농구 숙련도와 과제 난이도에 따른 드리블 정확성 및 일관성과 팔의 협응구조 비교

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 사범대학 체육교육과, 2018. 8. 김선진.본 연구는 숙련도와 과제 난이도의 변화에 따라 드리블을 수행하는 팔 관절의 협응구조와 정확성 및 일관성에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보는 것 이다. 농구 경험에 따라 숙련자(8명)와 초보자(7명) 두 집단으로 나누어 정적인 드리블 과제를 수행하였다. 과제 난이도를 조정하기 위해 메트로 놈으로 드리블링 속도를 청각 가이던스를 활용하여 제공하였으며, 과제 난이도는 선호하는 속도(0%), 중간 속도(40%), 빠른 속도(80%) 3가지로 나누어 과제를 수행하였다. 그 결과 드리블 정확성에서는 숙련도와 과제 난이도에 따른 효과는 나타나지 않았으나, 드리블 일관성에서는 효과를 보였다. 초보자는 모든 과제 난이도 조건에서 숙련자 보다 일관성이 낮 게 나타났다. 특히 이러한 차이는 좌우(ML)방향보다 전후(AP)방향에서 더 큰 차이를 보였으며, 초보자 집단에서는 과제 난이도가 높아짐에 따 라 일관성은 더 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 팔 관절 간 협응구조의 경우, 초보자 집단은 팔꿈치-손목 관절(EW) 협응구조에서 In-phase에 가까운 패 턴을 보였으며, 반대로 손목-중수지절 관절(WF)과 팔꿈치-중수지절 관절 (EF) 협응구조에서는 Anti-phase에 가까운 패턴을 보였다. 그러나 숙련자 집단은 모든 관절 간의 협응구조가 In-phase에 근접한 패턴을 보였으며, 과제 난이도가 높아짐에 따라 점점 In-phase에 가까워지는 경향을 보였다. 결론적으로 과제 난이도가 높아짐에도 불구하고 숙련자가 초보자보다 일 관적으로 드리블을 수행할 수 있는 이유는 상지 내 협응구조의 Time lag 를 최소화하여 최대한 동시에 움직이는 전략을 사용하기 때문이다. 이로 인해 본 연구에서는 숙련도에 따라 변화하는 환경 요인을 제어하기 위한 협응 전략의 차이를 밝혀냈다.This study aims to investigate dribblings accuracy/consistency and upper limb coordination according to degrees of experts and difficulty of task levels. Skilled(n=8) and unskilled(n=7) basketball players were asked to dribble on the force platform for 45s. In the experiment, auditory guidance by a metronome was provided to manipulate the difficulty of task levels for dribbling speed. These levels were named as preference speed (0%), medium speed (40%), and fast speed (80%). Our results showed that no significant differences were depending on the influence of the experts and the difficulty of task levels into dribble accuracy. However, there was an effect on dribble consistency. The consistency was lower for the novice group than the expert group on all conditions, and such difference was more prominent in the anterial-posterior (AP) than the medial-lateral (ML). For the novice group, as the level goes higer, the consistency declined. In case of the coordination, the novice group showed that Elbow-Wrist joints (EW) were close to In-phasewhile Wrist-Finger joints (WF) and Elbow-Finger joints (EF) were close to Anti-phase. However, for the expert group, all the arm coordination was close to Inphase and intended to be closer to In-phase by increasing the levels. In conclusion, although the levels increase, the expert group maintains more dribbling's consistency than novice group. That is why the expert group can reduce the time lag among joints and use a strategy moving all the arm joints at the same time. The findings discovered that people depending on skill levels change their arm coordination to control environmental factors and have different coordination strategies.목차 제１장 서론 ................................................................................................................. 1 제１절 연구의 목적 ........................................................................................................8 제２절 연구 가설 ...........................................................................................................8 제３절 연구의 제한점 .....................................................................................................9 제４절 용어의 정리 ...................................................................................................... 10 제２장 이론적 배경 ...................................................................................................... 13 제１절 농구 드리블의 특징 ............................................................................................ 13 제２절 운동 숙련 연구 .................................................................................................. 15 제１항 운동 숙련의 개념 ............................................................................................... 15 제２항 농구 드리블 숙련자의 특성 .................................................................................. 17 제３절 협응의 이해 ....................................................................................................... 19 제１항 협응의 개념 ....................................................................................................... 