159 research outputs found

    ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์„ ์ฃผ์˜ ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌํšŒ์‚ฌ ์„ ์ • ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    Over the last few decades, outsourcing has become a predominant strategic option for business management as firms focus on core areas while extending their reach to foreign markets and globalizing supply chains. The shipping industry is not an exception in this trend and a growing number of shipping companies seek for reliable and competent partners for supporting their focal business. While the transition toward outsourcing unfolding in the shipping industry provides shipping-related service companies with a plethora of business opportunities, ship management companies increasingly offer comprehensive ship management service departing from conventional marine crew supply. In order to attain competitive edge, it is particularly important for ship management service providers to analyze selection criteria and service needs of shipping companies in choosing their business partners. By doing so, a ship management firm can improve customer satisfaction, and consequently, increase service renewal rate, which will offer a solid ground to become a major player on a global stage armed with reliable and professional service quality. Using a dataset consisting of 1,088 vessels owned by 188 ship-owning companies as of July 2016 obtained from the Korea Ship-owners' Association, this study investigates the extent of ship management outsourcing among Korean shipowners and the determinants of their outsourcing decisions. Specifically, this study examines current logistics capabilities of domestic ship management companies from the viewpoint of shipowners and suggests which aspect of logistics capabilities need improving for enhanced operational performance. In addition, this study also investigate key drivers in shipowners' decision to outsource ship management. The results of econometric analysis indicate that logistics capabilities significantly depend on the type of ships (bulk, container, chemical tanker, RO-RO, fishing carriers and others) and that shipowners' outsourcing decision is associated with morality and reliability of ship management service providers, superintendents' ability and reduction of OPEX cost. Overall, the results of this study imply that ship management companies should figure out specific service needs of shipowners in terms of logistics capabilities for better business performance.Abstract i ์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 4 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 6 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์„ ์ฃผ์˜ ํŠน์ง• ๋ฐ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 6 1. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์„ ์ฃผ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 6 2. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์„ ์ฃผ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 8 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ์—…์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 11 1. ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ์—…์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 11 2. ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ์—…์˜ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง• 17 3. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ์—… ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 25 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌํšŒ์‚ฌ ์„ ์ •์š”์ธ 31 1. ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 31 2. ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 36 3. ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ์—…์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ 41 ์ œ4์ ˆ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋งŒ์กฑ 45 1. ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋งŒ์กฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 45 2. ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋งŒ์กฑ์˜ ์ธก์ • 46 ์ œ3์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ์„ค์ • 48 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 48 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 48 2. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜์™€ ์ธก์ • 49 3. ํ‘œ๋ณธ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 51 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ์„ค์ • 53 1. ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 53 2. ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋งŒ์กฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 54 ์ œ4์žฅ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ 55 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ 55 1. ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 55 2. ํ‘œ๋ณธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 56 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ธก์ •ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 60 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ๊ฒ€์ • 63 1. ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ๊ฒ€์ • 63 2. ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ฒ€์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ•ด์„ 72 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์„ ์ฃผ์˜ ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์—… ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธ์‹์ฐจ์ด ๋ถ„์„ 75 1. ์„ ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฒŒํฌ์„  ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธ์‹์ฐจ์ด ๋ถ„์„ 75 2. ์„ ์ฃผ์˜ ์ปจํ…Œ์ด๋„ˆ์„  ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธ์‹์ฐจ์ด ๋ถ„์„ 76 3. ์„ ์ฃผ์˜ ํƒฑ์ปค์„  ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธ์‹์ฐจ์ด ๋ถ„์„ 78 4. ์„ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊ธฐํƒ€์„  ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์—ญ๋Ÿ‰ ์ธ์‹์ฐจ์ด ๋ถ„์„ 79 5. ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฅ˜์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์ฐจ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ์›์ธ 81 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  83 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  83 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ๊ณผ ๊ณผ์ œ 85 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 87 87 90 [๋ถ€ ๋ก] 95 1. ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ 95 2. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์„ ๋ น๋ณ„ ๊ตญ์  ์™ธํ•ญ ์ƒ์„ ๋Œ€ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 100 3. ๊ตญ์ ์™ธํ•ญ ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ณ„ ๋ณด์œ ์„ ๋ฐ• ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 101 4. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ƒ์„ ๋Œ€ ์ถ”์ด(1965๋…„๏ฝž2015๋…„) 103 5. ์„ ํ˜•๋ณ„ ๊ตญ์ ์™ธํ•ญ์„ ์‚ฌ ๋ณด์œ ์„ ๋ฐ• ์ถ”์ด 104Maste

    ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์‹ ํ•ญ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    Recently, world major container terminals enhance competitiveness among other terminals and try to attract the transshipment cargo, by doing not only its own large development of facility and procurement of hinterland simultaneously, but also offer customers an special incentive. Through this effort, terminals attract container shipping lines and multinational corporations, and then, they make the port and the hinterland take on the greater role in the development of the national and region economic. Therefore, this paper present hinterland revitalization methods. Firstly, through SWOT analysis, this paper address Busan new port's strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat, By using the 4P(Product, Price, Place, Promotion) strategy, which is marketing analysis technique, present strategies for the activation of the new port's hinterland.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 4 2.1 ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€์˜ ์˜์˜ 4 2.2 ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ ์ž…์ฃผ๊ฒฐ์ • ์š”์ธ 10 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 16 3.1 ๋กœํ…Œ๋ฅด๋‹ดํ•ญ์˜ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ 16 3.2 ์‹ฑ๊ฐ€ํฌ๋ฅดํ•ญ์˜ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ 20 3.3 ๋„์ฟ„ํ•ญ์˜ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ 23 3.4 ์š”์ฝ”ํ•˜๋งˆํ•ญ์˜ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ 24 3.5 ์˜ค์‚ฌ์นดํ•ญ์˜ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ 27 3.6 ๊ณ ๋ฒ ํ•ญ์˜ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ 28 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์‹ ํ•ญ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 31 4.1 ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์‹ ํ•ญ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๊ณ„ํš 31 4.2 ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์‹ ํ•ญ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์—…์œ ์น˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 34 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์‹ ํ•ญ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ ์ „๋žต ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 38 5.1 ๋ถ€์‚ฐ์‹ ํ•ญ ํ•ญ๋งŒ๋ฐฐํ›„๋‹จ์ง€ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ „๋žต 38 5.2 ํ•ญ๋งŒํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์ถ• 41 5.3 ๋งˆ์ผ€ํŒ… ์ „๋žต 45 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  55 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 5

    Mesenchymal stem cells stabilize the blood-brain barrier through regulation of astrocytes

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    INTRODUCTION: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain against potentially neurotoxic molecules in the circulation, and loss of its integrity may contribute to disease progression in neurodegenerative conditions. Recently, the active role of reactive astrocytes in BBB disruption has become evident in the inflamed brain. In the present study, we investigated whether mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) treatment might modulate reactive astrocytes and thus stabilize BBB integrity through vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) signaling in inflammatory conditions. METHODS: For the inflamed brain, we injected LPS using a stereotaxic apparatus and MSCs were injected into the tail vein. At 6 hours and 7 days after LPS injection, we analyzed modulatory effects of MSCs on the change of BBB permeability through VEGF-A signaling using immunochemistry and western blot. To determine the effects of MSCs on VEGF-A-related signaling in cellular system, we had used endothelial cells treated with VEGF-A and co-cultured astrocyte and BV 2 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and then these cells were co-cultured with MSCs. RESULTS: In LPS-treated rats, MSCs restored Evans blue infiltration and the number of endothelial-barrier antigen (EBA) and P-glycoprotein (p-gp)-expressing cells, which were significantly altered in LPS-treated animals. Additionally, MSC administration following LPS treatment markedly increased the density of astrocytic filaments around vessels and reversed LPS-induced elevations in VEGF-A levels as well as endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-dependent downregulation of tight junction proteins in the endothelium. Consequently, MSC treatment reduced neutrophil infiltration and enhanced survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in LPS-treated animals. In cellular system, MSC treatment led to a significant reversion of VEGF-A-induced eNOS and tight junction protein expression in endothelial cells, which led to increased EBA expressing cells. Additionally, MSC treatment significantly attenuated LPS-induced increased expressions of IL-1ฮฒ in microglia and VEGF-A in astrocytes with an increase in IL-10 levels. CONCLUSION: The present study indicated that MSCs may stabilize BBB permeability by modulating astrocytic endfeet and VEGF-A signaling, which may be relevant to the treatment of Parkinsonian diseases as a candidate for disease modifying therapeutics.ope

    Elevated homocysteine by levodopa is detrimental to neurogenesis in parkinsonian model

