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    The effects of social studies classroom thoughtfulness on critical thinking dispositions

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ‚¬λ²”λŒ€ν•™ μ‚¬νšŒκ΅μœ‘κ³Ό(μΌλ°˜μ‚¬νšŒμ „κ³΅), 2020. 8. λͺ¨κ²½ν™˜.ν•™μŠ΅μžμ˜ 개인적, μ‹œλ―Όμ  삢을 κ°œμ„ ν•˜λŠ” 것은 ꡐ윑의 μ€‘μš”ν•œ λͺ©μ μ΄λΌκ³  λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€. 그리고 μ‚¬νšŒκ³Όκ΅μœ‘μ—μ„œλŠ” λ―Όμ£Όν™”, 세계화, 정보화가 이루어진 μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ μ˜ μ‚¬νšŒλ₯Ό μ‚΄μ•„κ°€λŠ” λ―Όμ£Όμ‹œλ―Όλ“€μ˜ 삢을 κ°œμ„ ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λΉ„νŒμ  사고(critical thinking)λ₯Ό κΈΈλŸ¬μ£ΌλŠ” 것이 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€. κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌ μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό κ΅μœ‘κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œλŠ” λΉ„νŒμ  사고λ₯Ό ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•œ κ΅μœ‘λ‚΄μš©κ³Ό ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ΄ 극히 λ―Έν‘ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” λΉ„νŒμ„ λ°›μ•„μ™”μœΌλ©°, λ”°λΌμ„œ ν–₯ν›„ κ΅μœ‘κ³Όμ •κ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ—λŠ” λΉ„νŒμ  사고 ꡐ윑이 λ”μš± 강화될 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. λΉ„νŒμ  사고λ₯Ό κΈΈλŸ¬μ£ΌλŠ” κ΅μœ‘κ³Όμ •κ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ„ κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜κ³  κ³„νšν• ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” λΉ„νŒμ  사고, 그리고 사고λ₯Ό μ΄‰μ§„ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ°œλ…μ  이해가 μ„ ν–‰λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. 이에 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ‹œλ―Όμ  μ—­λŸ‰μ˜ 핡심적 ν•˜μœ„ μš”μ†ŒμΈ λΉ„νŒμ  사고λ₯Ό ν•¨μ–‘ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μˆ˜μ—…μ€ μ–΄λ–€ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ„ 포함해야 ν•˜λŠ”κ°€?λΌλŠ” λ¬Έμ œμ˜μ‹μ„ 가지고 μΆœλ°œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ§Žμ€ μ—°κ΅¬μžλ“€μ΄ 사고λ ₯ 함양에 λŒ€ν•΄ 연ꡬ해왔고, κ·Έ 쀑 Fred M. Newmann이 κ°œλ°œν•œ μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„(classroom thoughtfulness) μ§€ν‘œκ°€ 사고λ ₯을 ν–₯μƒμ‹œν‚€λŠ” μˆ˜μ—…μ˜ νŠΉμ§•μ„ 잘 λ‹΄μ•„λ‚΄κ³  μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ Newmann의 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„κ°€ ν•™μƒμ˜ 고차사고 μˆ˜ν–‰ λŠ₯λ ₯에 μœ μ˜λ―Έν•œ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉœλ‹€λŠ” 점을 μž…μ¦ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜μ—¬ 아쉬움이 λ‚¨λŠ”λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” Newmann의 선행연ꡬ 및 λ‹€λ₯Έ 이둠과 연ꡬλ₯Ό κ²€ν† ν•œ λ’€ μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„κ°€ 고차사고 κ΄€λ ¨ 지식, κΈ°λŠ₯λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” μ‚¬κ³ μ˜ μ„±ν–₯(dispositions)에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ  κ²ƒμž„μ„ μ˜ˆμƒν•˜μ—¬ 이λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜λŠ” 연ꡬλ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ꡬ체적으둜 μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„κ°€ μ‚¬νšŒκ³Όμ˜ 핡심적 μ—­λŸ‰ μš”μ†ŒμΈ λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 ν™•μΈν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이와 같은 연ꡬ λͺ©μ μ„ λ‹¬μ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 연ꡬ 가섀을 μ„€μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. β–Ά μ£Όκ°€μ„€: μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„λŠ” μ€‘ν•™μƒμ˜ λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ  것이닀. βˆ™ν•˜μœ„κ°€μ„€1~8: μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„λŠ” μ€‘ν•™μƒμ˜ λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯ ν•˜μœ„ μš”μΈ(지적톡합, μ°½μ˜μ„±, 도전성, κ°œλ°©μ„±, 신쀑성, 객관성, 진싀좔ꡬ, 탐ꡬ성)에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ  것이닀. κ°€μ„€ 검증을 μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ μ„œμšΈνŠΉλ³„μ‹œκ΅μœ‘μ²­ μ†Œμ† Aμ€‘ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ 1ν•™λ…„ λ•Œ μ‚¬νšŒ1 κ³Όλͺ©μ„ μ΄μˆ˜ν•œ 학생듀을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 자료λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ§‘ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μ€‘νšŒκ·€λΆ„μ„μ„ μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 독립변인은 학생이 μˆ˜μ—…μ— λŒ€ν•΄ ν‰κ°€ν•œ μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„(CHOT λ˜λŠ” CT total) 점수둜 μΈ‘μ •ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, μΈ‘μ •λ„κ΅¬λŠ” Newmann이 μ œμ‹œν•œ μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„ 초기 κΈ°μ€€(1991a)을 ν•™μƒμš© μ„€λ¬ΈμœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 쒅속변인은 λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯으둜 ν•˜κ³  ꢌ인수 μ™Έ(2006)κ°€ κ°œλ°œν•œ λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯ 츑정도ꡬλ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ μΈ‘μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ—°κ΅¬μžλŠ” μ‚¬νšŒ1 κ³Όλͺ© μˆ˜μ—…λ“€μ΄ λͺ¨λ‘ λλ‚œ ν›„ κ³Όλͺ©μ„ μ΄μˆ˜ν•œ 학생듀을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 학생이 μΈμ‹ν•œ μ‚¬νšŒ1 μˆ˜μ—…μ˜ νŠΉμ§•(μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„), ν•™μƒμ˜ λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΅œμ’…μ μœΌλ‘œ 238λΆ€μ˜ 응닡을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 자료λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•œ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. 첫째, λ‹€μ€‘νšŒκ·€λΆ„μ„ κ²°κ³Ό μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„κ°€ ν•™μƒμ˜ λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯ μ μˆ˜μ™€ μœ μ˜μˆ˜μ€€ p<.001μ—μ„œ μœ μ˜ν•œ 관계가 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 즉, 사고λ₯Ό μ΄‰μ§„ν•˜λŠ” ꡐ싀 μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ˜ νŠΉμ§•μ„ κ²½ν—˜ν•œ ν•™μƒμ—κ²Œμ„œ λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯ μ μˆ˜κ°€ λ†’κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚˜λŠ” κ²½ν–₯성이 ν™•μΈλœ 것이닀. μ΄λŠ” μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„κ°€ λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯ λ°œλ‹¬μ— 긍정적인 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ  수 μžˆμŒμ„ 보여쀀닀. λ‘˜μ§Έ, 학급듀을 μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„ 전체 평균 점수λ₯Ό κΈ°μ€€μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬ μƒμœ„ 집단과 ν•˜μœ„ μ§‘λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜κ³  λ‹€μ€‘νšŒκ·€λΆ„μ„μ„ μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό μƒμœ„ μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯ μ μˆ˜λŠ” ν•˜μœ„ μ§‘λ‹¨μ˜ μ μˆ˜μ— λΉ„ν•΄ μœ μ˜μˆ˜μ€€ p<.001μ—μ„œ μœ μ˜λ―Έν•˜κ²Œ λ†’κ²Œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό 톡해 μˆ˜μ—… μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©μ˜ νŠΉμ§•μ— λ”°λΌμ„œ λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯의 λ°œλ‹¬ 정도가 달라짐을 확인할 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯의 ν•˜μœ„ μš”μΈ 8가지에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬, μœ μ˜μˆ˜μ€€ p<.001(지적톡합, μ°½μ˜μ„±, κ°œλ°©μ„±, 객관성, 진싀좔ꡬ, 탐ꡬ성) 및 p<.01(도전성, 신쀑성)μ—μ„œ μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„μ™€ ν•˜μœ„ μš”μΈ 점수 사이에 μœ μ˜λ―Έν•œ 관계가 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. μ΄λŠ” 사고λ₯Ό μ΄‰μ§„ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜μ—…μ˜ 문화적 νŠΉμ§•μ΄ ν•™μƒμ˜ λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯ μ „λ°˜μ— κ±Έμ³μ„œ 긍정적인 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ  수 μžˆμŒμ„ λœ»ν•œλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 연ꡬ 결과에 따라 λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 이둠적, μ‹€μ²œμ  μ œμ–Έμ„ ν•œλ‹€. λ¨Όμ € 이둠적 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œλŠ” λͺ‡ 가지 후속 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€(μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„κ°€ λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯ 외에 κ³ μ°¨μ‚¬κ³ μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ— μ–΄λ–€ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ, μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„ 각각의 차원듀이 λΉ„νŒμ  사고에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯에 λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ, μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„λ₯Ό μ €ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” μš”μΈλ“€μ— κ΄€ν•œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μž¬κ²€ν† ν•˜λŠ” 연ꡬ, μˆ˜μ—… 풍토와 μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„μ˜ 관계에 λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ). λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹€μ²œμ  μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‚¬κ³ μ˜ μ„±ν–₯을 κ°œμ„ ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜μ—…μ„ μœ„ν•΄μ„œ μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„μ— ν¬ν•¨λœ μˆ˜μ—…μ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬ 차원듀(ꡐ사가 μ‚¬κ³ μ˜ λͺ¨λ²”을 보일 것, 도전적인 과제λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜κ³  μ œμ‹œν•  것, μˆ˜μ—…μ—μ„œ 학생듀은 μƒκ°μ˜ 이유λ₯Ό μ œμ‹œν•  것 λ“±)을 μ—­λŸ‰κΈ°λ°˜ κ΅μœ‘κ³Όμ •(competency-based curriculum) ꡬ성 및 μˆ˜μ—… 섀계에 적극적으둜 κ³ λ €ν•  것을 μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€. 특히 μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„λ₯Ό ν¬ν•¨ν•œ μ—­λŸ‰κΈ°λ°˜ μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό κ΅μœ‘κ³Όμ •μ€ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 νŠΉμ§•μ„ 보일 것이닀: ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ μ „κ°œλ  μˆ˜μ—…μ—μ„œ λͺ‡ 개의 주제λ₯Ό μ§€μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ κ³ μ°°ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ λ‚΄μš© μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό μΆ•μ†Œν•œλ‹€; μˆ˜μ—…μ΄ μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ 일관성과 연속성을 보일 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ λ‚΄μš© μš”μ†Œ κ°„ 연계성을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ—¬ ν•™μŠ΅ λ‚΄μš©μ„ νŽΈμ„±ν•œλ‹€; ν•™μƒλ“€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μ§ˆλ¬Έμ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  λŒ€λ‹΅μ„ μ€€λΉ„ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μΆ©λΆ„ν•œ μ‹œκ°„μ„ μ œκ³΅ν•˜κ³ , κ΅μ‚¬μ—κ²ŒλŠ” μˆ˜μ—… μŠ€μΌ€μ€„ 운영의 μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ μžμœ¨μ„±μ„ λΆ€μ—¬ν•œλ‹€; ꡐ사가 도전적인 μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ„ λ˜μ§€κ³  도전적인 κ³Όμ œλ“€μ„ ꡬ성할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ κ΅μœ‘κ³Όμ • μž¬κ΅¬μ„± 및 μ‹€ν–‰, 평가에 κ΄€ν•˜μ—¬ κ΅μ‚¬μ—κ²Œ μž¬λŸ‰κΆŒμ„ λΆ€μ—¬ν•œλ‹€; κ΅μ‹€μ—μ„œ ꡐ사가 μ‚¬λ €μ˜ λͺ¨λΈμ΄ 될 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ κ΄€λ ¨ 지침을 μ œμ‹œν•˜κ³  κ΅μ‚¬μ—κ²Œ 도움을 μ œκ³΅ν•œλ‹€; 학생듀이 μžμ‹ μ˜ 