(A) Problematic Analysis on Musical Parody : an exemplary case of a Korean popular song

Music in the twenty first century has become tightly integrated into the industry; as a result, the intellectual property rights on musical works emerged to be an issue more controversial than ever before. The subject of parody and plagiarism remains a territory unexplored from either legal or musical prospective. This paper studies a few exemplary cases of musical parody on a musical point of view, and channel the result to evaluate the legitimacy of the parody under current copyright law. The discussion begins with an overview of the current copyright law with regards to musical parody, followed by a musical analysis on the "Seo Taji" case-the first legal conflict of such type in Korea-in comparison to similar cases of the United States. In the musical analysis of Seo Taji case, variety of musical principles-lyrics, structure, melody, harmony, rhythm, orchestration, to name a few-are applied as reference. Although up to 64 percent of the lyrics are borrowed from the original and the melody is still identifiable as that of the original, it is concluded that the legitimacy of the parody work is fairly equitable, for a reasonable amount of creativity and uniqueness differentiate the work from the original: the renewed lyrics and eccentric pitches qualify the parody as an attempt to invoke laughter by satirizing the original work; and the orchestration is done in an effective way that emphasizes the pitch-blindness of the singer himself. Also, a comparative approach is taken with respect to similar cases in the United States to provide the conclusion with legal solidity. The study of musical parody remains yet an unexplored area. Most of all, research based on expertise is crucial. In particular, a characteristic approach covering a variety of musical expertise would provide a better framework. Moreover, a collaborative research between both the musical and legal institutions cannot be overemphasized in the establishment of a comprehensive yardstick.;21세기에는 음악문화와 산업이 더욱 밀접하게 연결되고, 이에 따라 음악저작권을 어느 정도까지 보호하여야 할 것인지가 중요한 문제로 등장하였다. 이 문제는 창작자와 음악산업 양쪽에 큰 영향을 미칠 것으로 전망된다. 음악패러디는 그 해석에 있어 저작권법과 음악분야 사이에 새로운 문제를 던지고 있다. 본 논문은 음악패러디의 실례를 음악분석적 시각에서 살피고, 그 결과가 저작권법 상 패러디의 목적에 부합하는지에 중점을 맞추어 고찰하였다. 먼저 음악패러디에 대한 저작권법의 보호범위를 살펴본 후, 우리나라 최초의 음악패러디 관련 법적 분쟁인 서태지 판결을 음악분석하고 미국의 판례들과 비교하였다. 음악분석에 있어서는 가사, 악곡구성, 선율, 화음, 리듬, 악기편성의 변화로 인한 음색 등을 기준으로 하였다. 분석 결과 개사곡은 전체의 64% 가량에 원곡의 가사가 사용되었고 원곡의 특징적인 도입부와 주제를 베껴 사용함으로써, 전체적인 분위기는 원곡을 상기할 수 있는 유사성을 가진다. 그러나 단순히 도입부와 주제를 복제, 반복하는 것 뿐 아니라 주제의 가사 사이에 새로운 가사를 삽입하고 불협화적인 리코더 소리와 탬버린 등 다른 악기들을 입힘으로써 원곡과는 다른 특징적 음악을 만들어 내었다. 또한 악기편성 변화로 인한 음색의 차이는 원곡을 희화화하여 웃음을 유발하려는 시도로서 의미 있다고 판단된다. 개사곡에서는 패러디로서의 변형성을 인정받을 수 있는 여지가 발견되었다. 서태지 판결의 분석을 통하여 음악패러디에 대한 음악분석과 법률상의 적용이 늘 일치하지는 않으며, 음악패러디의 판단에 있어 법학과 음악분야의 공유범위가 넓지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 이는 음악패러디의 판단에 있어 음악적 관점을 적극적으로 수용하는 시도에 대한 필요성을 드러내며, 보다 전문화된 시각에서 음악패러디의 판단이 이루어지기 위해서는 판단과정의 특성화, 세분화 작업이 필요하다고 생각된다. 나아가 표현의 자유와 법 적용의 조화를 위해서는 법원과 음악전문가 사이의 커뮤니케이션을 위한 노력과 더불어, 음악분야와 법학의 학문적 공동연구를 통해 음악패러디의 포괄적인 판단기준을 확립해 나가는 방안을 병행하는 것이 바람직하다.목차 = ⅲ 논문개요 = ⅷ Ⅰ. 서론 = 1 Ⅱ. 음악패러디와 저작권법 = 3 A. 패러디의 판단기준 = 3 1. 패러디의 의의 = 3 2. 표절과 구분되는 패러디의 특성 = 4 B. 음악패러디에 대한 저작권법의 보호범위 = 5 1. 가사의 보호범위 = 6 2. 악곡의 보호범위 = 7 Ⅲ. 서태지 판결의 분석 = 10 A.「컴백홈」과「컴배콤」의 음악분석 = 11 1. 가사 = 11 2. 악곡구성 = 17 3. 선율과 화음 = 28 4. 리듬 = 29 5. 음색 = 32 B. 서태지 판결과 미국 판례의 비교분석 = 35 1. 원작에 대한 비평, 풍자 = 37 2. 이용된 분량과 실질적 가치 (substantiality) = 38 3. 원작의 이용 목적과 성격 = 40 4. 원작의 시장수요 또는 가치에 미치는 영향 = 40 C. 분석결과 = 41 Ⅳ. 결론 = 43 참고문헌 = 45 Abstract = 5