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    BACKGROUND: Modulation of neurogenesis that acts as an endogenous repair mechanism would have a significant impact on future therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease (PD). Several studies demonstrated dopaminergic modulation of neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult brain. Levodopa, the gold standard therapy for PD, causes an increase in homocysteine levels that induces neuronal death via N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. The present study investigated whether elevated homocysteine by levodopa treatment in a parkinsonian model would modulate neurogenesis via NMDA receptor signal cascade and compared the effect of levodopa and pramipexol (PPX) on neurogenic activity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Neurogenesis was assessed in vitro using neural progenitor cells (NPCs) isolated from the SVZ and in vivo with the BrdU-injected animal model of PD using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Modulation of homocysteine levels was evaluated using co-cultures of NPCs and astrocytes and PD animals. Immunochemical and Western blot analyses were used to measure neurogenesis and determine the cell death signaling. Levodopa treatment increased release of homocysteine on astrocytes culture media as well as in plasma and brain of PD animals. Increased homocysteine by levodopa led to increased apoptosis of NPCs through the NMDA receptor-dependent the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. The administration of a NMDA antagonist significantly attenuated apoptotic cell death in levodopa-treated NPCs and markedly increased the number of BrdU-positive cells in the SVZ of levodopa-treated PD animals. Comparative analysis revealed that PPX treatment significantly increased the number of NPCs and BrdU-positive cells in the SVZ of PD animals compared to levodopa treatment. Our present study demonstrated that increased homocysteine by levodopa has a detrimental effect on neurogenesis through NMDA receptor-mediated ERK signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Modulation of levodopa-induced elevated homocysteine by NMDA antagonist or dopamine agonist has a clinical relevance for PD treatment in terms of adult neurogenesis.ope

    ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ -Life Stylist ํ˜„๋Œ€๋ฐฑํ™”์ ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ-

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    ํ˜„๋Œ€๋ฐฑํ™”์ ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์˜์ด๋… ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐ์˜ ํ–‰๋ณต๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ฃผ์™€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ๊ฐ๋™, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ์ดํ–‰์„ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ถ์˜ ํ’์š”๋กœ์›€์„ ๋งŒ๋ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ์‹ ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฌธํ™” ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์˜๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์ƒํ’ˆ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ฐ๋™์„ ์‹คํ˜„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…, ๊ธฐ์จ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ๋˜๊ณ ์ž ์ „์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์‹œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋ช…ํ’ˆ ๋ฐฑํ™”์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฑํ™”์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋ฐฑํ™”์  ์‚ฌ์—… ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ’ˆ์งˆ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ช…ํ’ˆ๋ฐฑํ™”์ ์˜ ํ™•๊ณ ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€๋ฐฑํ™”์ ์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ’ˆ์งˆ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์† ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค ํ’ˆ์งˆ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค

    Mesenchymal stem cells augment neurogenesis in the subventricular zone and enhance differentiation of neural precursor cells into dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of a parkinsonian model

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    Growing evidence has demonstrated that neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) is significantly decreased in Parkinson's disease (PD). Modulation of endogenous neurogenesis would have a significant impact on future therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we investigated the augmentative effects of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) on neurogenesis in a PD model. Neurogenesis was assessed in vitro with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP(+)) treatment using neural precursor cells (NPCs) isolated from the SVZ and in vivo with a BrdU-injected animal model of PD using 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Immunochemical analyses were used to measure neurogenic activity. The number of BrdU-ir cells in the SVZ and the substantia nigra (SN) was significantly increased in the hMSC-treated PD group compared with the MPTP-only-treated group. Double-stained cells for BrdU and tyrosine hydroxylase were notably observed in the SN of hMSC-treated PD animals, and they did not colocalize with the nuclear matrix; however, double-stained cells were not detected in the SN of the MPTP-induced PD animal model. Furthermore, hMSC administration increased the expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in the SVZ of PD animals, and the coculture of hMSCs significantly increased the release of EGF in the medium of MPP(+)-treated NPCs. The present study demonstrated that hMSC administration significantly augmented neurogenesis in both the SVZ and SN of PD animal models, which led to increased differentiation of NPCs into dopaminergic neurons in the SN. Additionally, hMSC-induced modulation of EGF seems to be an underlying contributor to the enhancement of neurogenesis by hMSCs. The modulation of endogenous adult neurogenesis to repair the damaged PD brain using hMSCs would have a significant impact on future strategies for PD treatment.ope

    Association between sarcopenia and urinary incontinence in Korean women aged 65 years or older

