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    ์†Œ์•„๋‘๊ฐœ์ธ๋‘์ข…์—์„œ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋‘์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ ‘ํ˜•๋™์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ๊น€์Šน๊ธฐ.Objective: We aim to compare transsphenoidal approach (TSA) and transcranial approach (TCA) in pediatric patients with craniopharyngioma (CRP). Oncological and neruendocrinological outcomes of 3 types of different anatomic tumor subclassifications are compared to find possible indications for TSA or TCA. The prognostic factors for recurrence are also re-evaluated. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on patients under 20 years of age who underwent surgical treatment for pathologically proven craniopharyngioma between July 1998 and December 2019. The patients were divided into TSA and TCA groups. CRPs were divided into anatomic subtypes using tumor relationship with the diaphragm, the infundibulum and the arachnoid membrane. Data on oncological and neuroendocrinological outcomes were collected. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate progression-free survival, and Cox regression was employed to elucidate risk factors for recurrence. Results: A total of 112 patients were included in this study, with 75 patients in the TCA group and 37 patients in the TSA group. The overall 5-year PFS was 64 ยฑ 5 % for the entire cohort. The extent of resection (P = 0.116), progression-free survival (P = 0.566) and recurrence rates (P = 0.498) were comparable between the two groups. The oncological and neuroendocrinological results across TSA and TCA groups in each tumor subtypes were also comparable. TSA displayed superior ophthalmological outcomes in preinfundibular type CRPs (P = 0.027). The extent of resection (HR 0.12, 95% CI 0.05-0.29, P < 0.001) and subdiaphragmatic tumor components (P = 0.017) were the most significant risk factors for recurrence in univariate and multivariate analyses. Conclusions: Regardless of anatomic tumor subtypes defined by tumor relationship to the chiasm, diaphragm, infundibulum and the arachnoid membrane, TSA is a safe and effective alternative to TCA in pediatric CRP resection. Our study results indicate that TSA results in superior ophthalmological outcomes in the subdiaphragmatic type of CRPs. The extent of resection and the presence of subdiaphragmatic tumor components were the most significant risk factors for recurrence in pediatric CRPs.์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ : ์†Œ์•„ ๋‘๊ฐœ์ธ๋‘์ข…์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฒฝ์ ‘ํ˜•๋™ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋‘์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ ‘ํ˜•๋™ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋‘์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‘๊ฐœ์ธ๋‘์ข…์˜ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ์ข…์–‘ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ์žฌํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: 1998๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019 ๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ๋‘๊ฐœ์ธ๋‘์ข…์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ 20์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ›„ํ–ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์ „, ํ›„ ์ƒํƒœ, ์ข…์–‘์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ, ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์ฆ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ ‘ํ˜•๋™ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋‘์ˆ  ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ ๋งˆ๋‹ค 3๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ์ข…์–‘ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•„ํ˜•์„ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌด์ง„ํ–‰์ƒ์กด์œจ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์นดํ”Œ๋ž€-๋งˆ์ด์–ด ๊ณก์„ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ข…์–‘ ์ง„ํ–‰์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์ธ์ž๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฝ•์Šค ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: 1998๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2019๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด ์ด 112๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘ 75๋ช…์€ ๊ฐœ๋‘์ˆ ์„, 37๋ช…์€ ๊ฒฝ์ ‘ํ˜•๋™ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์ฝ”ํ˜ธํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ 5๋…„ ๋ฌด์ง„ํ–‰์ƒ์กด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 64 ยฑ 5% ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ข…์–‘ ์ ˆ์ œ ๋ฒ”์œ„ (P = 0.116), ๋ฌด์ง„ํ–‰์ƒ์กด (P = 0.566) ๋ฐ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๋ฅ  (P = 0.498) ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ข…์–‘ ์•„ํ˜•์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ ‘ํ˜•๋™ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ๋‘์ˆ  ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Subdiaphragmatic type with competent diaphragm sellae ์˜ ๋‘๊ฐœ์ธ๋‘์ข…์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ ‘ํ˜•๋™ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์„ ์‹œ ์‹œ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์•ผ ํ˜ธ์ „์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค (P = 0.027). ๋ฌด์ง„ํ–‰์ƒ์กด์œจ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ธ์ž๋กœ๋Š” ์ ˆ์ œ ๋ฒ”์œ„ (HR 0.12, 95 % CI 0.05-0.29, P <0.001) ๋ฐ ์•ˆ์žฅ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰ ํ•˜ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด (P = 0.017) ์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋‘๊ฐœ์ธ๋‘์ข…์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ์•„ํ˜•์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ ‘ํ˜•๋™ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์€ ์†Œ์•„ ๋‘๊ฐœ์ธ๋‘์ข…์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐœ๋‘์ˆ  ๋งŒํผ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. Subdiaphragmatic type with competent diaphragm sellae ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ ‘ํ˜•๋™ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฐœ๋‘์ˆ ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ ฅ ํšŒ๋ณต์ด ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ต์ฐจ ํ›„๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๊ฒฝ์ ‘ํ˜•๋™ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์ด ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ๋กœ์จ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ ๋ง‰๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ์ „์ ˆ์ œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์•ˆ์žฅ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰ ํ•˜ ์ข…์–‘์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ์‹œ ์žฌ๋ฐœ๋ฅ ์ด ๋” ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Methods 4 Chapter 3. Results 12 Chapter 4. Discussion 22 Chapter 5. Conclusion 29 Chapter 6. Tables 30 Chapter 7. Figures 37 References 54 Abstract in Korean 57์„