Comparison of patency and viability in fresh and cryopreserved arterial and venous allograft conduits

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :의학과 흉부외과학전공,1999.Docto

정규 교육이 노인의 추론 능력에 미치는 영향: 전두두정 네트워크를 중심으로

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 협동과정뇌과학전공, 2014. 2. 최진영.In general, aging has a deleterious effect on cognitive functions such as executive functions and memory. Reasoning ability, one of the executive functions, being supported by problem solving by finding logical relations among given problems in novel situations, has been considered as a key element of adaptable behavior. In accordance with previous research, this ability, which has been known to be central to age-related differences in a wide range of cognitive abilities, is mainly susceptible to aging. There are, however, substantial inter-individual differences in cognitive decline in older adults. In particular, according to the concept of cognitive reserve (CR), years of education plays a protective role in age-related decline in cognitive functions and thus, more educated elders show less vulnerability to such disruptive changes. Based on recent numerous neuroimaging studies, the level of coherent activity within the frontoaprietal network especially at rest preferentially underlies such individual differences in reasoning ability. Unfortunately, there is little evidence of education effect on such temporally coherent activity at rest. However, given that more years of schooling were associated with higher temporal coherence in intrinsic activity as suggested by a recent study, it is expected that variations in the intra-network connectivity strength, possibly induced by formal education, may contribute to individual variability in cognitive decline with advancing age. In this sense, it is strongly hypothesized that formal education may be protective against a decline in reasoning ability with age, depending on the level of coherent activity within the frontoparietal network specifically at rest. In this study, the neural mechanism underlying the protective effect of education on age-related decline in reasoning ability was examined using independent component analysis (ICA) and power spectra analysis. As expected, the results showed that the effects of education on reasoning ability was mediated by the power spectra especially in the frontoparietal network. That is, the protective effect of education from the disruptive aging depends on higher level of coherent activity within the frontoparietal network at rest, showing relatively higher reasoning ability in more educated older adults. These results suggest that intra-network connectivity strength at rest could be one of the neural basis underlying education-related cognitive reserve (CR) in healthy elders, providing important clues to healthy brain aging.TABLES OF CONTENTS Abstract ⅰ Tables of Contents ⅲ List of Figures ⅴ List of Tables ⅵ INTRODUCTION 1 1. Decline in Reasoning Ability with Advancing Age 2 1.1 Centrality of Reasoning to cognitive functions in aging 2 1.2 Age-related Decline in Reasoning Ability 3 2. The Neural Basis of Age-related Decline in Reasoning 4 2.1 Resting State Networks as a Promising Neural Mechanism 5 2.2 The Degeneration of Resting State Functional Connectivity in Old Age 8 3. Individual Differences in Aging Effect―Cognitive Reserve 9 3.1 Education Effect On Age-related Decline in Reasoning 10 3.2 Education Effect On Resting State Functional Connectivity 11 4. Objectives and Hypotheses 13 METHODS AND MATERIALS 15 1. Subjects 15 2. Neuropsychological Tests 17 3. Data Acquisition 19 4. Data Analysis 20 4.1 Preprocessing 20 4.2 Group Independent Component Analysis 20 4.3 Feature Identification 22 4.4 Statistical Analysis 29 5. Mediation Analysis 35 RESULTS 39 1. Resting State Networks 39 2. Univariate Test Results 40 3. Mediation Effects of Power Spectra 42 DISCUSSION 45 1. Possible Neural Mechanism of Cognitive Reserve 46 2. Education Effect on the Frontoparietal Network in Old Age 48 3. The Frontoparietal Network Accounts for Individual Variability in Reasoning 51 4. Education Effect on Reasoning Ability in Older Adults 55 5. Growing Potential of Resting State Networks 56 6. Future Considerations 57 REFERENCES 59 SUPPLEMENTARY SECTION 81 국문 초록 83Maste