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž„์ƒ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2014. 8. ์กฐ๋น„๋ฃก.์„œ๋ก : ์š”์‹ค๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ(๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ์†Œ) ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋…ธ์ธ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด ๋‘˜์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ œ4๊ธฐ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜์–‘์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ง€ ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ, ๋ชธํ†ต ๋ฐ ์ „์ฒด ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์š”์‹ค๊ธˆ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ์ œ4๊ธฐ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜์–‘์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 65์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋…ธ์ธ(1,313๋ช…)์—์„œ ์š”์‹ค๊ธˆ ์„ค๋ฌธ์— ์‘๋‹ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์ค‘์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ํก์ˆ˜๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋งŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ๊ณผ ๋ชธํ†ต ๋ฐ ์ „์ฒด ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰์€ ํ‚ค์™€ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜์–‘์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ์š”์‹ค๊ธˆ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ˜• ์š”์‹ค๊ธˆ ์œ ๋ณ‘์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ์˜์‚ฌ์ง„๋‹จ ์š”์‹ค๊ธˆ ์ดํ™˜์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์š”์‹ค๊ธˆ์˜ ๊ต์ฐจ๋น„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ๊ต๋ž€๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ต์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‚ค์™€ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ •ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ๊ณผ ์š”์‹ค๊ธˆ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ((Self-reported urinary incontinence: Weight-adjusted sarcopenia (class I OR=1.02, class II OR=0.83, class I P=0.930, class II P=0.545), Height-adjusted sarcopenia(class I OR=0.83, class II OR=0.98, class I P=0.540, class II P=0.987), Diagnosed urinary incontinence: Weight-adjusted sarcopenia (class I OR=0.59, class II OR=1.24, class I P=0.252, class II P=0.647), Height-adjusted sarcopenia(class I OR=0.72, class II OR=3.11, class I P=0.571, class II P=0.326)). ํ‚ค์™€ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ •ํ•œ ๋ชธํ†ต ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ์ „์ฒด ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰ ์—ญ์‹œ ์˜์‚ฌ์ง„๋‹จ ์š”์‹ค๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.(Weight-adjusted (WA) trunk muscle P for trend=0.556, Height-adjusted(HA) trunk muscle P for trend=0.287, WA total muscle P for trend = 0.499, HA total muscle P for trend=0.362). ์ด๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ์š”์‹ค๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ˜• ์š”์‹ค๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ(๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ์†Œ)์—์„œ๋„ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ํ•œ๊ตญ 65์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋…ธ์ธ์—์„œ ์š”์‹ค๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๊ทผ๊ฐ์†Œ์ฆ(๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ์†Œ)์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์š”์‹ค๊ธˆ๊ณผ ์ „์ฒด ๋ฐ ๋ชธํ†ต ๊ทผ์œก๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ๋„ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.Introduction: Urinary incontinence and sarcopenia are important senior health issues. Nevertheless, there is no available domestic and international data on urinary incontinence and sarcopenia. The aim of this study was to investigate sarcopenia and its association with urinary incontinence in elderly Korean woman. Methods: Korean women (1,313) over 65 years for whom complete data on body composition collected using dual x-ray absorptiometry were analyzed from the Forth Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys. Class I and II sarcopenia, trunk and total muscle mass were adjusted by Weight and Height. Using of incontinence questionnaire, incontinence is classified by group by diagnosis from doctor and group of symptoms without diagnosis. Results: Adjusting for various confounders, Weight and Height- adjusted sarcopenia are no association with urinary incontinence. ((Self-reported urinary incontinence: Weight-adjusted sarcopenia (class I OR=1.02, class II OR=0.83, class I P=0.930, class II P=0.545), Height-adjusted sarcopenia(class I OR=0.83, class II OR=0.98, class I P=0.540, class II P=0.987), Diagnosed urinary incontinence: Weight-adjusted sarcopenia (class I OR=0.59, class II OR=1.24, class I P=0.252, class II P=0.647), Height-adjusted sarcopenia(class I OR=0.72, class II OR=3.11, class I P=0.571, class II P=0.326)). Also, Trunk muscle mass adjusting Weight and Height were no correlated with incontinence (Self-reported urinary incontinence: Weight-adjusted(WA) trunk muscle P for trend=0.551, Height-adjusted(HA) trunk muscle P for trend=0.256, Diagnosed urinary incontinence: Weight- adjusted(WA) trunk muscle P for trend=0.556, Height- adjusted(HA) trunk muscle P for trend=0.287)and total trunk muscle mass adjusting Weight and Height were no related with incontinence. (Self-reported urinary incontinence: WA total muscle P for trend = 0.479, HA total muscle P for trend=0.194, Diagnosed urinary incontinence: WA total muscle P for trend = 0.499, HA total muscle P for trend=0.362). Similar trends were observed in total urinary incontinence group. Conclusions: Our study found no relationship between urinary incontinence and sarcopenia in Korean women over 65 years. Also, there are no relationship between the urinary incontinence and trunk muscle mass and lean body mass.์ดˆ๋ก i ๋ชฉ์ฐจ iii ํ‘œ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ๋ก iv โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 โ…ก. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 5 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 15 โ…ฃ. ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 28 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 35 ์ดˆ๋ก (์˜๋ฌธ) 39Maste