    Bifidobacterium๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท ์šฉ ์„ ํƒ๋ฐฐ์ง€์˜ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ์„ 

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜์–‘ํ•™๊ณผ, 2016. 2. ์ง€๊ทผ์–ต.์‹ํ’ˆ์— ํ•จ์œ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์„ ํƒ๋ฐฐ์ง€๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์„ ํƒ๋ฐฐ์ง€์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ์ œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ผ๋ถ€ Bifidobacterium๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์žฅ์ด ์ €ํ•ด๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„์„ ํƒ๋ฐฐ์ง€์™€ ์„ ํƒ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์œจ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  double layer (DL)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์ง€ ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ณ ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€์ถœ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œ์ค‘์— ํŒ๋งค๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท  ์ œํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท ๊ณผ Bifidobacterium์„ ์„ ํƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์˜ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด MRS-BCP (de Man Rogosa and Sharpe with bromocresol purple) ๋ฐฐ์ง€์™€ BCP (plate count agar with bromocresol purple) ๋ฐฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, Bifidobacterium ๊ฒ€์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด BS (Bifidobacterium selective) ๋ฐฐ์ง€ ๋ฐ TOS-MUP (transgalacto-oligosaccharides with mupirocin, TM) ๋ฐฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ TM-DL (TM-double layer) ๋ฐฐ์ง€ ๋ฐ BS-DL (BS double layer) ๋ฐฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ Bifidobacterium์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต๋Šฅ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. BCP ๋ฐฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท  ๊ฒ€์ถœ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ž…ํ‰ํŒ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์˜ ๋†’์€ ์˜จ๋„์— ๊ท ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ƒ๊ท ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ์ธก์ •๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋„๋งํ‰ํŒ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ธ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ ์ ˆํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. Bifidobacterium ์„ ํƒ๋ฐฐ์ง€์ธ BS ๋ฐฐ์ง€์™€ TM ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ Bifidbacterium์„ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐBS ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋“  Bifidobacterium์˜ ์ƒ๊ท ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ Enterococcus faecium KCTC 13225์ด 105 CFU/ml ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— BS ๋ฐฐ์ง€๋ฅผ Bifidobacterium ์„ ํƒ๋ฐฐ์ง€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์— ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค. TM ๋ฐฐ์ง€ ๋ฐ TM-DL ๋ฐฐ์ง€๋Š” BS ๋ฐฐ์ง€์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’์€ ํšŒ๋ณต๋ฅ ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท ์˜ ์ƒ์žฅ๋„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €ํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ TM ๋ฐฐ์ง€ ๋ฐ TM-DL ๋ฐฐ์ง€๊ฐ€ Bifidobacterium ์„ ํƒ๋ฐฐ์ง€๋กœ ์ ํ•ฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค.1. ์„œ๋ก  1 2. ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 2.1 ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท  ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ 3 2.1.1 ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท  ์ธก์ •์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ท ์ฃผ 3 2.1.2 ๋ฐฐ์ง€ ์ œ์กฐ 3 2.1.3 ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด 4 2.2 Bifidobacterium ๊ฒ€์ถœ 5 2.2.1 ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ท ์ฃผ 5 2.2.2 ๋ฐฐ์ง€ ์ œ์กฐ 6 2.2.3 ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด 8 2.3 ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท  ์ œํ’ˆ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒ€์ถœ 9 2.3.1 ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท  ์ œํ’ˆ 9 2.3.2 ๋ฐฐ์ง€ ์ œ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 9 2.3.3 F-6-PPK ํšจ์†Œ ํ™œ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ 10 2.4 ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 11 3. ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 12 3.1 ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท ์˜ ์ƒ๊ท ์ˆ˜ ์ธก์ • 12 3.2 Bifidobacterium ์„ ํƒ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท  ์ˆ˜ ์ธก์ • 16 3.2.1 Bifidobacterium ์„ ํƒ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ Bifidobacterium ๊ฒ€์ถœ 17 3.2.2 Bifidobacterium ์„ ํƒ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท  ๊ฒ€์ถœ 24 3.2.3 ์„ ํƒ๋ฐฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท  ์ œํ’ˆ์—์„œ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฐ๊ท  ์ˆ˜ ์ธก์ • 28 4. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  30 References 31 Abstract 36 APPENDIX 38Maste