결둠에 λŒ€ν•œ μ„€λͺ…μ΄λ‚˜ μ΄μœ λ“€μ„ μ œκ³΅ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” 도전적인 과제λ₯Ό ꡬ체적으둜 μ˜ˆμ‹œν•œλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„κ°€ λΉ„νŒμ  사고 κ΅μœ‘μ— λŒ€ν•΄ κ°–λŠ” κ°€μΉ˜λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 기초λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ²°κ΅­ μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„κ°€ κ°œλ³„ ν•™μƒμ˜ 사고λ₯Ό μ„±μž₯μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμŒμ„ μž…μ¦ν•΄μ•Ό κ΄€λ ¨ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•  κ°€μΉ˜κ°€ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 결과에 λ”ν•˜μ—¬ μ•žμœΌλ‘œ μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„μ— λŒ€ν•œ 좔가적인 연ꡬ가 이루어진닀면 μ—­λŸ‰κΈ°λ°˜ κ΅μœ‘κ³Όμ •, μ—­λŸ‰μ„ ν‚€μ›Œμ£ΌλŠ” μˆ˜μ—…μ— 의미 μžˆλŠ” μ œμ•ˆλ“€μ„ λ„μΆœν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°λœλ‹€.This study began with the question of 'what factors should be included in lessons to foster critical thinking, a key sub-factor of civic competencies?' Among the studies on the promotion of higher-order thinking, Fred M. Newmann developed the concept of 'classroom thoughtfulness,' a cultural feature of thoughtful social studies lesson, and conducted a study on whether they affected the development of higher-order thinking. Then he concluded that generic qualities of classroom thoughtfulness were not associated with the persuasiveness of student writing on a constitutional issue which required the in-depth knowledge and skills. Based on the related theories and studies, this study expects that the social studies classroom thoughtfulness is more likely to affect the dispositions of thinking, not the in-depth knowledge or skills. According to an analysis of the responses of 238 students who took the middle school social studies lessons during 2019, this study found the tendency that the higher the CHOT score, the higher the student's critical thinking dispositions score. According to the results of the study, this study suggests that the various dimensions of the classroom thoughtfulness(such as 'teachers are models of thoughtfulness, teachers ask challenging questions and/or structure challenging tasks, students present reasons for thinking in the class') should be actively considered in competency-based curriculum and instruction design for lessons that improve the dispositions of thinking.β… . μ„œλ‘  1 1. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ  및 ν•„μš”μ„± 1 2. 연ꡬ 문제 7 3. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 의의 및 ν•œκ³„ 8 β…‘. 이둠적 λ°°κ²½ 10 1. λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯ 10 1) λΉ„νŒμ  μ‚¬κ³ μ˜ κ°œλ… 10 2) λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯의 μ˜λ―Έμ™€ ꡬ성 μš”μ†Œ 15 2. μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„ 22 1) μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„μ˜ κ°œλ… 22 2) μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” 차원 24 3) μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„μ˜ μΈ‘μ •: κ΄€μ°°μžμ˜ κ΄€μ°° vs μ‘λ‹΅μžμ˜ 보고 30 3. λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯κ³Ό μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„ 32 1) Lewin의 μž₯이둠 33 2) μˆ˜μ—… 풍토 35 3) Bandura의 μ‚¬νšŒν•™μŠ΅μ΄λ‘  36 4) μ‚¬νšŒ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ ν†΅ν•œ λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯의 κ³„λ°œ κ°€λŠ₯μ„± 37 4. 선행연ꡬ κ²€ν†  43 1) μ‚¬νšŒκ³Ό μˆ˜μ—…μ‚¬λ €λ„κ°€ λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯ 43 2) λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” μš”μΈλ“€ 47 3) μ†Œκ²° 51 β…’. 