    [ํŠน์ง‘] ์„ธ๊ณ„์†์˜ ์ค‘๋“ฑ๊ต์œก ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ

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    ์ด ๊ธ€์—์„œ๋Š” OECD์˜ ํ•™์—…์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๊ตญ์ œ๋น„๊ต์—ฐ๊ตฌ(PISA: Programme for International Student Assessment) ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ค‘๋“ฑ๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋‹ค์Œ, ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ฐœ์ „๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. โ—‹ PISA ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ๊ฐœ โ—‹ ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ˆ˜์›”์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘๋“ฑ๊ต์œก โ—‹ ๊ต์œก๊ธฐํšŒ์˜ ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘๋“ฑ๊ต์œก โ—‹ ํˆฌ์ž… ๋Œ€๋น„ ์‚ฐ์ถœ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘๋“ฑ๊ต์œก โ—‹ ํ‰์ƒํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ค‘๋“ฑ๊ต์œก ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘๋“ฑ๊ต์œก โ—‹ ์ค‘๋“ฑ๊ต์œก์˜ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ฐœ์ „๋ฐฉ

    ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์นœํ™”์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์šฐ์„ ๊ตฌ๋งค ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ถ”์ •

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํšํ•™๊ณผ,1998.Maste

    ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ ์กด์žฌ ์‚ฌ์œ ์—์„œ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ฒ ํ•™๊ณผ(์„œ์–‘์ฒ ํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2012. 8. ๋ฐ•์ฐฌ๊ตญ.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ(Endlichkeit)์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์œ ํ•œํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์™€ ๊ณต์†ํ•˜๋Š”(zusammengehรถren) ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ํ˜„์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„, ์ฆ‰ ์กด์žฌ๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํƒˆ-ํ˜„์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”(ab-wesen) ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ํ˜„์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค(wesen)๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กด์žฌ์˜ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ํฌ๋ (David Farrell Krell)๊ณผ ์Šคํƒฌ๋ฐ”์šฐ(Joan Stambauch) ๋“ฑ์ด ํŠนํžˆ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ด์„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋“ค์€ ์กด์žฌ์˜ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์ด ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ์Œ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ๋…ผ์˜๋“ค์ด ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์— ๊ตญํ•œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ „ํšŒ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋งŒ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ธธ์—์„œ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ผ์˜์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ค์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์กด์žฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚ฑ๋ง๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌํƒœ ๋‚ด์šฉ ์—ญ์‹œ ์„œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์ดํ•ด๋œ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ™๊ณ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ์ž์ธ ํ˜„์กด์žฌ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ก ์„ ํŽผ์ณค๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์ค‘๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ํ˜„์กด์žฌ์™€ ํ˜„์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ ์กด์žฌ์ž์˜ ํ˜„์กด๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ทผ์›์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ˆ™๊ณ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌ์œ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฐœ์‹œ๋œ ์ง„๋ฆฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ทผ์›์ ์ธ ์ง„๋ฆฌ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฌผ์Œ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ํ›„๊ธฐ์˜ ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ๋Š” ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์กด์žฌ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ˆ™๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ์„œ๋กœ ๋งž์„œ ์„ธ์šด๋‹ค๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์— ์•ž์„œ๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ˆ™๊ณ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์กด์žฌ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ์ „๋ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ธธ์—์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋งˆ๋‹ค์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์ด ์กด์žฌ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฏธ ๋ถ€์—ฌ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ๋งŒ, ์กด์žฌ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ํ•ด์„์—์„œ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฆ๋ช…๋œ๋‹ค. ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋„์ƒ์—์„œ์˜ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ช…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ฐฐ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋…ผ์˜์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์กด์žฌ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ-ํ˜„์„ฑ์„ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋จผ์ € ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ธธ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ•ด๋ช…ํ•ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ธธ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๋“ค ๊ฐ„์— ์ด๊ฒฌ์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ•ด์†Œ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ์ • ๋ถ€๋ถ„, ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ข…์ผ๊ด€ ์กด์žฌ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ทœ์ •์ด, ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์กด์žฌ์˜ ๋ณธ์งˆ-ํ˜„์„ฑ์„ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋…ผ์ฆํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋กœ์จ ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ๊ฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ด๊ฒฌ๋“ค์˜ ํญ์„ ์ขํ˜€์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋“ค์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€, ์กด์žฌ์˜ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์ด ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํžˆ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค๊ณผ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์กด์žฌ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์‚ฌํƒœ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“  ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค, ํŠนํžˆ ์กด์žฌ์ž์˜ ํ˜„์กด, ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ๊ณต์†, ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณต์† ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค๊ณผ ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์ด ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์˜์‹ํ•˜๊ณ , ์กด์žฌ์˜ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์„ ์ด ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์„ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—†๋‹ค. ์กด์žฌ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด ์ˆ™๊ณ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์กด์žฌ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ˆ™๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค, ์ฆ‰ ๋ฌด, ์‚ฌ์œ , ์กด์žฌ์ž ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ™๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋“ค์€ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ณต์†๋“ค์„ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์œ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ๋ฌด(Nicht)์˜ ๊ณต์†์€, ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์œ ์™€ ๊ณต์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , ์ฆ‰ ์กด์žฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์œ ์™€ ๊ณต์†ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กด์žฌ์ž๋กœ ํ˜„์กดํ•˜๋Š”(anwesen) ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ ์•„๋ž˜ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ๋ฌด๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์‚ฌ์œ ์™€ ์กด์žฌ์ž, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ, ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜์—์„œ ์กด์žฌ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ์ „์ฒด์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ์ฃผ์ œ์ธ ์กด์žฌ์˜ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋Š์Šจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์—ดํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๋“ค ์†Œ์ฃผ์ œ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์ด, ์‚ฌํƒœ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ƒ ๋‹ค์Œ ์†Œ์ฃผ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์š”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์ž„์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ด๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ์กด์—๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์˜จ ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์–ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ทผ์›์  ์‚ฌํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์—๋Š” ํŒŒํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์กด์žฌ์ž์˜ ํ˜„์กด, ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ๊ณต์†, ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณต์†์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ฌถ์–ด ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ ์•„๋ž˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…ผ์˜๋“ค์ด ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์ขŒํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ์กด์žฌ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์†Œ์ฃผ์ œ ์•„๋ž˜ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ์œ ๊ธธ ์œ„์—์„œ ํŽผ์ณ์ง„ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ํ†ต์ผํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ์ •์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ข€ ๋” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํ•ด์„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.The aim of this dissertation is to scrutinize how Heidegger's thought of Being can be constantly interpreted as that of Finitude(Endlichkeit) of Being. The Finitude of Being means that Being occurs(wesen) only in belonging-together(zusammengehรถren) with Nothing(Nicht). There have been several studies on the Finitude of Being including David Farrell Krell's and Joan Stambauch's. However, the established studies fail to justify 'Finitude of Being' as consistent concern through all the periods on the way of Heidegger's thinking. They only confine the theme to the early period or reversely to the period after conversion(Kehre) of his thinking. Heideggers experience of 'Being' changes and Being has several meanings. Heidegger in early period takes the 'Being that is understood' into consideration to develop the analysis of Being-there(Dasein) who understands Being. On the other hand, Heidegger in middle period considers the 'Being itself' which is more primal than the Being-there and the presence of beings understood by Being-there. Furthermore, Heidegger in late period considers the 'One and Same' which