    Comparison of the Astigmatic Power of Toric Intraocular Lenses Using Three Toric Calculators.

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    PURPOSE: To compare the astigmatic power of toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) obtained from the AcrySof, TECNIS, and iTrace toric calculator in patients with preoperative with-the-rule (WTR) or against-the-rule (ATR) corneal astigmatism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty eyes with cataract and corneal astigmatism greater than 0.75 diopters were enrolled in each group (WTR and ATR). Keratometric values were measured using autokeratometry, an IOLMaster, and an iTrace, which incorporated corneal topography and ray-tracing aberrometry. Based on measured keratometric values, the astigmatic power of each toric IOL was calculated using three toric calculators. RESULTS: Bland-Altman plots showed good agreement between six pairwise corneal astigmatism values in both groups. The TECNIS calculator tended to suggest a higher astigmatic power of the toric IOL than the AcrySof calculator. With the higher astigmatism and keratometric values from the IOLMaster, in both groups, calculations from the AcrySof and TECNIS calculators resulted in higher calculated astigmatic powers than those from same calculators with autokeratometry-measured values, demonstrating good agreement. With the higher calculated astigmatic power values, the values from the iTrace toric calculator using keratometric values obtained from iTrace ray tracing wavefront aberrometry or iTrace simulated keratometry showed fair to moderate agreement with those from the other calculator-keratometry pairs in both groups. CONCLUSION: To achieve the best refractive outcome after toric IOL implantation, understanding the differences in keratometric values between instruments and in calculated astigmatic power among toric calculator programs is necessary. Moreover, systemic analysis of each toric calculator in conjunction with postoperative data is required.ope

    Dominick Argento์˜ Six Elizabethan Songs์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์Œ์•…๊ณผ ์„ฑ์•…์ „๊ณต,2002.Maste