19 제２항 다이나믹 시스템 이론(dynamic system theory) ..................................................... 21 제４절 정확성 및 일관성 연구 방법 .................................................................................. 24 제１항 정확성 및 일관성의 개념....................................................................................... 24 제２항 정확성(accuracy)의 측정 ..................................................................................... 25 제３항 일관성(consistency)의 측정 ................................................................................. 26 제３장 연구 방법 ........................................................................................................... 29 제１절 연구 대상 ........................................................................................................... 29 제２절 실험 도구 및 측정 방법 ......................................................................................... 30 제１항 실험도구 ............................................................................................................ 30 제２항 측정방법 ............................................................................................................ 34 제３절 실험 절차 ........................................................................................................... 36 제１항 사전검사 ............................................................................................................ 36 제２항 실험도구 배치 및 3차원 공간 설정 ......................................................................... 38 제３항 복장 및 반사마커 부착 .......................................................................................... 39 제４항 드리블 과제 ........................................................................................................ 40 제４절 실험 설계 ........................................................................................................... 42 제５절 자료 분석 ........................................................................................................... 42 제１항 노이즈 제거 ........................................................................................................ 42 제２항 주요변인 산출방법 ............................................................................................... 43 제６절 통계 분석 ............................................................................................................ 48 제１항 드리블 정확성과 일관성 비교 분석 .......................................................................... 48 제２항 팔의 협응구조 비교 분석......................................................................................... 51 제４장 연구결과 ............................................................................................................. 52 제１절 드리블 정확성 및 일관성 ........................................................................................ 52 제１항 평균 반경오차(MRE)의 정확성 비교 ........................................................................ 56 제２항 COPx의 일관성 비교 ............................................................................................ 58 제３항 COPy의 일관성 비교 ............................................................................................ 62 제２절 팔의 협응구조 ..................................................................................................... 67 제１항 팔꿈치와 손목 관절 간의 협응구조 .......................................................................... 69 제２항 손목과 중수지절 관절 간의 협응구조 ....................................................................... 73 제３항 팔꿈치와 중수지절 관절 간의 협응구조 .................................................................... 76 제５장 논의 ................................................................................................................... 80 제１절 숙련도에 따른 드리블 효과 .................................................................................... 82 제２절 과제 난이도에 따른 드리블 효과 ............................................................................. 84 제６장 결론 및 제언 ........................................................................................................ 87 제１절 결론 ................................................................................................................... 87 제２절 제언 ................................................................................................................... 88Maste

