88 research outputs found

    ๋ถ„์ž๋™์—ญํ•™๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ชฐํ”ฝ ์ด๋ก ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ƒ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ•ญ๊ณต์šฐ์ฃผ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ, 2020. 8. ์œค๊ตฐ์ง„.This thesis starts with an investigation on the strain rate discrepancy of tensile experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for glassy polymers. It is postulated that MD tensile simulations conducted under super-fast strain rates represent the nanoscale craze region in the macro tensile specimen. By comparing the ductile-brittle transition of glassy polymers at experiments and simulations, the postulation is validated resulting in a conclusion that to understand the constitutive relation of a glassy polymer by using the MD simulation, a multi-scale continuum approach must be employed which can incorporate MD results as the physics of the micro (or nano) scale. For this purpose, the two-scale micromorphic theory is adopted where tensile experimental results are applied to the macro-scale and MD results are applied to the micro-scale. With a proper choice of the length parameter of the micro-scale, the length scale of the continuum model became compatible with MD RUC. Finally, the multi-scale model exhibited the distinctive ductile and brittle plastic deformation when given with ductile and brittle MD s-s curves respectively. Since it also returns the dynamic response from the s-s curves, the time-scale and the strain rate of the MD simulations and the continuum model can be comparable by choosing proper model parameters. This multi-scale approach is expected to be an essential method for the scale bridging between the nanomechanics and the continuum mechanics.๋ณธ ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ƒ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์žฅ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ๋ถ„์ž๋™์—ญํ•™(MD) ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ  ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋†’์€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋ฅ ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๋œ MD ์ธ์žฅ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ์‹คํ—˜ ์ธ์žฅ์‹œํŽธ์—์„œ์˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ํฌ๋ ˆ์ด์ง•(crazing) ์˜์—ญ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ €์ž๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ƒ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ์—ฐ์„ฑ-์ทจ์„ฑ ์ „์ด๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, MD ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์ƒ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ(๋˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๋…ธ) ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์˜ MD ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธ์žฅ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ MD ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ํ•œ ์ด์ค‘ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ชฐํ”ฝ ์ด๋ก ์ด ๋„์ž…๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ค‘ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ชฐํ”ฝ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ, ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งคํฌ๋กœ-์Šค์ผ€์ผ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  MD ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ-์Šค์ผ€์ผ์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ ๊ธธ์ด ์ƒ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ์†์ฒด ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด ์Šค์ผ€์ผ๊ณผMD ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ๊ธธ์ด ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์„ ํ˜ธํ™˜์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ์ด ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ทจ์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” MD ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๋ชฐํ”ฝ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ์— ํ• ๋‹น ๋  ๋•Œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ทจ์„ฑ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์  ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ํ•ด์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์‘๋ ฅ-์ธ์žฅ๋ฅ  ์ปค๋ธŒ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋™์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ ๋‹นํžˆ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ธํ™˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ €์ž๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์ด MD ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์—ฐ์†์ฒด์—ญํ•™์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ณ  ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.1. Introduction 8 1.1. Background and motivation 8 1.2. Objectives and research significance 12 1.3. Organization of the thesis 16 2. Multi-scale continuum theories to incorporate nano-scale mechanics 18 2.1. Hierarchical coupling multi-scale model 18 2.2. Concurrent multi-scale model 19 3. Strain rate relationship between nano- and macro-scale 22 3.1. Methods 22 3.1.1. Molecular dynamics (MD) modeling 22 3.1.2. Tensile experiments for PMMA dog-bone specimens 25 3.2. Ductile-brittle transition results 28 3.2.1. MD simulation results 28 3.2.2. Tensile experimental results 32 3.3. Discussions for the strain rate relationship 33 4. Multi-scale micromorphic theory 39 4.1. General overview of the micromorphic theory 39 4.2. Two-scale micromorphic theory 41 4.3. Constitutive relationship 44 4.4. Finite element discretization 50 5. Results and discussions 53 5.1. Modification of MD results for the micromorphic theory 53 5.2. Macroscopic response of the ductile-brittle transition 55 6. Conclusions and future works 61 6.1. Conclusions 61 6.2. Future works 62 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 69Maste

    A Case of Abnormal Postures in the Left Extremities after Pontine Hemorrhage: Dystonia or Pseudodystonia?

