미세먼지 농도와 심뇌혈관계 질환으로 인한 사망과의 관련성

BACKGROUND: To assess the association between ambient particulate matter and cardiovascular death in seven cities in the Republic of Korea during the period of 2002-2008. METHODS: A time-stratified case-crossover design was used to examine association between particulate matter and deaths from cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease; hypertensive disease 12,821, ischemic heart disease 39,577, cardiac arrhythmia 1,627, cerebrovascular disease 88,047. Mortality data was obtained from National Statistical Office, and hourly mean concentrations of particulate matter < or = 10 microm in aerodynamic diameter and meteorological data were obtained from the Ministry of Environment. The percent increase in the risk of death associated with an interquartile range increase in particulate matter was determined by conditional logistic regression analysis after adjusting for national holidays and meteorological factors. RESULTS: The largest association was a 0.8% increase (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1-1.6) in death risk related to an interquartile range increase in particulate matter < or = 10 microm (average of 0 to 2 days prior to the day of death). Classified as the cause of death, the association was a 1.2% increase (95% CI, 0.2-2.2) in death from cerebrovascular disease related to an interquartile range increase in particulate matter < or = 10 microm. But others were statistically not significant. After stratification of death cases by year of death, statistically significant associations were a 2.3% increase (95% CI, 0.1-4.4) in death risk from ischemic heart disease in 2002-2004 and 2.0% increase in death from cerebrovascular disease (95% CI, 0.3-3.8) in 2006-2008. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that ambient air pollution increases the risk of deaths from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in the Republic of Korea.ope

2014 KISTI 미래유망기술 10선 : 메타물질 응용

비매

C-reactive protein and carotid intima-media thickness in a population of middle-aged Koreans

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to evaluate the relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP) and carotid intima-media thickness (carotid IMT) in a population of middle-aged Koreans. METHODS: A total of 1,054 men and 1,595 women (aged 40-70 years) from Kanghwa County, Korea, were chosen for the present study between 2006 and 2007. We measured high-sensitivity CRP and other major cardiovascular risk factors including anthropometrics, blood pressure, blood chemistry, and carotid ultrasonography. Health related questionnaires were also completed by each study participant. Carotid IMT value was determined by the maximal IMT at each common carotid artery. The relationship between CRP level and carotid IMT was assessed using multiple linear and logistic regression models after adjustment for age, body mass index, menopause (women), systolic blood pressure, total/HDL cholesterol ratio, triglyceride level, fasting glucose, smoking, and alcohol consumption. RESULTS: Mean carotid IMT values from the lowest to highest quartile of CRP were 0.828, 0.873, 0.898, and 0.926 mm for women (p for trend<0.001), and 0.929, 0.938, 0.949, and 0.979 mm for men (p for trend=0.032), respectively. After adjustment for major cardiovascular risk factors, the relationship between CRP and carotid IMT was significant in women (p for trend=0.017), but not in men (p for trend=0.798). Similarly, adjusted odds ratio of increased IMT, defined as the sex-specific top quartile, for the highest versus lowest CRP quartiles was 1.55 (95% CI=1.06-2.26) in women, but only 1.05 (95% CI=0.69-1.62) in men. CONCLUSIONS: CRP and carotid IMT levels appear to be directly related in women, but not in men.ope

Mathematical Modeling of the Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus and Evaluation of the Epidemic Response Strategies in the Republic of Korea

Objectives: The pandemic of novel influenza A (H1N1) virus has required decision-makers to act in the face of the substantial uncertainties. In this study, we evaluated the potential impact of the pandemic response strategies in the Republic of Korea using a mathematical model. Methods: We developed a deterministic model of a pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in a structured population using the demographic data from the Korean population and the epidemiological feature of the pandemic (H1N1) 2009. To estimate the parameter values for the deterministic model, we used the available data from the previous studies on pandemic influenza. The pandemic response strategies of the Republic of Korea for novel influenza A (H1N1) virus such as school closure, mass vaccination (70% of population in 30 days), and a policy for anti-viral drug (treatment or prophylaxis) were applied to the deterministic model. Results: The effect of two-week school closure on the attack rate was low regardless of the timing of the intervention. The earlier vaccination showed the effect of greater delays in reaching the peak of outbreaks. When it was no vaccination, vaccination at initiation of outbreak, vaccination 90 days after the initiation of outbreak and vaccination at the epidemic peak point, the total number of clinical cases for 400 days were 20.8 million, 4.4 million, 4.7 million and 12.6 million, respectively. The pandemic response strategies of the Republic of Korea delayed the peak of outbreaks (about 40 days) and decreased the number of cumulative clinical cases (8 million). Conclusions: Rapid vaccination was the most important factor to control the spread of pandemic influenza, and the response strategies of the Republic of Korea were shown to delay the spread of pandemic influenza in this deterministic modelope