오존 농도의 증가가 산림의 순일차생산성에 미치는 영향 및 피해 비용 추정

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 환경대학원 협동과정 조경학, 2017. 8. 이동근.Forests absorb and store CO2 through photosynthesis, which prevents global warming and provides numerous benefits to forests. In the past, acid rain was the primary danger to forestsmore recently, ozone, nitrogen, and sulfur have been threatening forest ecosystems. In particular, ozone occupies most photochemical products, and because of its high toxicity, it directly damages plants. It is also expected that the concentration of air pollutants will increase as a results of future climate change. Korea is expected to see an increase in the concentration of ozone because of the introduction of ozone and ozone precursors from China. The purpose of this study is to understand how 1) ozone affects the net primary productivity of forests and 2) estimate the future net primary productivity of forests affected by a change of ozone and to estimate the damage cost of such changes. To do this, we selected the variables necessary for determining the net primary productivity of forests by classifying variables related to weather, terrain, and atmospheric pollutants and used resources such as satellite images and atmospheric pollution data to measure each variable from 2001 to 2010. Using statistical models, we estimated the difference between the present and future net primary productivity of forests with and without ozone. In order to estimate the extent of future damage, we applied the concept of convenience and the concept of probability. In this study, damage cost is defined by using economic value concept and the definition of ecosystem servicedamage cost is estimated for control service, indirect use value, use value, and total economic value. According to the result of the analysis, the average net primary productivity of forests over the past 10 years averaged around 64 million . The non-parametric test confirmed that the net primary productivity of forests, NDVI and ozone concentration differed between regions. Because the NDVI differences were reflected in the analysis, there are no differences reported in the net primary productivity of forests by region in this studys results. In addition, ozone is responsible for an average of 8.3% of net primary productivity within forests per year. This is expected to range from about 3.2% to about 13.3% in the future. The impact on net primary productivity of forests due to ozone varied depending on the definition utilized for application methodology and measuring damage cost. When the concept of probability is applied only to the regulation service which has a direct relation to the net primary productivity of forests, the minimum value of the damage cost is about 401 billion KRW, and when metric regression is applied to the maximum value by applying the concept of total economic value, the value increases to roughly 4,653 billion KRW. The estimated cost of damage is about 0.3% of the maximum current GDP. The results of this study suggest that there may be a difference of up to 11 times depending on the definition of damage cost and the method used to estimate damage cost. The significance of this study is that the estimation of net primary productivity of forests in the future is reflected not only in climate data but also in the utilized clinical data through NDVI. It is also important to predict ozone concentration based on the emissions rather than to make assumptions utilizing a simple scenario to determine the prediction of ozone concentration. Furthermore, small-scale research that was conducted at the laboratory level was analyzed using actual observational data. We have found that there is a large variation in the definition of damage cost and the methodology applied to estimate potential future benefits and damage costs. This implies that there is a risk of underestimation or overestimation of the effects of certain variables on climate change.1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background and Purpose 1 1.2 Study Flow 5 2. Literature Review 8 2.1 Effects of Climate Change and Ozone on Net Primary Productivity of Forests 8 2.2 Impact Assessment Methods of Net Primary Productivity of Forests 10 2.3 Estimation Methods of Damage Cost 11 2.4 Conclusion 14 3. Study Scope and Methods 16 3.1 Study Scope 16 3.1.1 Content Scope 16 3.1.2 Spatial Scope 17 3.1.3 Time Scope 19 3.2 Methods 20 3.2.1 Impact assessment of net primary productivity on forests by climate change and ozone 20 3.2.2 Estimation of damage cost to the net primary productivity of forests 32 4. Results and Discussion 40 4.1 Impact assessment of the net primary productivity of forests by ozone 40 4.1.1 Development of the net primary productivity of forest impact assessment model 40 4.1.3 Estimation of current net primary productivity of forests and damage due to ozone 45 4.1.4 Estimation of the future net primary productivity of forests and damage due to ozone 50 4.2 Estimation of the damage cost to the net primary productivity of forests 60 4.2.1 Estimation of damage cost using benefit transfer 60 4.2.2 Estimation of cost of damage by application of probability 66 4.2.3 Damage costs of net primary productivity of forest due to future ozone effects 72 5. Conclusion 78 6. Bibliography 83 7. Appendix 99Docto

