for qualification Sixth, the development of a National Qualification Framework which takes into consideration education levels that match the qualification was necessary. Seventh, a work-based national qualification system should be adopted. National Technical Qualification holders with additional work experience were able to apply for the professional craftsman, professional industrial engineer, and expert engineer. Eighth, the competition and complement between national qualification, government-authorized private qualification, and private qualification needed to be implemented through the choices for workers. Ninth, in order to secure the credibility of government-authorized private qualification, the management of qualification holders after their certification should be processed in a thorough manner. Finally, an expert and credible professional institute was needed for the systematic management of the quality of qualification. □ Policy Direction ○ To establish management and operation system of National Qualification First, in order to strengthen the development of vocational competency and national competitiveness in general, the management and operation of the qualification system at the governmental level was necessary. Second, a national qualification framework, facilitating an integrated system of qualification management should be developed. A 7-level national qualification system would be implemented where new levels of qualification(expert engineer, professional industrial engineer, professional craftsman) are introduced in addition to the existing levels of qualification(professional engineer, engineer, industrial engineer, craftsman) with the purpose of separating the management of qualification levels suitable for experienced workers and student-oriented qualification levels. Third, a national skill standard needed to be developed to put in place a standardized qualification system and to solidify the linkage between vocational training program and industry. Fourth, the technical qualification review process should be included into the duties of The Council for Vocational Education and Training Policy in order to integrate relevant bodies. Fifth, the roles of each department should be clearly designated. The Ministry of Labor needs to be a general authority for overseeing the National Qualification system and the Ministry of Education needs to be a general authority for leading the authorization of private qualification. Sixth, additional manpower was required in the Ministries of Labor and Education, the chief government authorities dealing with the qualification system, and a full-time expert on the qualification system should be placed in the department in charge of national qualification. Seventh, job descriptions for each qualification should be redesigned based on the standard industry classification. Eighth, national qualification titles with similar names and contents should be integrated. Ninth, clear roles should be assigned to national qualification, government-authorized private qualification, and private qualification respectively, and steps should be taken to expand private qualification and improve its authorization process. ○ To enhance credibility First, a system for the comprehensive management of the quality of qualification was needed. In order to increase the compatibility of the certification process for the workplace, the contents of certification should be made more practical, the pool of qualification managers should be more professionalized, and an on-site assessor should be introduced. Second, in the case of development for new qualification category, a job analysis by professionals should be made with the mandatory manner. Third, an evaluation system for qualification management centers should be introduced in order to increase the commissioning of the certification process and to promote competition. Fourth, the institutions of certification and training should be separated in order to secure the credibility of qualification. Fifth, a policy to foster experts on qualification needed to be implemented. A training program for potential candidates should be set up to increase the number of qualified managers of the qualification system from the private sector. ○ To increase applicability First, measures to widen the use of qualification in hiring of employees, job placement, determining salaries and promotion retraining should be investigated. Second, workers with qualification should be given preferential treatment when applying to vocational education and training institutions. Qualification holders should also be given credit recognition. Third, the early development and diffusion of a national standard of competency as well as the strengthening of ties between qualification and industry was necessary. Fourth, the authorization period of national and private qualification should be limited, rendering qualification invalid after a certain amount of time. Fifth, a policy of evaluating and certifying key skills should be introduced. Sixth, the government authorization process of private qualification should be rigorously applied and support should be given to private qualification in special sectors whose necessity was recognized. Seventh, a system of management for efficiently dividing the functions of national qualification, authorized private qualification, and private qualification was needed. Participation by the private sector should be encouraged for the mutual complementation of national and private qualification. Eighth, international cooperation projects should be strengthened in preparation for international recognition of qualification. The management of qualification systems in other countries should be continuously monitored as well. Ninth, an information system on qualification was needed to meet the demands of a knowledge-based information society.연구요약 Ⅰ. 서 론 1 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 1 2. 연구 방법 5 Ⅱ. 자격제도 개편의 필요성 9 1. 자격의 일반적 특성 9 2. 환경 변화와 자격제도 18 3. 우리 나라 자격제도의 현황 25 4. 우리 나라 자격제도의 문제점 35 Ⅲ. 주요국의 자격제도 개편 사례 43 1. 영 국 43 2. 호 주 57 3. 프랑스 69 4. 종합 시사점 80 Ⅳ. 자격제도의 개편 방안 83 1. 개편의 기본 방향 83 2. 정책추진 방안 89 3. 추진 절차 112 Ⅴ. 요약 및 제언 121 1. 요 약 121 2. 제 언 124 참고문헌 129 Abstract 133 부 록 13