연ꡬ 섀계 52 1. 연ꡬ κ°€μ„€ 52 2. 연ꡬ λŒ€μƒ 53 3. 연ꡬ 변인 및 검사 도ꡬ 54 1) 쒅속변인 및 검사 도ꡬ 54 2) 독립변인 및 검사 도ꡬ 56 3) ν†΅μ œλ³€μΈ 60 4. 연ꡬ 절차 60 5. 뢄석 방법 61 β…£. κ²°κ³Ό 뢄석 및 λ…Όμ˜ 63 1. 기술 톡계 63 1) 변인별 톡계 63 2) 학급별 톡계 64 2. κ²°κ³Ό 뢄석 65 1) μƒκ΄€κ³„μˆ˜λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ 닀쀑 곡선성 진단 65 2) λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯ 뢄석 66 3) λΉ„νŒμ  사고 μ„±ν–₯의 ν•˜μœ„ μš”μΈλ³„ 영ν–₯ 뢄석 70 4) μ†Œκ²° 80 3. λ…Όμ˜ 82 β…€. κ²°λ‘  및 μ œμ–Έ 84 1. μš”μ•½ 및 κ²°λ‘  84 2. μ œμ–Έ 85 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 89 섀문지 96 Abstract 103Maste

    Comparison of Sufentanil- and Fentanyl-based Intravenous Patient-controlled Analgesia on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting after Laparoscopic Nephrectomy: A Prospective, Double-blind, Randomized-controlled Trial

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    Background: The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) remains high. The effects of sufentanil for PONV is not firmly confirmed. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of sufentanil- and fentanyl-based intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) on the incidence of PONV after laparoscopic nephrectomy. Methods: Eighty-six patients were randomly allocated to receive either the sufentanil (n =43) or fentanyl (n =43). IV-PCA was prepared using either sufentanil 3 Β΅g/kg or fentanyl 20 Β΅g/kg, ramosetron 0.3 mg, and ketorolac 120 mg. The primary outcome of was the incidence of PONV during 24 h after post anesthesia care unit (PACU) discharge. The secondary outcomes were the modified Rhodes index and patient satisfaction scores at 24 h after PACU discharge, need for rescue antiemetics, pain score, need for additional analgesics, and cumulative consumption of IV-PCA Results: The incidence of PONV was comparable between the sufentanil and fentanyl groups (64.3% vs. 65%, p = 0.946; respectively). The number of patients who required antiemetics (p = 0.946) and the modified Rhodes index at 24 h after post-anesthesia care unit discharge (p = 0.668) were also comparable in both groups. No significant differences were found in the secondary outcomes, including the analgesic profiles and adverse events between the groups. Conclusions: In conclusion, sufentanil- and fentanyl-based IV-PCA showed similar incidence of PONV with comparable analgesic effects after laparoscopic nephrectomy. Based on these results, we suggest that sufentanil and fentanyl may provide comparable effects for IV-PCA after laparoscopic nephrectomy.ope

    Comparisons of Pressure-controlled Ventilation with Volume Guarantee and Volume-controlled 1:1 Equal Ratio Ventilation on Oxygenation and Respiratory Mechanics during Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy: a Randomized-controlled Trial

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    Background: During robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP), steep Trendelenburg position and carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum are inevitable for surgical exposure, both of which can impair cardiopulmonary function. This study was aimed to compare the effects of pressure-controlled ventilation with volume guarantee (PCV with VG) and 1:1 equal ratio ventilation (ERV) on oxygenation, respiratory mechanics and hemodynamics during RALP. Methods: Eighty patients scheduled