특성가격법(HPM)을 이용한 올림픽공원과 보라매공원의 가치평가

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 생태조경학과, 2014. 2. 이동근.The ecosystem provides individuals with a variety of benefits. Parks in particular provide a number of benefits, including recreational, leisure, and educational opportunities. Generally speaking, people are well aware of the value of the benefits that urban parks offer. This study estimates, through the use of hedonic price methods (HPM), the populaces willingness to pay (WTP) for Olympic Park and Boramae Park in Seoul, South Korea. HPM constitute one type of valuation method for nonmarket goods. All else being equal, individuals generally prefer to live in a house located near a parkthis preference is seen in the prices of apartment rentals and real estate. It makes sense, then, that this study would use an HPM model. The dataset used comprises real transaction prices from Sungnae-dong and Sindaebang-dong in 2012, and four function types are used. Variables were chosen after undertaking a literature review and expert interviews. The independent variables include square area of a household, the age of the building (i.e., year of completion), the floor of a household within a building, the number of households in an apartment complex, the distance to the nearest entrance of an elementary school, the distance to the nearest subway station, the distance to the nearest bus stop, whether or not there is a park view from a household, and the distance to the nearest park entrance. The results of regression analyses were as follows. When someone who lives in Sungnae-dong buys a house, the households WTP to be 1 m closer to Olympic Park is equal to 1% of the unit price. At the same time, this factor can be considered to have a monetary value: about 1,000 won (KRW) per 1 m closer in the log function regression, and about KRW 2,000 in the linear regression. For Boramae Park, residents who live in Sindaebang-dong assign a WTP value that equals 2% of the unit price of a homethat monetary value is about KRW 2,000 by log function regression and about KRW 3,500 by linear regression. The price of an apartment that has a view of Boramae Park can be as much as 9.5% higher than one that does not. In addition, this study determines mathematically the range of influence of park proximity on an apartments value. The value of is 212.42 m (semi-log function of Olympic Park), 337.17 m (log function of Olympic Park), 578.23 m (semi-log function of Boramae Park), and 900.35 m (log function of Boramae Park). These results indicate that the range of influence of Boramae Park is larger than that of Olympic Park. The monetary value of living within the vicinity of one of these two parks is not of significant size. The value is set by the users, and so the value of the park relates to accessibility. The study results indicate that Boramae Park is more valuable to those that live in its vicinity than Olympic Park is for its residents. The number of studies that work to quantify ecosystems and their valuations has been increasing worldwide in recent years, largely because the results of quantification and valuation are useful in creating policy that protects or preserves the ecosystem, and in creating parks. This study is about park, ecosystem, and ecosystem services valuation, and about the allocation of greenspaceit makes a significant contribution to the literature, in that its results bear implications with regard to the estimated value of these parks. These figures also allow for comparisons of the value ranges of the two parks.I. Introduction 1 II. Literature Review 3 1. Urban parks 3 1.1. Definition 3 1.2. Current conditions and related policy 4 2. Valuation methods of non-market goods 5 2.1. Hedonic price methods 6 2.2. Travel cost methods 7 2.3. Random utility model 7 2.4. Contingent valuation methods 8 2.5. Choice experiment 8 3. Valuations of the parks: a literature review 9 III. Data and Methods 11 1. Data scope 11 1.1. Study sites 11 1.2. Time range 13 2. Methods 13 2.1. Selection of valuation methods 15 2.2. Variable selection 17 2.3. Function type 17 2.4. Concept of value estimation 18 IV. Results and Discussion 19 1. Results with the constructed variables 19 1.1. Square area of a household 19 1.2. Floor of a household 19 1.3. Age of the building 19 1.4. Number of households in an apartment complex 20 1.5. Distance to nearest subway station 21 1.6. Distance to nearest bus stop 22 1.7. Distance to elementary school 22 1.8. Park view from a household 25 1.9. Distance to the park 25 2. Analytical results by function type 27 3. Price curve and the value of the parks 32 4. Supplemental analysis including the park view variable 40 V. Conclusion 43 Reference 45 Appendix 1. Entrance of the elementary school 50 Appendix 2. The result of regression 54 1. Olympic Park 54 2. Boramae Park 58Maste

Cerbral hemispheric asymmetry in recognition of hangul words in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy

의학과/석사[한글] 한쪽 반구에 병변이 있는 측두엽 간질 환자와 정상인들을 대상으로 대뇌반구의 기능에 차이가 있는가를 검증하고 병소의 위치가 다면적인성검사 (Minnesota Multiphasic Pereonality Inventory 이하 MMPI) 상의 정신분열증, 우울증 및 조증 척도등과 어떠한 연관이 있는가를 조사하였다. 연구대상은 간질 병소의 위치에 따라 병소가 우측인 환자 (우측군) 11명, 좌측인 환자 (좌측군) 15명 및 실험에 자원한 정상인 23명등 총 55명이었다. 이들에게 순간노출기법을 사용하여 좌측 또는 우측시야에 제시된 한글에 대한 인지과제를 수 행하도록 하였다. 사회인구학적 특성상 정상군과 환자군사이에는 교육수준에서의 차이 이외에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 임상적 및 사회인구학적 특성상 환자군중 우측군과 좌측군 사이에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 자극은 무작위적으로 선택된 2음절로된 24개의 단어이다. 연상가의 규정을 통해 연상가가 가장 높은 6개의 단어와 가장 낮은 6개의 단어 총 12개의 단어를 목표자극으로 선정하였고, 연상가가 중간인 12개의 단어를 비교자극으로 선정했다. 실험장치는 16bit 퍼스널 컴퓨터 1대와 컴퓨터 모니터, 반응키등 부속장치를 사용했다. 실험방법은, 앞서 150msec 동안 좌 또는 우시야에 제시된 목표자극과 나중에 제시된 비교자극이 같은지 다른지를 피험자가 판단하여 반응하도록하는 것이었다. 자극이 제시되는 시간 및 순서등은 컴퓨터 프로그램을 통해 자동적으로 통제되도록 했다. 본 실험에서 측정한 변인은 정답율, 반응시간 및 MMPI 상의 각 척도의 t 점수이다. 정답율 및 반응시간을 종속변수로 하고, 집단조건 및 시야조건을 독립변수로 하여 각 측정치의 평균값의 차이를 SPSS/PC+로 분석했다. 또한 각 MMPI 척도의 t 점수를 우측군 및 좌 측군에 따라 평균을 내어 이를 t-test 로 검증했다. 그 결과는 아래와 같다. 1. 정답율에서 전체적으로 정상군이 환자군에 비해 유의하게 높았다. 좌우시야간에 전체적으로는 유의한 차이는 없었다. 시야조건과 집단조건간에는 유의한 상호작용이 있어서 좌측군의 경우 좌시야의 정답율이 우시야에 비해 유의하게 높았으며 우측군은 우시야의 정답율이 좌시야에 비해 높은 경향을 보였다. 연상가조건에서 보면 좌측군과 정상군은 연상가가 높은 경우가, 우측군은 연상가가 낮은 경우가 정답율이 높은 경향을 보였으나 통계적으로 유의한 수준은 아니었다. 2. 반응시간에서도 전체적으로 정상군이 환자군에 비해 유의하게 빠른 결과를 보였다. 시야조건에서 정상군은 좌시야에서 다소 빠르고 우측군은 좌우시야에서 비슷하며 좌측군은 우시야에서 반응시간이 느린 경향을 나타냈으나 유의한 정도는 아니었다. 시야조건, 연상가조건 및 집단조건간에도 유의한 상호작용이 없었다. 3. MMPI 척도상 우측군에서는 우울중 척도가 상대적으로 높았으며, 좌측군에서는 조중 척도가 상대적으로 높았으나 유의하지는 않았다. 정신분열증 척도는 좌우측군이 비슷한 결과를 나타냈다. 이상의 결과는 간질의 병소가 있는 대뇌반구는 다른 반구에 비해 상대적으로 그 기능이 떨어진다는 것을 의미하며, 우반구에 병소가 있을 때는 우울증이 관련됨을 시사하고 있다. [영문] Thirty two patients wi th complex partial seizure, and epileptic focus in the right or left side of brain, and twenty three normal volunteers were tested using the visual hatf-field task performance. The patient group also completed the minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Two-letter Hangul words (Korean phonetic-based script) were presented tachistoscopically to the right or left visual field for 150msec. Then correctness and reaction time in recognition of the words were recorded and analyzed to compare the groups, The results showed that the mean rate of correct response was significantly higher in the normal group, and that a right visual field (left hemisphere) superiority in correct recognition was found in the patients with right side focus: the opposite was found for the patients with left side focus (p 0.05). Regarding reaction time, in the normal group it was significantly shorter than in the patient groups (p 0.05). In the MMPI, both patient groups showed similar t scores on the schizophrenia (Sc) scale. But the right focus group showed a slightly higher t score on the depression (D) scale (p 0.1), whereas the left focus group was relatively higher on the mania (Ma) scale. These results suggest that epileptic focus caused a lateralized hemispheric dysfunction on the focus side and that right hemispheric dysfunction may be related to depressionrestrictio