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    It is difficult to determine the pathoanatomical correlates of dystonia because of its complex pathophysiology, and most cases with secondary dystonia are associated with basal ganglia lesions. Moreover, it is a challenging issue that patients with abnormal postures accompanied by other neurological findings in the affected body part (e.g., sensory loss) can be diagnosed with true dystonia or pseudodystonia. Here, we report a case of abnormal postures with loss of proprioception in the left extremities after right dorsal pontine hemorrhage.ope

    First Molecular Diagnosis of a Patient with Unverricht-Lundborg Disease in Korea

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    Unverricht-Lundborg disease (ULD) is a form of progressive myoclonus epilepsy characterized by stimulation-induced myoclonus and seizures. This disease is an autosomal recessive disorder, and the gene CSTB, which encodes cystatin B, a cysteine protease inhibitor, is the only gene known to be associated with ULD. Although the prevalence of ULD is higher in the Baltic region of Europe and the Mediterranean, sporadic cases have occasionally been diagnosed worldwide. The patient described in the current report showed only abnormally enlarged restriction fragments of 62 dodecamer repeats, confirming ULD, that were transmitted from both her father and mother who carried the abnormally enlarged restriction fragment as heterozygotes with normal-sized fragments. We report the first case of a genetically confirmed patient with ULD in Korea.ope

    Trophoblast glycoprotein is a new candidate gene for Parkinson's disease

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    Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder caused by progressive degeneration of the midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Despite intense research efforts over the past decades, the etiology of PD remains largely unknown. Here, we discovered the involvement of trophoblast glycoprotein (Tpbg) in the development of PD-like phenotypes in mice. Tpbg expression was detected in the ventral midbrain during embryonic development and in mDA neurons in adulthood. Genetic ablation of Tpbg resulted in mild degeneration of mDA neurons in aged mice (12-14 months) with behavioral deficits reminiscent of PD symptoms. Through in silico analysis, we predicted potential TPBG-interacting partners whose functions were relevant to PD pathogenesis; this result was substantiated by transcriptomic analysis of the SNc of aged Tpbg knockout mice. These findings suggest that Tpbg is a new candidate gene associated with PD and provide a new insight into PD pathogenesis.ope

    ์ถ•์‚ฌ

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    ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ฐœํ˜: ์ œ104๋Œ€ ํ•˜์› ์ดํ›„

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    ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐœํ˜์€ 104๋Œ€(1995-1997) ์ดˆ๊ธฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ํ•˜์›์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์กฐ์น˜๋“ค์„ ์ผ์ปซ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด 104๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ 105๋Œ€(1997-1999), 106๋Œ€(1999-2001), 107๋Œ€(2001-2003)๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ 108๋Œ€(2003- ) ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•˜์›์šด์˜์— ๋ฏธ์นœ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐœํ˜์€ ์˜ํšŒ๋‚ด๋ถ€์˜ ์กฐ์ง๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์šด์˜์ ˆ์ฐจ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ”, ์˜ํšŒ์žฌ์กฐ์ง(legislative reorganization)๊ณผ ๋™์˜์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋‚œ 10์—ฌ๋…„์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—ฐ๋ฐฉํ•˜์›์„ ๋Œ์ด์ผœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, 1994๋…„ 11์›”์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์ด ์„ ๊ฑฐ ์งํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1995๋…„ 1์›”์— ๊ฐœ์›ํ•œ 104๋Œ€ ์˜ํšŒ์˜ 1ํšŒ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฃฌ ์˜ํšŒ์žฌ์กฐ์ง์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ฐœํ˜์กฐ์น˜๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์ด ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•˜์› ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋‹น์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•˜์› ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ์šด์˜์˜ ๊ธฐํ‹€๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์˜ ์„œ๋ก ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ , ํ•˜์›์—์„œ ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜๋‹น์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ง์ „์ธ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์ง€๋ฐฐ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ง์— ๋น„๋ก ๊ฒฐ์‹ค์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹œ๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  104๋Œ€์ดˆ์— ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์ด ์‹คํ˜„ํ•œ ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐœํ˜์„ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  104๋Œ€์ดˆ์— ๊ณตํ™”๋‹น์ด ์‹คํ˜„ํ•œ ์˜ํšŒ๊ฐœํ˜์˜ ์š”์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ •๋‹น๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ, ์ƒ์ž„์œ„์›ํšŒ, ๋ณธํšŒ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ •๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2002๋…„ ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์ˆ ์ง„ํฅ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ(KRF-2002-072-BM2010

    Who Split the Vote How and Why? Korean Voters Choice Behavior in the April 2004 General Elections for the National Assembly