for RALP were randomly allocated to either the PCV with VG or ERV group. After anesthesia induction, volume-controlled ventilation (VCV) was applied with an inspiratory to expiratory (I/E) ratio of 1:2. Immediately after pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg positioning, VCV with I/E ratio of 1:1 (ERV group) or PCV with VG using Autoflow mode (PCV with VG group) was initiated. At the end of Trendelenburg position, VCV with I/E ratio of 1:2 was resumed. Analysis of arterial blood gases, respiratory mechanics, and hemodynamics were compared between groups at four times: 10 min after anesthesia induction (T1), 30 and 60 min after pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg positioning (T2 and T3), and 10 min after desufflation and resuming the supine position (T4). Results: There were no significant differences in arterial blood gas analyses including arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) between groups throughout the study period. Mean airway pressure (Pmean) were significantly higher in the ERV group than in the PCV with VG group T2 (p<0.001) and T3 (p=0.002). Peak airway pressure and hemodynamic data were comparable in both groups. Conclusion: PCV with VG was an acceptable alternative to ERV during RALP producing similar PaO2 values. The lower Pmean with PCV with VG suggests that it may be preferable in patients with reduced cardiovascular function.ope

    Circuit Model for EEFL and Method of Improving Luminance Uniformity

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    Maste

    A Study on Pitch and Interval in Gyemyeondoogeo in Jajinhanip Across Generations - A comparison between Taeseop Kim, Jaegook Jeong and Young Lee

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μŒμ•…κ³Ό, 2015. 2. μž„μž¬μ›.λ³Έ κ³ μ—μ„œλŠ” 이왕직 아악뢀와 ꡭ악사 μ–‘μ„±μ†Œ, 그리고 κ΅­λ¦½κ΅­μ•…κ³ λ“±ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ κ΅μœ‘μ„ λ°›κ³  각각 20μ—¬λ…„μ˜ λ‚˜μ΄ 차이λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ” κΉ€νƒœμ„­, μ •μž¬κ΅­, 이영의 μžμ§„ν•œμžŽ δΈ­ 계면두거 μ—°μ£Ό μŒμ›μ„ μŒμ„± 뢄석 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨ Praatλ₯Ό 톡해 주파수λ₯Ό κ²€μΆœν•˜κ³  이λ₯Ό Excel의 ν•¨μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•΄ ν‰κ· μœ¨λ‘œ λ³€ν™˜ν•œ ν›„ 톡계 μ²˜λ¦¬ν•˜μ—¬ μ„ΈλŒ€λ³„ μ—°μ£Ό 음고의 차이 및 μŒμ • κ΄€κ³„μ˜ λ³€ν™” 양상을 μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 결둠을 얻을 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 첫째, ι»ƒμ˜ μŒκ³ λŠ” 일반적으둜 ν‰κ· μœ¨μ˜ Eβ™­4와 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μΈμ‹λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°, 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό 각각 κΉ€νƒœμ„­μ˜ 黃은 E4, μ •μž¬κ΅­μ˜ 黃은 F4, 이영의 黃은 E4에 κ°€κΉŒμš΄ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬μœΌλ©°, λ‹€λ₯Έ μΆœν˜„μŒ μ—­μ‹œ ν˜„μž¬ μΈμ‹λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” ν•œκ΅­μ˜ μ „ν†΅μŒμ•… μŒκ³ μ™€λŠ” λ§Žμ€ 차이가 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 또 κΉ€νƒœμ„­, μ •μž¬κ΅­, 이영 λͺ¨λ‘ ν‰κ· μœ¨μ˜ 음고 및 μŒμ •κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ 고유의 음 체계λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, ν›„λŒ€μ˜ μ—°μ£Όμžλ‘œ 갈수둝 林, η„‘μ˜ μŒκ³ κ°€ λ†’μ•„μ‘ŒλŠ”λ° 林은 70μ„ΌνŠΈ, η„‘λŠ” 100μ„ΌνŠΈ μƒμŠΉν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ η„‘-潒의 간격은 ν›„λŒ€μ˜ μ—°μ£Όμžλ‘œ 갈수둝 250μ„ΌνŠΈμ—μ„œ 190μ„ΌνŠΈκΉŒμ§€ μ’μ•„μ‘Œλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, μžμ§„ν•œμžŽ δΈ­ κ³„λ©΄λ‘κ±°μ—μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μŒμ • 관계인 黃-δ»²-林, δ»²-η„‘-潒의 μŒμ • 간격을 보면, 黃-δ»²-林의 μŒμ • κ°„κ²©μ—μ„œλŠ” μ„Έ μ—°μ£Όμž λͺ¨λ‘ 黃-仲의 간격이 ν‰κ· μœ¨μ˜ μ™„μ „4도 간격보닀 넓은 것에 λΉ„ν•΄ δ»²-林의 간격이 ν‰κ· μœ¨μ˜ μž₯2도 간격보닀 쒁은 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. δ»²-η„‘-潒의 μŒμ • κ°„κ²©μ—μ„œλŠ” ν›„λŒ€μ˜ μ—°μ£Όμžλ‘œ 갈수둝 δ»²-η„‘μ˜ 간격이 넓어지며 ν‰κ· μœ¨μ˜ μ™„μ „4도 간격에 κ°€κΉŒμ›Œμ§€λ‚˜, η„‘-潒의 간격이 점차 쒁아져 δ»²-ζ½’κΉŒμ§€μ˜ 간격에 큰 λ³€ν™”κ°€ μ—†λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€.I. μ„œλ‘  1 1. 