게임을 읽는 머리, 스포츠지능을 측정하기 위한 컴퓨터 기반 스포츠 인지검사 프로그램 개발

우수한 선수들은 게임을 읽는 머리, 스포츠형 두뇌를 가진다. 그러나 스포츠 두뇌를 종합적으로 측정하는 인지 검사도구는 개발된 바 없다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 스포츠 인지기능을 측정하기 위한 컴퓨터 기반 프로그램을 개발하는 것이다. 스포츠 인지기능 문헌고찰을 바탕으로 정보처리속도, 실행기능(인지유연성, 억제능력), 공간능력을 스포츠 인지기능으로 선정하였다. 정보처리속도 측정을 위해 단순 및 선택반응시간 검사, 실행기능 측정을 위해 기호잇기검사, 자극수반과제, 공간능력 측정을 위해 심적회전과제가 선택되었고, 이들을 컴퓨터 기반 측정 프로그램으로 개발하였다. 검사를 실행하면, 각 검사에 대한 설명과 함께 연습시행이 주어진 뒤, 본 과제가 시작되며, 과제 종료와 동시에 주요 변인들이 통계처리되어 txt 파일형태로 자동저장된다. 스포츠 인지검사도구는 추후 타당도와 신뢰도 평가를 거쳐, 스포츠 영재발굴과 선수선발에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다

Physical Fitness and Apolipoprotein E Genotype Influence Cortical Networking and Intelligence in Adolescents

AIMS: This study examined the interactive effect of physical fitness and Apolipoprotein e4 on intelligence and cortical networking in adolescents. METHODS: Participants were middle school students consisting of 10 and 8 high- and low-fit e4 carriers (e4+), respectively, and 14 and 10 high- and low-fit non-carriers (e4?), respectively. Inter- and intra-hemispheric coherences were calculated to examine cortico-cortical communication during intelligence test. RESULTS: Coherence in low-fit e4+ was lower than in high-fit e4+, while coherence in low-fit e4- was similar to or higher than in high-fit e4-. CONCLUSION: the presence of the e4 allele can decrease neural networking 50-60 years before Alzheimer’s disease onset: however, physical fitness may compensate for the negative impact of genotype. Moreover, the beneficial effects of physical fitness may differ depending on functional states of the adolescent brain according to the presence of the e4 allele

Does sports intelligence, the ability to read the game, exist? A systematic review of the relationship between sports performance and cognitive functions

연구의 목적은 문헌고찰을 통해 스포츠 관련 인지기능과 이를 효과적으로 측정할 수 있는 검사도구를 제안하고, 스포츠 지능 연구의 기초를 마련하는 것이다. 문헌고찰은 체계적 문헌고찰과 메타분석 지침인 PRISMA 연구법에 근거하여 수행되었다. 게재년도 2008-2020년으로 검색기준 설정 후, 키워드를 통해 검색된 총 429편 중 본 연구의 문헌 선택 기준을 충족한 45편이 최종 분석되었다. 고찰된 논문 결과를 요약하면, 선수들은 비선수보다 특정 인지기능이 우수하고, 스포츠 전문성이 높을수록 해당 인지기능이 더 높았으며, 종목에 따라 인지기능에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 45편에 대한 종합적 분석결과, 스포츠 수행과 관련된 주요 인지기능은 실행기능(억제능력, 인지유연성), 정보처리속도, 공간능력, 주의력으로 요약된다. 각 인지기능 측정을 위한 검사도구로 억제능력은 정지신호과제, 인지유연성은 설계유연성검사, 정보처리는 단순반응검사와 선택반응검사, 공간능력은 심적회전검사, 주의력은 주의연합검사가 적절하다

Affective Change With Variations in Zumba Fitness Intensity as Measured by a Smartwatch

In this study we investigated affective changes during Zumba fitness program exercise with varied intensity, as measured by a smartwatch. Sixteen college students (4 males and 12 females) participated in two single-session Zumba fitness programs at low and moderate intensities separated by a one-week interval. During exercise, participants' heart rate (HR) and theirresponses to the Felt Arousal Scale (FAS) and the Feeling Scale (FS) were measured seven times (pre-exercise, warm-up, merengue, reggaeton, salsa, cumbia, and cool-down) using tailor-made applications on a smartwatch. Additionally, pre- and post-exercise affect was measured by the PANAS-X, which showed enhanced positive affect and reduced negative affect following exercise. Feelings and arousal during exercise were activated, irrespective of exercise intensity, but positive effects were more prominent at the higher (moderate) exercise intensity level. By adopting wearable technology, we were able to measure real-time affect changes during exercise, and we demonstrated the particular affective benefits of a moderate intensity Zumba Fitness program