초발 정신증 환자군과 정신증 임상적 고위험군에서 오류 관련 처리 이상에 관한 사건 관련 전위 연구

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 자연과학대학 뇌인지과학과, 2021. 2. 권준수.Background: Impaired event-related potential (ERP) indices reflecting performance monitoring systems have been consistently reported in patients with schizophrenia. However, whether these impairments exist from the beginning of the early phase of psychosis, such as in first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients and individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis, has not yet been clearly explored. Methods: Thirty-seven FEP patients, 22 CHR subjects, and 22 healthy controls (HCs) performed a visual go/no-go task so that three ERP components associated with performance monitoring—error-related negativity (ERN), correct response negativity (CRN) and error positivity (Pe) —could be assessed. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with age and sex as covariates was used to compare ERN, CRN and Pe across groups. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA with age and sex as covariates revealed that FEP patients and CHR subjects showed significantly smaller ERN amplitudes at Fz (F = 4.980, p = 0.009) and FCz (F = 3.453, p = 0.037) electrode sites compared to those of HCs. Neither CRN nor Pe amplitudes showed significant group differences across FEP, CHR and HC groups. Conclusion: These findings suggest that performance monitoring is already compromised during the early course of psychotic disorders, evident in FEP patients and CHR subjects, as reflected in the reduced ERN amplitude. Taken together, ERN could serve as a potential indicator of early stages of psychosis.서론: 조현병 환자에서 행동 모니터링 시스템을 반영하는 사건 관련 전위의 손상은 지속적으로 보고되었다. 그러나 비교적 질환의 초기 단계인 초발 정신증 환자군과 조현병 전구기 증상을 보이는 정신증 임상적 고위험군에서도 이러한 손상이 나타나는지는 아직 잘 알려지지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 사건 관련 전위를 통해 반영된 행동 모니터링의 저하가 초발 정신증 환자군과 정신증 임상적 고위험군에서부터 관찰되는지 알아보고자 한다. 방법: 37명의 초발 정신증 환자군, 22명의 정신증 임상적 고위험군, 22명의 정상 대조군이 연구에 참여하여 행동 모니터링과 관련된 3개의 사건 관련 전위 구성 요소인 오류 관련 음전위 (ERN), 정반응 관련 음전위 (CRN), 오류 양전위 (Pe)를 측정하였다. 또한 성별과 연령의 공변량 분석을 통해 보정한 뒤 각 구성 요소들의 진폭, 잠복기 등의 차이가 있는지 분석하였다. 결과: 초발 정신증 환자군과 정신증 임상적 고위험군에서 정상 대조군에 비해 Fz (F = 4.980, p = 0.009)전극 부위와 FCz (F = 3.453, p = 0.037)전극 부위에서 오류 관련 음전위 (ERN)의 진폭이 현저하게 낮았고, 초발 정신증 환자군과 정신증 임상적 고위험군의 진폭은 서로 비슷한 정도로 저하되어 있었다. 정반응 관련 음전위 (CRN)과 오류 양전위 (Pe)의 진폭은 세 그룹 모두 유의미한 집단 간 차이를 보이지 않았다. 고찰: 본 연구의 결과는 초발 정신증 환자군과 정신증 임상적 고위험군에서 오류 관련 음전위 (ERN) 진폭의 저하를 통해 질환의 초기 단계에서 이미 행동 모니터링이 손상되었음을 시사한다. 종합해보자면, 본 연구의 결과들은 오류 관련 음전위 (ERN)은 정신증의 초기 단계를 확인할 수 있는 잠재적인 임상지표로서의 가능성을 제시한다.Chapter 1. Introduction 2 Chapter 2. Methods 7 Chapter 3. Results 18 Chapter 4. Discussion 34 References 41 Abstract in Korean 45Maste

Fecal Microbiota and Gut Microbe-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Colorectal Cancer

The human microbiota comprises trillions of microbes, and the relationship between cancer and microbiota is very complex. The impact of fecal microbiota alterations on colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis is emerging. This study analyzed changes in the microbial composition in CRC subjects with both fecal microbiota and gut microbe-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). From August 2017 to August 2018, 70 CRC patients and 158 control subjects were enrolled in the study. Metagenomic profiling of fecal microbiota and gut microbe-derived EVs in stool was performed using 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing. Relative abundance, evenness, and diversity in both the gut microbiota and gut microbe-derived EVs were analyzed. Additionally, microbial composition changes according to the stage and location of CRC were analyzed. Microbial composition was significantly changed in CRC subjects compared to control subjects, with evenness and diversity significantly lower in the fecal microbiota of CRC subjects. Gut microbe-derived EVs of stool demonstrated significant differences in the microbial composition, evenness, and diversity in CRC subjects compared to the control subjects. Additionally, microbial composition, evenness, and diversity significantly changed in late CRC subjects compared to early CRC subjects with both fecal microbiota and gut microbe-derived EVs. Alistipes-derived EVs could be novel biomarkers for diagnosing CRC and predicting CRC stages. Ruminococcus 2-derived EVs significantly decreased in distal CRC subjects than in proximal CRC subjects. Gut microbe-derived EVs in CRC had a distinct microbial composition compared to the controls. Profiling of microbe-derived EVs may offer a novel biomarker for detecting and predicting CRC prognosis.ope