문제 제기 및 연ꡬ λͺ©μ  1 2. 연ꡬ λ²”μœ„ 및 연ꡬ 방법 4 1) 연ꡬ λ²”μœ„ 4 2) 연ꡬ 방법 7 II. λ³Έλ‘  11 1. μžμ§„ν•œμžŽ δΈ­ κ³„λ©΄λ‘κ±°μ˜ μ„ΈλŒ€λ³„ μ—°μ£Ό 음고 뢄석 11 1) γ‘– 음고 뢄석 12 2) γ‘£ 음고 뢄석 17 3) γ’‡ 음고 뢄석 22 4) 黃 음고 뢄석 26 5) ε€ͺ 음고 뢄석 32 6) δ»² 음고 뢄석 38 7) 林 음고 뢄석 44 8) η„‘ 음고 뢄석 49 9) ζ½’ 음고 뢄석 54 2. μžμ§„ν•œμžŽ δΈ­ κ³„λ©΄λ‘κ±°μ˜ μ„ΈλŒ€λ³„ μ—°μ£Ό μŒμ • 뢄석 59 1) κΉ€νƒœμ„­μ˜ μŒμ • 뢄석 59 2) μ •μž¬κ΅­μ˜ μŒμ • 뢄석 64 3) 이영의 μŒμ • 뢄석 70 4) κΉ€νƒœμ„­, μ •μž¬κ΅­, 이영의 μŒμ • 비ꡐ 76 III. κ²°λ‘  78 참고자료 83 Abstract 85 λΆ€ 둝 87Maste

    Drive Circuits for Backlight Unit of Liquid Crystal Displays

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    DoctorThis thesis presents the drive circuits for backlight unit (BLU) of liquid crystal displays (LCDs). It consists of two subjectsa drive circuit including an inverter and an equivalent circuit model of cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) for simulating a CCFL BLU, described in section III, and a direct-linked single-ended primary inductance converter for driving a light emitting diode (LED) BLU, described in section IV.The proposed drive circuit of CCFL BLU consists of an inverter as a driving circuit and an equivalent circuit model for CCFL as a load of the inverter. It can be used to simulate the behaviors of CCFL BLU for various input waveforms using the standard circuit simulators, thus make the design process of an inverter simpler and easier. The equivalent circuit model for CCFL consists of nonlinear resistors and parasitic circuit elements. The nonlinear resistors were modeled after the measured DC current-voltage (I?V) characteristics of CCFLs. The coupling effects between CCFLs and between CCFL and the BLU frame were represented using the parasitic capacitances and inductances. For both pulsed and sinusoidal inputs, the voltage error between electrical simulation and measurement was less than 1.3% and the current error was less than 5.8%, which demonstrates that the proposed drive circuit model can be used to simulate the electrical behavior of CCFLs in LCD BLU accurately. The direct-linked single-ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) was proposed as a highly efficient step up and step down converter to drive LED. It consists of the original SEPIC components plus auxiliary diode and switch which form a new power delivery path between input and output. The Direct-linked SEPIC (DLSEPIC) can directly deliver much of the input power to the output with little losses, and reduce circulating current in circuit components. Therefore, the switching and conduction losses of switches and diodes, and winding resistive losses of inductors and equivalent series resistance losses of capacitors were reduced. The power delivery efficiency of the DLSEPIC (96.7%) is 5% greater than that of the original SEPIC (91.7%). This result confirms the validity of the proposed DLSEPIC as a highly efficient step up and step down converter to drive LED
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