    (A) study on the improvement of health care in Korean army

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    ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ต, ํ•˜์‚ฌ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ง€์‹๊ณผ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๋„ ๋ฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๊ด€๊ณ„๋œ ํ–‰์œ„์™€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ง„๋‹จ์ œ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฐ ์žฅ๋ณ‘์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„๊ณผ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  1990๋…„ 4์›” 20์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 4์›” 30์ผ ์‚ฌ์ด์— 00๊ฐœ ์‚ฌ๋‹จ์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๋Š” 453๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ž…์‹์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ํก์—ฐ์œจ์€ 76.8%์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทผ์†๋…„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๊ณ , ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ๊ธฐํ˜ผ์ž์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ํก์—ฐ์œจ์ด ๋” ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. 2. ํก์—ฐ์‹œ์ž‘์—ฐ๋ น์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์€ 20.6์„ธ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ„๊ธ‰๊ฐ„์— ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ํก์—ฐ์‹œ์ž‘์—ฐ๋ น 19์„ธ ์ดํ•˜์ธ ๊ตฐ์˜ ์ผ์ผํ‰๊ท ํก์—ฐ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. 3. ์Œ์ฃผ์œจ์€ 89.6%์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์Œ์ฃผ์‹œ์ž‘์—ฐ๋ น์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์€ 20.4์„ธ, ์›”ํ‰๊ท  ์Œ์ฃผํšŸ์ˆ˜๋Š” 6.2ํšŒ์˜€๋‹ค. 4. ์‘๋‹ต์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ง€์‹์ˆ˜์ค€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ต์œก์—ฐ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ทผ์†๋…„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ต์œก์—ฐ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ทผ์†๋…„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ง€์‹์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. 5. ์‘๋‹ต์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€์‹ฌ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทผ์†์—ฐ์ˆ˜, ํก์—ฐ์‹œ์ž‘์—ฐ๋ น ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šด๋™์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทผ์†๋…„์ˆ˜์™€ ์šด๋™์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ํก์—ฐ์‹œ์ž‘์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋Šฆ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€์‹ฌ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. 6. ์‘๋‹ต์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๋‹น ํ‰๊ท ์šด๋™์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ 148.5๋ถ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 7. ์‘๋‹ต์ž์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰๊ณผ ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‚ฎ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‹ ๊ฒ€๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜„ํ–‰์‹ ๊ฒ€์ œ๋„์—์„œ 44.4%๊ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ข…๋ชฉ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ, 22.3%๊ฐ€ ์‹ ๊ฒ€ํšŸ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ„์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ์žฅ๋ณ‘์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ฐฉ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์žฅ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ฑ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ๋ณ‘์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ œํ•œ์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ธต ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] This study was designed to measure health knowledge, concerns, behavior, and the effectiveness of health screening program in Korean army. A questionnaire survey was conducted from April 20 to April 30, 1990 and data were collected from 266 army officers and 187 non-commissioned officers in several army divisions. The results were as follows : 1. The overall prevalence of smoking was 76.8%. The longer the respondents served and the less the respondents educated, the higher their smoking prevalences were. The married were higher in smoking prevalence than unmarried. 2. The average starting age of smoking was 20.6 year, and military rank was significantly related with the starting age of smoking. The respondents who started smoking before the age nineteen consumed the highest volume of cigarettes than others. 3. A total of 89.6% of the respondents were drinkers with the average age of starting drinking 20.4 year. Average frequency of drinking was 6.2 times a month. 4. From the multiple regression analysis the longer the respondents educated and the longer they served, the higher health knowledge level they have. 5. The longer the duration of service and the later the smoking starting age and the longer the average duration of physical exercises, the more concerns about their health. 6. The average duration of physical exercise was 148.5 minutes a week. 7. The respondents with lower military ranks and those with lower education level were more satisfied with the health screening program than others. A total of 44.4% of respondents wanted to increase the number of items of the health screening program, and 22.3% wanted to increase the frequency of the screening program. Based on these results, it is concluded that more health education and strengthened medical services are required for the better health care of military servicemen and that further study is needed in this area.restrictio

    Topical delivery of IL-13 AS-ODN with cationic elastic liposome for the treatment of atopic dermatitis