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    17 ๋Œ€ ์ด์„ ์—์„œ๋Š” 2ํ‘œ๋ณ‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋˜์–ด ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ ํ›„๋ณด์ž์˜ ์†Œ์†์ •๋‹น๊ณผ ๋น„๋ก€๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ์˜ ์ง€์ง€์ •๋‹น์ด ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ๋ถ„ํ• ํˆฌํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค ์ „์ฒด ํˆฌํ‘œ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ์ค‘ 20%๋ฅผ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ƒํšŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์˜ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„ํ• ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๏ผŒ ์ง„๋ณด์„ฑํ–ฅ๏ผŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น ์„ ํ˜ธ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ๋ถ„ํ• ํˆฌํ‘œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‹น์ด๋‚˜ ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ๋‹น์˜ ํ›„๋ณด์ž๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ณ  ๋น„๋ก€๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น์— ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ค€ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋Š” ๋ถ„ํ• ํˆฌํ‘œ์ž ๋งค10 ๋ช… ์ค‘ 4 ๋ช… ์ •๋„์ด๋‹ค ์–‘๋Œ€์ •๋‹น์— 2ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ค€ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋Š” ๋ถ„ํ• ํˆฌํ‘œ์ž๋งค 10 ๋ช… ์ค‘ 2 ๋ช…๊ผด์ด๋‹ค. ์—ด๋ฆฐ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‹น๊ณผ ์ƒˆ์ฒœ๋…„๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น ์ง€์ง€์˜ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋Š” ๋ถ„ํ• ํˆฌํ‘œ์ž ๋งค 10 ๋ช… ์ค‘ 1 ๋ช… ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ถ„ํ• ํˆฌํ‘œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฐ–์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •๋‹น๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ์–‘๋Œ€์ •๋‹น ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ›„๋ณด์ž๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋น„๋ก€๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น์„ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„๋ก€๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น์— ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์ง€์—ญ๊ตฌ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–‘๋Œ€์ •๋‹น ์ค‘ ์ข€๋” ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋‹น์˜ ํ›„๋ณด์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌํ‘œ๋ฐฉ์ง€ ์ „๋žต์  ๋ถ„ํ• ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น ์ง€์ง€์˜ ์ •๋‹นํˆฌํ‘œ์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‹น ํ›„๋ณด์ž๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•œ ๋ถ„ํ• ํˆฌํ‘œ๋Š” 17 ๋Œ€ ๊ตญํšŒ์—์„œ ์ด ๋‘ ์ •๋‹น์˜ ๊ธด๋ฐ€ํ•œ ํ˜‘์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐํ•ฉ๋ณด์žฅ ์ „๋žต์  ๋ถ„ํ• ํˆฌํ‘œ๋กœ๋„ ํ•ด์„๋œ๋‹ค. ์–‘๋Œ€ ์ •๋‹น์— ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ค€ ๋ถ„ํ• ํˆฌํ‘œ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ํ•œ ์ •๋‹น์˜ ๋…์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ คํ•œ ๊ฒฌ์ œ๊ท ํ˜• ๋ถ„ํ• ํˆฌํ‘œ์ด๋ฉฐ๏ผŒ ์—ด๋ฆฐ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‹น๊ณผ ์ƒˆ์ฒœ๋…„๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋‹น์— 2ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ์ค€ ๋ถ„ํ• ํˆฌํ‘œ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ์˜ ํˆฌํ‘œ์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๋‹ค. 2ํ‘œ๋ณ‘๋ฆฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ๋ถ„ํ• ํˆฌํ‘œ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น์ด ์ €13๋‹น์ง€์œ„๋กœ ๋ถ€์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ง๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ถ„ํ• ํˆฌํ‘œ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ „์ฒด ํˆฌํ‘œ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ ์ž ์ค‘ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„ํ• ํˆฌํ‘œ์ž ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ์–‘๋Œ€ ์ •๋‹น์—๊ฒŒ๋งŒ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ง€์—ญ์ฃผ์˜ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์œ ๊ถŒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น์ด ์—ด๋ฆฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‹น๊ณผ ํ•œ๋‚˜๋ผ๋‹น์˜ ์–‘๊ฐ•๊ตฌ๋„๋ฅผ ํ—ˆ๋ฌด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋ก€๋Œ€ํ‘œ์˜์„์˜ ๋น„์ค‘์ด ์ข…์ „๊ณผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ œ๋„์  ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง๋ฏธ์•”์•„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋…ธ๋™๋‹น์ด ์ข€ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋œ ์ €13 ๋‹น ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. A mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) system was introduced for the National Assembly General Elections held in April 2004. Slightly over 20 percent of the total voters seemed to have split their vote. College students, ideological progressives, and the Democratic Labor Party (DLP) identifiers were highly likely to engage in vote splitting. Roughly, four of every ten vote splitters chose a candidate of the Open Uri Party or Grand National Party (GNP) in the plurality election and also supported the DLP in the nationwide proportional representation (PR) election. This pattern of vote splitting might have resulted from strategic calculation by those voters who preferred the DLP the most but did not want to have their vote wasted in the plurality election. They sincerely voted for the DLP in the PR election and strategically voted for an electable candidate of a major party preferable next to the DLP. Of such vote splitters, the Uri Party supporters in the plurality election could be alternatively seen as having attempted to insure coalition between the Uri Party and DLP in the 17th National Assembly. Another two of every ten vote splitters chose between two major parties, the Uri Party and GNP. This pattern of choice behavior could be found among the voters who intended to see the politics of checks and balances between the two large parties. Still, another one of every ten vote splitters chose between the Uri Party and Millennium Democratic Party (MDP). This pattern could be a variant of regional voting, since both the Uri Party and MDP have a strong electoral base in the Honam region. Finally, the remaining three of every ten vote splitters combined any two of political parties in the other manners for their vote splitting. The introduction of a MMM system is significant for explaining the success of the DLP which finished third in the April 2004 elections. Yet its electoral strength did not become sufficient to weaken the two-party format of political competition. This was because vote splitting was that much spread out and also even vote splitters stayed with two major parties or two regionallybased parties. More basically, a smaller percentage of PR seats relative to those elected under plurality could not decisively contribute to the DLP's building of a stronger position than now in the 17th National Assembly