forgoes the division of Being and Thinking and includes both, being conscious that his preceding thoughts still opposed one against the other. Nonetheless, many studies on Finitude of Being do not provide any insight how to interpret these changes on the way. However, it is obvious that without the elucidation how the thoughts of each periods are constantly that of Finitude of Being in spite of their pecular characteristics, the theme of Finitude of Being degenerates into a peripheral issue. Only when the changes between the periods are given meaning regarding to the theme of Finitude of Being, it is demonstrated that Finitude of Being is coherently the main theme over periods on the way of Heidegger's thinking of Being. Consequently, here we are elucidating the changes between periods along with the continuation which leads the changes, by suggesting the essence(Wesen) of Being as Finitude. The reason that the different views between the interpretations of the changes on the way of Heidegger's thinking of Being remain unsolved, is partially that the common consent about Heidegger's thought that it is 'thinking of Being' lacks any concrete contents of what Being's essence is. Regarding of this critical point, this dissertation demonstrates that Heidegger's thinking of Being is that of 'Being's Finitude' and contributes toward the founding of common ground which bridges the width between the different views. Another problem of the established studies is that they fail to explain clearly how the Finitude of Being is related to other themes which are frequently discussed. Of course most discussions do refer to other themes, especially the presence of beings, the belonging-together of Being and Thinking, and the belonging-together of Being and Time, because the discussion of the 'Finitude of Being' concerning itself with 'Being', the sole concern of thought and Being can not be elucidated apart from those themes mentioned above. However, there is no study which is conscious of the relations between those themes and suggests the Finitude of Being as the core theme that encompasses all the others. If it is that the Finitude of Being is the core concept that is supposed to be thought by thinking of Being, the discussion of Finitude of Being should inevitably include the thinking of Nothing, Thinking, beings and their relations with Being, because these themes are also important in thinking of Being. Nevertheless, the established studies do not consider the diverse themes comprehensively centered around the theme of the Finitude of Being. On the contrary, we reconstruct Heideggers thinking to elucidate the relationship between these themes and their own locations in the whole span of thinking of Being, asserting that in each period the belonging-together of Being with Nothing only occurs belonging together with Thinking, and this only as presence of beings. Keywords: Finitude, presence of beings, belonging-together of Being and Thinking, belonging-together of Being and Nothing, belonging-together of Being and Time. Student Number: 2006-30034๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ์„œ๋ก ----------------------------------------------------1 (1) ์กด์žฌ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ------------------------------------1 (2) ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ1---------------------------------4 (3) ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ2--------------------------------12 (4) ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ-----------------------------------------17 โ… . ์ „ํ†ต ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™์˜ ์กด์žฌ ํ•ด์„-----------------------------23 1. ์ „ํ†ต ํ˜•์ด์ƒํ•™์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์ดํ•ด์™€ ๋ฌดํ•œ์„ฑ----------------------23 (1) ๋ฌดํ•œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์กด์žฌ----------------------------------23 (2) ์ง„๋ฌดํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ „ํ†ต์  ์กด์žฌ ์ดํ•ด์˜ ์™„์„ฑ------------28 2. ๋ฌดํ•œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์ดํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ํŒ--------------------33 (1) ์กด์žฌ์™€ ๋ฌด์˜ ๊ณต์†์˜ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ-----------------------33 (2) ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ๊ณต์†์˜ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ----------------------37 (3) ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณต์†์˜ ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ----------------------41 โ…ก. ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์œ ์—์„œ์˜ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ------------------------47 1. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ๊ฒฝํ—˜: ํ˜„์กด์žฌ--------------------------47 (1) ์ดํ•ด๋œ ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์กด์žฌ ์ดํ•ด------------------------47 (2) ํ˜„์กด์žฌ--------------------------------------50 (3) ํ˜„์กด์žฌ์™€ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ-------------------------53 2. ์กด์žฌ์ž์˜ ํ˜„์กด: ์„ธ๊ณ„------------------------------57 (1) ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์„ธ๊ณ„----------------------------------57 (2) ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ํ˜„์กด์žฌ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ---------------------------63 (3) ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฌผ์Œ์—์„œ ํ˜„์กด์žฌ ์กด์žฌ๋ก ์œผ๋กœ------------------66 3. ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ๊ณต์†์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹: ์ดˆ์›”---------------------73 (1) ์„ธ๊ณ„-๋‚ด-์กด์žฌ์ธ ์ดˆ์›”---------------------------73 (2) ๋™์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ดˆ์›”-----------------------76 (3) ์ดˆ์›”๊ณผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€----------------------------81 4. ์กด์žฌ์™€ ๋ฌด์˜ ๊ณต์†์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹: ์‹ค์กด๊ณผ ํƒˆ-์กด์˜ ๊ณต์†----------86 (1) ์ฃฝ์Œ์—๋กœ์˜ ์กด์žฌ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌด-----------------------86 (2) ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ํƒˆ์ž์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฌด์˜ ํ•ด๋ช…------------------94 (3) ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ํ™”ํ•จ์ธ ํ˜„์กด์žฌ-----------------------101 (4) ํ˜„์กด์žฌ์˜ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ------------------------------104 5. ์ฃผ๊ด€์ฃผ์˜์˜ ํ˜์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต-----------------------111 โ…ข. ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ ์ค‘๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์œ ์—์„œ์˜ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ-----------------------117 1. ์ค‘๊ธฐ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ๊ฒฝํ—˜: ์กด์žฌ ์ž์ฒด-----------------------117 (1) ์ง„๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ---------------------------------117 (2) ์ง„๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์กด์žฌ ์ž์ฒด-------------------122 (3) ์ „ํšŒ์™€ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ--------------------------127 2. ์กด์žฌ์ž์˜ ํ˜„์กด: ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๋Œ€์ง€------------------------130 (1) ๋Œ€์ง€---------------------------------------130 (2) ์„ธ๊ณ„์™€ ๋Œ€์ง€์˜ ํˆฌ์Ÿ---------------------------136 (3) ํˆฌ์Ÿ์—์„œ์˜ ํ“Œ์‹œ์Šค----------------------------139 3. ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ๊ณต์†์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹: ๊ทผ์›--------------------142 (1) ์ „ํ†ต์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ---------------------------------142 (2) ์กด์žฌ์˜ ํ˜„-์กด์žฌ------------------------------148 (3) ํ˜„-์กด์žฌ์™€ ๊ทผ์›------------------------------153 4. ์กด์žฌ์™€ ๋ฌด์˜ ๊ณต์†์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹: ์ง„๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋น„-์ง„๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณต์†--------158 (1) ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋น„์ง„๋ฆฌ----------------------------158 (2) ์œ„์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋น„์ง„๋ฆฌ---------------------------164 (3) ๋ฌด์™€ ๋ฌดํ™”, ์กด์žฌ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ-------------------168 (4) ๋ฌด์˜ ๋ง๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ˆํž๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜--------------------------172 5. ์‹ ๋น„์ฃผ์˜ ํ˜์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต-----------------------178 โ…ฃ. ํ•˜์ด๋ฐ๊ฑฐ ํ›„๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์œ ์—์„œ์˜ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ-----------------------187 1. ์กด์žฌ ๊ฒฝํ—˜: ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ-----------------------------187 (1) ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ-----------------------------------187 (2) ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋™์ผ์„ฑ------------------190 (3) ํ›„๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์œ ์™€ ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ----------------------192 2. ์กด์žฌ์ž์˜ ํ˜„์กด: ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ, ์‚ฌ์ž, ์„ธ๊ณ„---------------------196 (1) ์‚ฌ์ด-๋‚˜๋ˆ”----------------------------------.196 (2) ์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์‚ฌ์žํ™”์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผํ™”-------------------199 (3) ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌผํ™”์™€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”-------------------204 3. ์กด์žฌ์™€ ์‚ฌ์œ ์˜ ๊ณต์†์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹: ์–ธ์–ด--------------------207 (1) ๋กœ๊ณ ์Šค์™€ ๋ ˆ๊ฒŒ์ธ------------------------------207 (2) ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ๋งํ•จ---------------------------------211 (3) ์œ ์˜ ์กด์žฌ์™€์˜ ๋Œ€ํ™”--------------------------217 4. ์กด์žฌ์™€ ๋ฌด์˜ ๊ณต์†์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹: ๊ณ ์œ ํ™”์™€ ํƒˆ-๊ณ ์œ ํ™”์˜ ๊ณต์†-----222 (1) ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ์กด์žฌ์™€ ๋ฌด์˜ ๊ณต์†---------------222 (2) ์œ ํ•œ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธธ---------------------------------225 (3) ์ด์œ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ------------------------------229 (4) ๋„์ค‘์—์„œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆผ----------------------------232 5. ๋™์ผ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™์˜ ํ˜์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต------------------237 (1) ์กด์žฌ ๋ฌผ์Œ๊ณผ ๋™์ผ์„ฑ์˜ ์ฒ ํ•™----------------------237 (2) ์กด์žฌ ๋ฌผ์Œ๊ณผ ์œค๋ฆฌํ•™์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ----------------------242 (3) ์กด์žฌ ๋ฌผ์Œ๊ณผ ๊ทน๋‹จ์  ์ƒ๋Œ€์ฃผ์˜--------------------247 ๊ฒฐ๋ก -----------------------------------------------253 (1) ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•œ ์š”์•ฝ------------------------------------253 (2) ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์™€ ํ›„ํ–‰ ๊ณผ์ œ--------------------------260 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ--------------------------------------------263 Abstract--------------------------------------------281Docto
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