14 research outputs found

    Robotic Microsurgery Training for Robot Assisted Reconstructive Surgery

    Get PDF
    Purpose: Recent advances in robotic surgery have affected not only surgery for visceral organs but also head and neck cancer surgery and microsurgery. The authors intended to analyze and share experience gained from performing microanastomosis training in a new robotic surgery system. Methods: Robotic microanastomosis training was performed using Da Vinci Xi. The robot arm used two black diamond forceps, one Potts scissor, and one vision camera. First, basic robotic surgery skills were trained with Da Vinci Skill Simulator training. Actual microanastomosis practice was performed using artificial blood vessel, chicken wing and porcine leg. Results: Three simulation training sessions were performed and five vessel anastomosis were performed. A total of 8 vascular anastomosis were performed, and anastomosis for one vessel took 31-57 minutes. The number of sutures used was more than one initially due to suture material damage, but one suture was used after four anastomosis. In the anastomosis time analysis with porcine legs, the actual anastomosis process took 2 minutes 15 secondsยฑ41 seconds per stitch. The vascular anastomosis interval took more time than vascular anastomosis itself due to robot arm change and camera movement. Conclusion: Robotic microsurgery training was not difficult process for surgeons who had undergone conventional microsurgery. However, more training was needed to replace the robot arm and move the camera. In the long term, mechanical improvements in diamond forceps and camera resolution were necessary. In order to master robotic microsurgery, surgeons must get used to robotic surgery system through simulation training.ope

    ์ฃผํƒ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์˜ ์‹คํƒœ์™€ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ œ(The trend and policy issues of housing remodelling)

    Get PDF
    ๋…ธํŠธ : ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ตญํ† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์ž์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

    Radially patterned polycaprolactone nanofibers as an active wound dressing agent

    Get PDF
    BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were to design polycaprolactone nanofibers with a radial pattern using a modified electrospinning method and to evaluate the effect of radial nanofiber deposition on mechanical and biological properties compared to non-patterned samples. METHODS: Radially patterned polycaprolactone nanofibers were prepared with a modified electrospinning method and compared with randomly deposited nanofibers. The surface morphology of samples was observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The tensile properties of nanofibrous mats were measured using a tabletop uniaxial testing machine. Fluorescence-stained human bone marrow stem cells were placed along the perimeter of the radially patterned and randomly deposited. Their migration toward the center was observed on days 1, 4, and 7, and quantitatively measured using ImageJ software. RESULTS: Overall, there were no statistically significant differences in mechanical properties between the two types of polycaprolactone nanofibrous mats. SEM images of the obtained samples suggested that the directionality of the nanofibers was toward the central area, regardless of where the nanofibers were located throughout the entire sample. Florescence images showed stronger fluorescence inside the circle in radially aligned nanofibers, with significant differences on days 4 and 7, indicating that migration was quicker along radially aligned nanofibers than along randomly deposited nanofibers. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we successfully used modified electrospinning to fabricate radially aligned nanofibers with similar mechanical properties to those of conventional randomly aligned nanofibers. In addition, we observed faster migration along radially aligned nanofibers than along randomly deposited nanofibers. Collectively, the radially aligned nanofibers may have the potential for tissue regeneration in combination with stem cells.ope

    Bifidobacterium longum KJ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ž˜ํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ผ์Šค๋ฏธ๋“œ pKJ36์˜ ํด๋กœ์šฐ๋‹ ๋ฐ ์—ผ๊ธฐ์„œ์—ด ๊ฒฐ์ •

    No full text
    Thesis (master`s)--:์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ,1998.Maste

    ๊ณ ์ฒด ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ์œ ํšจ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์‘์šฉ