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    Thesis(master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ œ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ,2006.Maste

    ๊ธˆ ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ๋ฐ ๋น„ ๊ท€๊ธˆ์†ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์น˜์ƒ ๋ ˆ์ง„์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ฐ•๋„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์น˜๊ณผ๋ณด์ฒ ํ•™์ „๊ณต,2000.Maste

    ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜ ์œ ๋ณ‘๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ์งˆํ™˜๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์š”์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™ ์ „๊ณต,2001.Maste

    Effect of mentoring on beginning chemistry teachers teaching practice

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ(ํ™”ํ•™์ „๊ณต),2011.2. ์ •๋Œ€ํ™.Maste

    Evaluation of appropriateness for hospital admission and continued stay

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    ๋ณ‘์›ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž…์›๊ณผ ์žฌ์›์˜ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ด์šฉ์˜ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ ์ •๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ , ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ , ์œ„์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž…์› ํ•˜์˜€๋˜ 253๋ช…์˜ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 1997๋…„ 6์›”1์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 7์›”31์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ 2๊ฐœ์›” ๋™์•ˆ ์žฌ์› ์ค‘ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ” ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ชจ๋“  ์ž…์›์€ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์žฌ์›์˜ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ์€ ์ด 253๊ฑด ์ค‘ 85๊ฑด(33.6%)์ด ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์žฌ์›๊ฑด์ˆ˜๋Š” 168๊ฑด ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์žฌ์›์ผ์ˆ˜๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ 736์ผ์€ ๋‹จ์ถ• ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์žฌ์›์ผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ 6๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ž˜์—์„œ ์‹œํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์ž…์›ํ•ด์„œ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 45%, ์˜์‚ฌ ์˜ ํ‡ด์› ์ง€์‹œํ›„ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ํ‡ด์›์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 2.2%, ์ฃผ๋ง์— ์ž…์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ„ ์ฒ˜์น˜ ์—†์ด ๋ณด๋‚ด๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์›”์š”์ผ์— ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ์‹œํ–‰ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 2.9%, ํ‡ด์›์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ด์œ ์—†์ด ๋Šฆ์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 1.5%, ๋‚ด๊ณผ๋กœ ์ž…์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ์™ธ๋ž˜์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์นœ ํ›„ ์™ธ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ „๊ณผํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 47.7%, ์ž…์› ํ›„ ์™ธ์ถœ์ด๋‚˜ ์™ธ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 0.8%์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์–‘์งˆ์˜ ์ง„๋ฃŒ์™€ ์ข‹์€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ  ์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜์€ ์ง„๋ฃŒ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๋ฉด ์žฌ์›์ผ์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ถ• ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์žฌ์›์ผ์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„๋“ค์ด ํŒ€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ข€ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€์ง€์นจ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ž…์›๊ณผ ์žฌ์›์˜ ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] This study is to evaluate the appropriateness for the hospital admission and continued stay and find out factors which affect the inappropriate utilization of resources. Concurrent review was performed on all Mastectomy, Thyroidectomy, Gastrectomy patients which were total of 253 patients from June 1, 1997 to July 31, 1997 by using ISD criteria. The results are as follow: First, all admissions were appropriate. Second, ppropriateness of continued stay was 168 cases and 736days out of 3496 days were avoidable hospital days which categorized in six areas; * In patient procedure was performed which can be done as out patient(45%). * Patient refused to be discharged after doctor's order(2.2%). * Weekend admissions(2.9%). * Lower level of care(1.5%). * Patient went out on pass(0.8%). * Admitted to the Internal Medicine and transferred to the department of Surgery for surgical operation(47.7%). In conclusion, It is necessary to prevent delay of service to provide quality patient care and outcomes. We need to measure inconsistencies and design more prudent care processes. More accurate and consistent identification of avoidable days by tracking system are needed. then, we can move ahead with interdisciplinary process improvement team to fix what is really broken in the system. and most of all, we need to develop our own review criteria so we can identify factors which can affect to inappropriate admission and continued stay and solve those problems.ope
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