유엔 북한인권결의에 대한 중국의 입장

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제대학원 국제학과, 2018. 2. 조영남.Since its first debate on North Koreas human rights issue in 1992, the United Nations has gradually publicized the issue over time. In 2003, a resolution condemning North Koreas human rights situation was eventually adopted in the UN Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR). Titled Situation of Human Rights in the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, this was the first official resolution that could bring North Koreas human rights issue to the General Assembly. When the UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) became a subsidiary body under the General Assembly in 2006, the resolution on human rights situation in the DPRK was adopted on an annual basis since then. With regards to this resolution, Peoples Republic of China has consistently voted against it. By revealing its opposition on discussing human rights issue of North Korea in the United Nations, China reinforced the non-intervention principle according to the UN Constitution and urged other member-states not to interfere with domestic affairs of the DPRK. Significantly, when North Koreas human rights issue was extended up to the Security Council level in 2014, the delegation of China publicly argued that politicizing North Koreas human rights issue in the Security Council was absolutely inappropriate. Regardless of the ups and downs in the Sino-North Korean relations, Chinas position on human rights issue of North Korea remains unchanged. When China was increasingly engaged with international human rights regime, it again did not give up on its role to stand as a defender of North Korea when it comes to the issue of human rights. Throughout the Cold War Era up until the Post-Cold War Era, Chinas position on the human rights issue of North Korea remained consistent in general. The only changes were noticed from the grounds of Chinas support for North Korea. Chinas support for North Korea during the Cold War Era was based on the strong ideological affinity, anti-imperialism alliance among Socialist countries, and the bipolar international system. On the contrary, there were significantly weakened implications of ideology, changes in Chinas foreign policy towards the Korean peninsula, and the emergence of the unipolar international system accompanied by the rise of China in the Post-Cold War Era. There could be a number of factors contributing to Chinas consistent opposition towards the resolution. One could be drawn from Chinas ideological homogeneity to North Korea. Sharing similar values on their perceptions of human rights, this could motivate China to prevent international condemnations on human rights in North Korea. Chinas poor records of domestic situation of human rights could also have affected its decision on the resolution, along with its controversial policy on North Korean refugees. To avoid the criticisms from the outside world on such issues, China could have actively defended on behalf of North Korea. Chinas reputation as the representative of developing countries with a veto power could provide another explanation for its decision as well. Faced with strategic competition with the United States in the multilateral arenas, Beijing was brought to stand against Washington in the international human rights regime. Whether which factor was more determinant than the other is not a matter of concern. Yet, it is important to note that the complex interplay between both domestic and international factors contributed in shaping Chinas position on the UN resolution of the situation of human rights in the DPRK. Speaking of China's intention behind its behaviors within the international human rights regime, China has maintained a high level of assertiveness when dealing with the issue of human rights in any multilateral settings. This has been consistent since China came under severe censure by the international society for the Tiananmen crackdown. Yet, there is a lack of evidence to demonstrate China's revisionist behavior within the current international human rights regimes. Rather, China's strategy leaned more towards the engagement. Beijing sought to comply with the established international norms of human rights and follow by global standard in formality.I. Introduction 1 1. Research Topic 1 2. Literature Review 8 3. Research Methodology 12 4. Analytical Framework 13 II. Chinas Position on the UN Resolution of the Situation of Human Rights in the DPRK 17 1. Human Rights in the Sino-North Korean Relations 17 1.1 Blood Alliance under Mao Zedong (1949-1976) 17 1.2 Friendly Relations under Deng Xiaoping (1978-1993) 20 1.3 Balanced Relations under Jiang Zemin (1994-2001) 23 1.4 Recovering Relations under Hu Jintao (2002-2011) 25 1.5 Deteriorating Relations under Xi Jinping (2012- ) 27 2. Chinas Activism in the International Human Rights Regime 29 2.1 System Reforming: Passive Leaner Phase (1971-1979) 29 2.2 System Maintaining: Active Participant Phase (1980-1989) 31 2.3 System Refraining: Active Defender Phase (The Early 1990s) 32 2.4 System Settling: Stable Member Phase (The Mid 1990s- ) 35 III. Contributing Factors Shaping Chinas Opposition 37 1. Ideological Homogeneity in the Definition of Human Right 37 1.1 Universal Human Rights based on Western Liberalism 37 1.2 Definition of Human Rights in China 39 1.3 Definition of Human Rights in North Korea 43 1.4 The Clash of Definition from Ideological Disparity 47 2. Domestic Issues with Human Rights and North Korean Refugees 49 2.1 Chinas Domestic Issues with Human Rights 49 2.2 Chinas Position on North Korean Refugees 56 2.3. Criticisms from the International Society 59 3. Chinas Reputation in the International Regimes 62 3.1 Representative of Developing Countries 62 3.2 A Permanent Member of the Security Council 64 3.3 The Rivalry between China and the United States 67 IV. Conclusion 72 Bibliography 76 국문 초록 82Maste