Indoor and Outdoor Air Quality and Its Relation to Allergic Diseases among Children: A Case Study at a Primary School in Korea

The purpose of this study is to investigate allergic diseases related to allergy caused by the exposure to indoor and outdoor sources of air pollution in primary schools. The symptoms questionnaire of allergic diseases based on the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) was completed by the participants. The past and present status of asthma, allergic rhinitis, eczema, and allergic conjunctivitis were investigated by providing a questionnaire to all the participating children. Questionnaires were sent to a total of 61,350 children from 438 primary schools. A total of 40,522 children responded to the questionnaire, which represents a 66.1% return rate. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), $\underline{A}$ldehydes, and Particulate Matter (PM10) were measured and analyzed from October to December of 2006, in 82 primary schools. The final study population comprised 35,168 children with complete data which excluded incomplete questionnaire responded by 5,354 children. Based on the survey, the level of indoor air contamination did not appear to be high, but 27.2% of the schools evaluated had exceeded the PM10 level specified by the school health guidelines ($100\;{\mu}g/m^3$). The overall mean concentration of formaldehyde was $22.07\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and 1.0% of schools (1 school) exceeded the $100\;{\mu}g/m^3$. Statistically significant relationships have been observed between indoor air quality and prevalence rate of allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis of primary schools in Korea.ope

Association between hypertension and pulmonary function in rural adults in Korea

OBJECTIVES: Whilst hypertension exerts a negative effect on several organs there have been few studies regarding its effect on pulmonary function. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between hypertension and pulmonary function in rural Korean adults. METHODS: In 2006, 2534 people were recruited, aged 40 to 70, in Kangwha County. We selected 1454 (male: 624, female: 830) participants whose pulmonary function results were repeatable. Blood pressure (BP) was measured twice and the average calculated. Participants were divided into two groups (hypertensive group and non-hypertensive group) in accordance with The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Pulmonary function was measured by dry rolling seal spirometry. Forced expiratory volume in the one second and forced vital capacity were converted into percent-predicted values based on average pulmonary function amongst Koreans. RESULTS: The number of hypertensive participants in the present study was 460 (male: 205, female: 255) and the number of non-hypertensive participants was 994 (male: 419, female: 575). Our findings have shown that the mean values for expiratory volume in the one second and forced vital capacity were significantly lower for hypertensive people than for non-hypertensive people, among women (P=0.002 for forced expiratory volume in the one second, P<0.001 for forced vital capacity volume). Odds ratio analysis revealed that hypertensive participants were more likely to have lower pulmonary function than non-hypertensive participants, again significantly among women. CONCLUSIONS: The pulmonary function of hypertensive women was significantly lower than that of non-hypertensive women aged 40-70ope

Association between body mass index and asthma symptoms among Korean children: a nation-wide study

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and the prevalence of wheeze using nation-wide cross-sectional study in Korean children. Total 50,200 children from 427 elementary schools were randomly selected according to residential areas (metropolitan, provincial, rural, and industrial areas) by the cluster sampling method. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaires were used to measure the prevalence of wheeze. Among 31,026 respondents, 25,322 were analyzed. BMI was classified into quartiles based on BMI-for-age percentile. In all residential areas, pets at home and visible mold or moisture were associated with an increased prevalence of wheeze in both genders. However, other living environment factors were not consistently associated among residential areas and gender. Among girls, lowest BMI was negatively associated with prevalence of wheeze and highest BMI was positively associated in all residential areas. In multilevel logistic regression analysis, environmental tobacco smoking exposure, pets at home, visible mold or moisture, and being in the lowest and highest BMI quartile were significantly associated with the prevalence of wheeze in both genders. BMI has become an important risk factor for asthma symptoms among Korean children.ope