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 2. ๊น€์ฐฌ์ค‘.์ค‘์˜จํ˜• ๊ณ ์ฒด ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๋Š” ๊ณ ์˜จํ˜•์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋‚ฎ์€ 600~800๋„์˜ ์ž‘๋™ ์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ž‘๋™์‹œ๊ฐ„์—๋„ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘์˜จ ํ‰ํŒํ˜• ๊ณ ์ฒด์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๋Š” ๋‘๊ป˜๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–‡์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ธต์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ธต์—์„œ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋“ค์€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ€์ •๊ณผ ์‹คํ—˜๊ฐ’์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ํšจ๋„ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์–‘๊ทน์—์„œ ์œ ๋กœ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋†๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋†๋„ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์œ ํšจ๋„ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ „๊ทน ์œ ํšจ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ธต์€ ๊ทธ ๋‘๊ป˜๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์–‡์•„ ์ž‘๋™ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋ณ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์นญ Butler-Volmer ์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ „๊ทน ์œ ํšจ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ณผ์ „์••๊ณผ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜• ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž‘๋™ ์ „๋ฅ˜์—์„œ๋งŒ ์ ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋†’์€ ์ž‘๋™์ „์••์—์„œ๋„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ Thiele modulus ๊ฐ’์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•œ ์œ ํšจ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์œ„์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์ „๊ทน ์œ ํšจ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ค‘์˜จํ˜• ๊ณ ์ฒด์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์˜ˆ์ธก์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์œ„์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ์ „๊ทน ์œ ํšจ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์–‡์€ ๋‘๊ป˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ธต์— ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฉ์ž๋ฅผ ๋‘˜ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฌ๊ด„์ ์ธ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฅ˜-์ „์•• ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๊ณก์„ ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋Œ€ํ˜• ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด๋‚˜ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์Šคํƒ ํ•ด์„์— ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์œ ํšจ๋„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์–‘๊ทน์—์„œ์˜ ์œ ๋กœ ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋†๋„ ๋ฐ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฐ€๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์— ์•ž์„œ ๊ฒฉ์ž ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ ํ™” ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ž‘๋™ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ์–‘๊ทน์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๊ณ ๊ฐˆ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.The intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) are the promising fuel cell systems which use less expensive materials with better long-term stabilities because of lower operating temperatures ranging from 600~800C than those of high temperature SOFCs (HT-SOFCs). Modern IT-SOFCs contain a very thin layer, called the functional layer, where dedicated reaction occurs. Thus, it is essential to efficiently and accurately model the electrochemical reaction in the functional layer for successfully predicting the performance and operation of IT-SOFCs. Some existing models are simple because of many assumptions and experimental values, on the contrary, some models are accurate but need expensive computational costs like micro SOFC models. Therefore, this dissertation proposes and validates a new numerical model based on effectiveness concept. In addition, this model is utilized to investigate degradation of performance due to oxygen depletion in cathodes through changes of parameters which affect oxygen distribution transverse to the flow channel. At first, a new electrode effectiveness model based on the effectiveness concept is presented which is different from existing effectiveness model. Variations in the operating conditions are negligible inside the functional layer and the symmetric Butler-Volmer equation is applied to the new model for electrochemical reaction. Existing models work at low operating current density due to an assumption of a linear relationship between the transfer current and the local overpotential. However, the proposed model in this dissertation shows accurate results when operating current density is high. The electrochemical effectiveness is calculated for various Thiele modulus values, and a simple correlation is developed for retrieving these effectiveness factor data, and then the validity of the effectiveness model is demonstrated by comparing the results with those obtained from the detailed electrode microscale model. Secondly, a new microscale simulation model for IT-SOFC is developed by modifying the existing one using the electrode effectiveness model proposed earlier. To predict performance of IT-SOFC accurately, it is essential to determine the current generation through electrochemical reaction. The electrochemical effectiveness model can accurately determine the current generation efficiencies of thin active functional layers in IT-SOFC electrodes even with a use of only a few grid points. The reliability of the new model is verified by comparing the predicted current-voltage performance curve with those from the comprehensive micro model results. The new model shows not only accurate results, but also much lower computational costs. Thus, the new model can be useful as a corner stone for developing large-scale simulation models or stack-level models. Finally, the proposed micro simulation model based on the effectiveness concept is utilized to calculate the distribution of oxygen concentration and current density transverse to the flow channel in the cathode. At first, simulations for finding optimized number of grids are conducted in order to calculate many cases. Also, the oxygen depletion characteristics are investigated through change in parameters and operating conditions, and effects on performance of SOFC are described.CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 1 1.1.1. Configuration of SOFC 2 1.1.2. Operating temperature of SOFC 3 1.1.3. Two-layer SOFC electrodes 5 1.2. Background and Motivation 7 1.3. Objectives 8 CHAPTER 2. AN EFFECTIVENESS MODEL FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS IN ELECTRODES OF ITSOFC 10 2.1. Electrochemical Effectiveness 10 2.2. Previous Effectiveness Model 11 2.3. New Effectiveness Model 14 2.4. Effectiveness Model Validation 23 2.5. Summary 27 CHAPTER 3. AN EFFICIENT MICROSCALE MODEL FOR ITSOFC 28 3.1. Computational Domain 28 3.2. Microstructure Characterization of Electrodes 32 3.2.1. Random packing model 32 3.2.2. Effective conductivity 34 3.2.3. Three-phase boundary length 34 3.3. Electrochemical Model 36 3.3.1. Charge conservation equation 36 3.3.2. Effectiveness model for electrode 37 3.3.3. Current generation 42 3.3.4. Overpotential 44 3.4. Mass Transfer Model 46 3.4.1. Mass conservation of gas species 46 3.4.2. Dusty-gas model for mass flux in porous electrodes 47 3.5. Numerical Procedure 50 3.6. Model Validation 53 3.6.1. Comparison with the comprehensive microscale model 53 3.6.2. Comparison with a general microscale model 60 3.7 Summary 64 CHAPTER 4. THE OXYGEN DEPLETION CHARACTERISTICS OF POROUS CATHODE 65 4.1. Introduction 65 4.2. Model Description 67 4.2.1. Computational domain 67 4.2.2. Governing equations and boundary condition 69 4.2.3. Numerical Procedure 72 4.3. Model validation and optimization 74 4.3.1. Model validation 74 4.3.2. Optimization of the number of grid points 75 4.4. Results 81 4.4.1. Distribution of oxygen concentration and current density in electrode 81 4.4.2. Oxygen depletion characteristics in cathode 84 4.4.2.1. Base operating condition 84 4.4.2.2. Effects of channel oxygen concentration 84 4.4.2.3. Effects of the CCCL thickness 89 4.4.2.4. Effects of the rib and channel width 92 4.5. Summary 95 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS AND CONTRIBUTIONS 96 5.1. Conclusions 96 5.2. Contributions 98 Bibliography 99 ์š” ์•ฝ ๋ฌธ 108Docto