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    ์ด ์ ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์ดํ›„ ๊ตญํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ฐœ๋œ ์˜ํšŒ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 14๋Œ€ ๊ตญํšŒ๊นŒ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์˜์ •์‚ฌ์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ • ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋‚จ์กฐ์„ ๊ณผ๋„์ž…๋ฒ•์˜์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ„๋žตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์‹ฌ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์ œ6๊ณตํ™”๊ตญ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ์ •์น˜์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๋ณ€๋™๊ณผ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜ ์กฐ์ง, ์šด์˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‚จ์กฐ์„ ๊ณผ๋„์ž…๋ฒ•์˜์›์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ํ•„์š”์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ž์ฃผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ ๊ทน์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ์ž…๋ฒ•๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ตญํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํƒ„์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ํšŒ์ •์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๊ฐ๋„๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ • ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋‚˜๋งˆ ์˜์›์„ ์„ ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ตฐ์ • ๋‹น์‹œ์— ๊ณตํฌ๋œ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์•ˆ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ฌ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๋„์ž…๋ฒ•์˜์›์€ ๋•Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •๊ณผ์˜ ์ด๊ฒฌ์„ ๋…ธ์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์˜์› ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ค‘๋„์ขŒํŒŒ์—์„œ ์šฐํŒŒ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ๋น„๊ต์  ๋„“์€ ์ด๋…์  ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ œ์ •๋œ ๋ณดํ†ต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์€ ์ดํ›„์— ์ˆ˜์ •๋˜์–ด ์ œํ—Œ๊ตญํšŒ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค

    An Essay on the Form of Government in Korea: Toward a Better Working Presidential System

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    In the first year of the Roh Moo-hyun presidency๏ผŒ executive-legislative relations as well as the ruling partys relations with the opposition were characterized by the intensification of conflict, and hence Korean democracy did not operate in a stable manner. The primary root cause for this may not be said to be the constitutional stipulations conceming the form of govemment. But the constitutional provisions still need to be improved for a better working presidential democracy. The constitutional revision is to be sought with prudence and also on the basis of systematic examination. Arguments for adopting a semi-presidential system or a parliamentary system are not so persuasive. The model of the former system is the French Fifth Republic. In French politics, when co-habitation occurs๏ผŒpresidential power is essentially constrained and the power of the prime minister heading the govemment is enhanced. In this case, the system works almost llke a parliamentary system. But in case the presidents party or coalition controls a majority in the National Assembly, the lower house of the French Pament๏ผŒ the president who is constitutionally granted power superior to the govemment and the legislative branch is not effectively checked. In this situation, the president and prime minister hardly share executive power. on the other hand๏ผŒ there exist theoretical and practical justifications for a parliamentary system, including one that this system is conducive to comprornise politics. Still, theoretical and empirical research supporting the merits of a presidential system cannot be disregarded. Namely, there is a strong argument that a presidenti systemsw ses a parliamentary system in securirtg the chief executive's political accountability to the people. Futhermore, recent empirical studies suggst that other factors being controlled for, the form of govemment has no robust independent effect on the maintenance and consolidation of democracy. The working of the form of govemment should be considered in combination with other kinds of political institutions or conditions. If a constitution revision is pursued๏ผŒ changing the form of govemment into one close to the proto-type presidential system like the United States' is desirable. The constitutional change will include a four-year presidential term, two-term limit on the presidency, run-off presidential election, simultaneous presidential idential and legislative elections, replacing the prime mรnister post with the vice presidency, ban on the concurrent appointment of a legislative member to a cabinet post, abolishing the power of the National Assembly to recommend to the president for removing a cabinet minister, and so forth
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