입자성 Y₁Ba₂Cu₃O 7-y 고온 초전도체에서 교류 자화율의 열 이력 의존성에 대한 연구

고온 초전도체 YBa_(2)Cu_(3)O_(7-y) 소결체에서 교류 자화율의 열 이력(thermal history) 의존성이 초전도체의 비가역적인 물리적 특성과 어떤 연관을 가지고 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위하여, 일반적인 고상 반응법으로 제조한 입자 크기가 3-5 ㎛인 YBa_(2)Cu_(3)O_(7-y) 소결체와, Ar 분위기에서 제조한 입자 크기가 12-14 ㎛인 YBa_(2)Cu_(3)O_(7-y) 소결체의 교류 자화율을 교류, 직류 자기장, 온도를 달리하면서 영-장-냉각(zero-field-cooled) 경우 및 장-냉각(field-cooled) 경우에 대한 교류 자화율을 측정하였다. YBa_(2)Cu_(3)O_(7-y) 소결체에 대해 열 이력을 달리하면 일정 직류 자기장 영역에서 교류 자기장 값에 의존하는 교류 자화율의 비가역적 결과가 관측되었다. 또 일정 교류 자기장 값에서 직류 자기장 값에 의존하는 비가역적 결과를 얻었다. 그러나 약 결합(weak link) 부피가 감소된 시료 B의 경우 시료 A에 비해 비가역성이 시작되는 H^(*)_(DC) 값은 낮아지고 직류 자기장의 변화에 따른 δχ&amp;apos;(｜χ&amp;apos;_(ZFC)｜-｜χ&amp;apos;_(FC)｜)의 값 또한 감소되었다. 이러한 실험 결과를 통해 비가역성이 약 결합(=죠셉슨 접합(Josephson junction))에 의존한다는 사실을 얻었다. 이것은 약 결합이 거의 제거된 시료 A와 시료 B의 분말 시편의 열 이력에 따른 교류 자화율 결과를 통해 확인되었다. 실험 결과는 임계 상태 모형(critical state model) 및 초전도체의 글래시 행동(glassy behavior)으로서 설명하고자 하였다. ; A study on the relationship between the irreversible property and the dependence of AC susceptibility upon thermal history in the high temperature Y_(1)Ba_(2)Cu_(3)O_(7-y) superconductor bulk has been made. Two classes of superconductor bulk samples of different grain size were obtained by subjecting pellets prepared by conventional solid state reaction method into different gas atmospheres during the sintering process. The irreversibility of AC susceptibility dependence on the magnitude of applied AC, DC field(strengths) and temperature was then examined. A crossover of the irreversibility behavior occured with increasing AC field from 0.01 Oe to 10 Oe. An irreversibility dependence on applied DC field at a fixed AC field was observed. Irreversibility behavior was also found to decrease with decreasing weak Link volume in superconducting samples. A close relationship between the irrversibility and weak link volume can be assumed from the experimental results. Experimental data on superconducting powder confirms this assumption. In conclusion, the irreversibility of AC susceptibility upon thermal history is due to local flux distribution in the weak link volume. The experimental results can be explained us the critical state model and superconducting glass model.목차 = ⅰ 표목차 = ⅱ 그림목차 = ⅲ 논문개요 = ⅵ 1. 서론 = 1 2. 이론적 배경 = 5 2-1. 임계 상태 모형 (critical state model) = 5 2-2. 초전도 글래스 모형 (Superconducting glass model) = 12 3. 실험방법 = 14 3-1. 시편 제작 = 14 3-2. 측정을 위한 시편 형태 = 21 3-3. 자화율 측정과 관련된 물리적 설명 = 23 3-4. 실험 장치 = 27 3-5. 실험 방법 = 30 4. 결과 및 논의 = 35 4-1. 결과 = 35 4-2. 논의 = 56 5. 결론 = 62 참고문헌 = 64 ABSTRACT = 6

테라헤르츠 전자기파 집속 및 거대한 필드 증폭

Thesis(doctors) --서울대학교 대학원 :물리·천문학부(물리학전공),2010.2.Docto

Economic burden of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 in Korea

Dept. of Public Health/박사The socioeconomic burden of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 has been debated, but reliable estimates are lacking. To guide future policy and control, these estimates are necessary. The cost of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 is broadly divided into direct cost, indirect cost, and the cost of the prevention strategy for the disease. The direct cost included direct medical cost and direct non-medical cost (transport cost), while indirect cost included the productivity losses of patients, of caregivers, and those due to premature death. The prevention strategy included the execution of the budget for pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 and the cost of preventative equipment for the general population. Available national surveillance data sources (data from the Health Insurance Review Agency, the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Health Insurance Corporation, and the Korean National Statistics Office) were used for this study. We defined the influenza patients as those with a diagnosis of influenza (International Classification of Diseases Codes: J09-11) and our data was collected from May 2009 to April 2010. The cost evaluations showed that the total socioeconomic burden of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 was ₩ 2,279 billion (10 ~ 90%: ₩ 2,074 ~ 2,564 billion). Furthermore, when the cost of the prevention strategy is excluded, the total cost to society of influenza patients was estimated at ₩ 1,907 billion. The total direct cost of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 accounted for 23% of the total costs; the total indirect cost for 60% of the total costs; and the prevention strategy for 17% of the total costs. The productivity losses of caregivers (29.8%) and patient (28.9%) were the largest part of total costs, which was followed by the healthcare costs of outpatients and inpatients (16.9%), execution of the budget (14.5%), transport costs (4.2%), cost for preventative equipment (2.3%), and productivity losses due to premature death (1.1%), respectively. This socioeconomic burden estimate confirmed that pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 was a significant burden to the health-care system in Korea. Therefore, successful prevention of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 implies that considerable savings of economic resources will be ensured in the future.restrictio