    Taโ‚‚O5 ์˜ ์ „๊ทน๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ์„œ TiN๊ณผ TaN์˜ ๋น„๊ต ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ธˆ์†๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์ „๊ณต,1998.Maste

    ๋ฐ”์ผ๊ธˆ์†์˜ ๋น„์ •์ƒ ์ „์ž์ˆ˜์†ก ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

    No full text
    Doctor์œ„์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์–‘์ž ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์€ ์–‘์žํ™€ ํšจ๊ณผ (Quantum Hall effect), ์œ„์ƒ ๋ถ€๋„์ฒด (Topological insulator) ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๋ ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ „๋„์„ฑ์„ ๋ ๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ž˜ ๊นจ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐด๋“œ์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐด๋“œ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ผฌ์ž„์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”์šฑ์ด, ์œ„์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์€ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ฒด์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ ์ถ”ํ›„ ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ธˆ์†์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ธˆ์†๊ณ„์—์„œ๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ธˆ์†์€ ๊ฒฉ์ž๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ์ค€์ž…์ž์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ผ ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฏธ์˜จ (Weyl fermion)์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ผ ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฏธ์˜จ์€ ๋””๋ฝ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ (Dirac equation)์—์„œ ์œ ๋„๋˜๋Š” ํ•ด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ํ•ญ์ด 0์ด์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์งˆ์€ ํ‚ค๋ž„ ๋ณ€์น™ (chiral anomaly)์ด ์žˆ์–ด Baryometer ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ž…์ž๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ”์ผ ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฏธ์˜จ์ด ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ธˆ์† ๋‚ด์— ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ผ ์™”๊ณ , ํ›„์— ์‹คํ—˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ผ ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฏธ์˜จ์ด ๊ณ ์ฒด ๋‚ด์— ์ค€์ž…์ž ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ด€์ธก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „์ž ์ˆ˜์†กํ˜„์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ €ํ•ญ๊ฐ’์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์ธ ์Œ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์ €ํ•ญ (negative magneto resistance)์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ ํ•˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „์ž์˜ ์›์šด๋™์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ „๊ธฐ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ์ปค์ง€์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ธˆ์†์— ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ํ‚ค๋ž„ ๋ณ€์น™์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ „๊ธฐ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ์ž‘์•„์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ๋ณผ์ธ ๋งŒ ์šด์†ก ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ (Boltzmann transport equation)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ธˆ์†์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํŠน์ดํ•œ ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ค€-๊ณ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌํ•™์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ธˆ์† ์ค‘์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ญ์ „ ๋Œ€์นญ์ด ๊นจ์ ธ์„œ ๋ฐ”์ผ๊ธˆ์†์ด ๋˜๋Š” Bi(1-x)Sb(x) ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Bi(1-x)Sb(x) ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์€ ์•ˆํ‹ฐ๋ชฌ์˜ ๋„ํ•‘ ์ •๋„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐด๋“œ ๊ฐญ์ด ์กฐ์ ˆ๋˜๊ณ  ์•ฝ 3~4% ๋„ํ•‘์—์„œ, ๋ฐด๋“œ ๊ฐญ์ด ๋‹ซํ˜€ ๋””๋ฝ ๊ธˆ์† (Dirac metal)์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์—ญ์ „ ๋Œ€์นญ์„ ๊นจ์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ธˆ์†์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ Bi(1-x)Sb(x)์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์ „์ž ์ˆ˜์†ก ํ˜„์ƒ 2๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜ด์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ๊นจ์ง์ด๋‹ค. ์œ„์—์„œ ๋งํ•œ ์ค€-๊ณ ์ „์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ ๋ณผ์ธ ๋งŒ ์šด์†ก ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐ์žฅ์ด ๋‚˜๋ž€ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋…ธ๋“œ (Weyl node) ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ž€์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋…ธ๋“œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฏธ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์ฐจ์™€ ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์กด์žฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ผ ๋…ธ๋“œ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํŽ˜๋ฅด๋ฏธ ๋ ˆ๋ฒจ ์ฐจ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์ €ํ•ญ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ , Bi(1-x)Sb(x)์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ก ์  ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ‚ค๋ž„ ๋ณ€์น™์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ธˆ์† ๋‚ด์— ์˜ด์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์˜ ๊นจ์ง์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ธˆ์† ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋น„ ๊ตญ์†Œ์ „์ž ์ˆ˜์†ก ํ˜„์ƒ (nonlocal transport)์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์œ„์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ์—ฐ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „๋™์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋น„ ๊ตญ์†Œ์ „์ž ์ˆ˜์†ก ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ผ ์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ธˆ์† ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ธˆ์†์€ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ธˆ์†์˜ ๋ž€๋‹ค์šฐ ์ค€์œ„ (Landau level)์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋ฉด chiral zero mode๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์ดํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด chiral zero mode๋Š” 3์ฐจ์›์ธ ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ธˆ์† ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— 1์ฐจ์›์ธ dissipationlees ์ฑ„๋„์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ธˆ์†์ด 1์ฐจ์›” ์ฑ„๋„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์‚ฐ๋ž€์ด ์ž˜ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ตญ์†Œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด์ฃผ๋ฉด ์ด 1์ฐจ์› ์ฑ„๋„์„ ํƒ€๊ณ  ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋น„ ๊ตญ์†Œ์ „์ž ์ˆ˜์†ก ํ˜„์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ด€์ธกํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ chiral zero mode๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ธ”๋กœํ ์ง„๋™ (Bloch oscillation)์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™์—์„œ ์ง„๋™์€ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž๋กœ ์ž˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ  ์Šˆํƒ€๋ฅดํฌ ์‚ฌ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์ž (Stark ladder operator)๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ธˆ์†์— ์ธ๊ฐ€๋œ ์ „๊ธฐ์žฅ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ณ  ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ์ €ํ•ญ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋™ ์„ฑ์„ ๋„๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ ์–‘์ž ์ง„๋™ (electric quantum oscillation) ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•œ ์˜ด์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™ ๋ถ•๊ดด๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ „๊ธฐ ์–‘์ž ์ง„๋™์˜ ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , BiSb ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋„ํ•‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ „์ž ์ˆ˜์†กํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์ปค์ง€๋Š” BiSb ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์˜ด์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ•๊ดดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ˜„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ธก๋ผ์„œ chiral zero mode์™€ ๋‘ ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ธˆ์† ๋‚ด์˜ ์˜ด์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™ ๋ถ•๊ดด์™€ ์ „์ž ์ˆ˜์†กํ˜„์ƒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ผ ๊ธˆ์†์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ํŠน์ง• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ chiral zero mode์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์„œ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์žˆ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ „์ž์†Œ์ž ๋ถ„์•ผ์—๋„ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Topological materials are novel quantum materials defined by the topology of the band structure. The quantum Hall effect (QHE) and topological insulator (TI) are representative materials, which has exotic properties such that they are insulating in the bulk state but conducting in the edge states and the states are stable for the topology. For explaining the exotic properties, it is important to investigate how the band states are twisted. In the thesis, we explore topological metal called as a Weyl metal. Weyl metals are a solid crystal system, in which Weyl fermions occur as quasi-particles. The Weyl fermion first appeared in particle physics as one of the solutions to the Dirac equation and shows a chiral anomaly called the Adler-Bell-Jackiw anomaly. It is of great interest to study the mechanism of baryogenesis; however, the process has not been observed yet. Nevertheless, the existence of Weyl fermions in Weyl metals was theoretically predicted and experimentally confirmed. Owing to the chiral anomaly and topology of Weyl metals, they exhibit unique electron transport properties. One of the unique transport phenomena is the phenomenon known as negative longitudinal magnetoresistance (NLMR). When a magnetic field and an electric field are applied along the same direction, the electric resistance decreases as the magnetic field increases. While the electric resistance increases in a general magnetic field owing to the circular migration of electrons, a magnetic field parallel to the electric field causes a chiral anomaly, which lowers the electric resistance. In previous studies, NLMR was evaluated using a semi-classical model, wherein the Boltzmann equation describes conductance with a chiral anomaly. In this thesis, a BiSb alloy, which is a Weyl metal, was explored. Bi has a band gap at the L-site, and Sb doping decreases the size of the gap. Additionally, Bi(1-x)Sb(x) with optimal doping (x=3~4%) exhibits a zero gap, and a near-zero gap linear band structure exists, which is called a Dirac metal. Time reversal symmetry breaking in the presence of a magnetic field changes the Dirac metal into a Weyl metal. We investigated two unusual electron transport phenomena in BiSb alloys, and the first was the breaking of Ohm's law. To completely understand the transport phenomena of Weyl metals in detail, we employed the Boltzmann equation with a Weyl pair. The calculation results show that the electric field dependence of the electric resistance is caused by a Fermi level imbalance , which is described as intra-node scattering in Weyl nodes, and a Fermi level imbalance between Weyl nodes, which must always exist in pairs. We observed the phenomena only in the Weyl states of BiSb alloys, and a theoretical investigation revealed that the Weyl metal exhibits a non-ohmic effect due to the chiral anomaly. The second is a phenomenon known as nonlocal transport that occurs in Weyl metals. Nonlocal transport phenomena have been explored in a variety of topological materials due to the fact that the bulk is insulating and the edge is conducting, resulting in a nonlocal current path. However, owing to the metallic characteristics of Weyl metals in bulk, nonlocal transport underlies a somewhat different mechanism. To describe the nonlocality in a Weyl metal, we considered its unique transport properties, namely the chiral zero mode. The chiral zero mode is a dissipationless 1D channel, also called the chiral Landau level, because it is a zeroth-order Landau level with a chiral anomaly. Therefore, the Weyl metal can be considered as a 1D channel, and because scattering does not occur well when a current is applied locally, electrons travel via this 1D channel, resulting in nonlocal transport. The chiral zero mode induces another quantum mechanical phenomenon, called electric quantum oscillation. The 1D channel exists in the Brillouin zone, and electric forces cause the electrons to oscillate. This is known as Bloch oscillation. In quantum mechanics, it is widely established that oscillation can be well represented by a ladder operator, and when characterized by a stark ladder operator, we can anticipate the electric quantum oscillation phenomenon, which is a resistance change according to the strength of the applied electric field. The non-ohmic behavior can be related to electric quantum oscillations. Research on BiSb alloys indicates a positive phenomenological correlation between nonlocality and nonlinearity, suggesting a correlation between the chiral zero mode and nonlocality. As a result, understanding this phenomenon is beneficial for the research of Weyl metals, as well as for the future study of topological matter

    Huge Anterior Skull Base Defect Reconstruction on Communicating Between Cranium and Nasal Cavity: Combination Flap of Galeal Flap and Reverse Temporalis Flap

    No full text
    INTRODUCTION: Traditionally, galeal flap or cranialization was often used to reconstruct the skull base defect caused by trauma or tumor removal. However, in the case of huge skull base defect, galeal flap is not enough to block the communication between nasal cavity and intracranial space. In this study, authors suggest combination flap of galea and reverse temporalis muscle as a method for reconstruction of huge skull base defect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2016 to 2019, retrospective review was conducted, assessing 7 patients with bone defect which is not just opening of frontal sinus but extends to frontal sinus and cribriform plate. Reconstructions were done by combination of galeal flap and reverse temporalis muscle flap transposition. RESULTS: Defects were caused by nasal cavity tumor with intracranial extension or brain tumor with nasal cavity extension. There was no major complication in every case. During the follow up period, no patient had signs of complication such as ascending infection, herniation and CSF rhinorrhea. Postoperative radiologic images of all patients that were taken at least 6 months after the surgery showed that flaps maintained the lining and the volume well. DISCUSSION: Conventional reconstruction of skull base defect with galeal flap is not effective enough to cover the large sized defect. In conclusion, galeal flap in combination with reverse temporalis muscle flap can effectively block the communication of nasal cavity and intracranium.restrictio
    corecore