Analysis of the gut microbiome using extracellular vesicles in the urine of patients with colorectal cancer

Background/Aims: We evaluated the gut microbiome using extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the urine of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) to determine whether gut-microbe-derived EVs could be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of CRC. Methods: EVs were isolated from the urine of patients with CRC and healthy controls. DNA was extracted from the EVs, and the bacterial composition was analyzed using next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA. Results: A total of 91 patients with CRC and 116 healthy controls were enrolled. We found some specific microbiomes that were more or less abundant in the CRC group than in the control group. The alpha-diversity of the gut microbiome was significantly lower in the CRC group than in the control group. A significant difference was observed in the beta-diversity between the groups. The alpha-diversity indices between patients with early-and late-stage CRC showed conflicting results; however, there was no significant difference in the beta-diversity according to the stage of CRC. There was no difference in the alpha-and beta-diversity of the gut microbiome corresponding to the location of CRC (proximal vs. distal). Conclusions: A distinct gut microbiome is reflected in the urine EVs of patients with CRC compared with that in the healthy controls. Microbial signatures from EVs in urine could serve as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of CRC. © 2023 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine.ope

Resting heart rate is associated with colorectal advanced adenoma

Background and aims: Resting heart rate is an independent predictor of colorectal cancer (CRC) development and CRC-related mortality. However, little is known about the relationship between resting heart rate and colorectal adenoma development. We aimed to investigate this association in a population who underwent screening colonoscopy. Methods: Among 39,021 patients who underwent both electrocardiogram and screening colonoscopy during routine health examinations at the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Health Promotion Center, Korea from January 2014 to July 2019, 1,344 patients had advanced adenoma. We performed 1:1 propensity score (PS) matching to establish a control group that mitigated the confounding effects of age and sex. We performed multivariate logistic regression analyses to identify the independent risk factors of advanced adenoma development. Results: Resting heart rate was significantly higher in the advanced adenoma group than in the control group. The prevalence of advanced polyp increased across the quartiles of resting heart rate. Patients with higher resting heart rates were more likely to be older, smokers, and have increased blood pressure and DM and less likely to engage in active exercises than those with lower resting heart rates. Patients with higher resting heart rates had higher serum glucose, triglyceride, hemoglobin A1C, and insulin levels and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Patients with resting heart rate in the highest quartile (≥71 bpm) still showed significantly increased odds ratio (OR) of advanced adenoma development (OR: 1.379, 95% confidence interval: 1.099-1.731, p = 0.006). Conclusions: High resting heart rate was a meaningful independent risk factor of advanced adenoma development.ope

Measures of muscle mass and fat mass in the identification of metabolic abnormalities in older Korean adults

보건대학원/석사OBJECTIVES: We investigated the association of the sex-associated changes of muscle mass and fat mass with metabolic abnormalities in an older Korean population. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the baseline data from the cohort study conducted in the Korean Urban Rural Elderly (KURE) study, which is a population-based longitudinal study of health determinants among elderly persons aged 65 years or older (381 men, 747 women). Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program’s ATP-III criteria (≥3 of the following abnormalities): waist circumference greater than 90 cm in men and 80 cm in women; serum triglycerides level of at least 150 mg/dL; high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level of less than 40 mg/dL in men and 50 mg/dL in women; blood pressure of at least 130/85 mmHg; or serum glucose level of at least 100 mg/dL. The association between muscle and fat mass and metabolic syndrome was assessed by serial logistic regression models. RESULTS: Fat mass was significantly associated with all components of the metabolic syndrome in both sexes. After adjustment for potential confounders including fat mass, muscle mass was associated with high blood pressure (ASM/Ht2; OR= 2.46, 95% CI = 1.61-3.75), low HDL cholesterol (ASM; OR= 1.91, 95% CI = 1.17-2.88 and ASM/Ht2; OR= 2.25, 95% CI = 1.49-3.38), high glucose (ASM; OR= 1.61, 95% CI = 1.05-2.48) and metabolic syndrome (ASM/Ht2; OR= 1.65, 95% CI = 1.12-2.42) for women and low HDL cholesterol (ASM/Ht2; OR= 1.88, 95% CI = 1.01-3.49) for men. CONCLUSIONS: In older persons, fat mass was associated with all of the metabolic syndrome components. In contrast, muscle mass was associated with all of the metabolic syndrome components in women, but not in men. More studies are needed to explain the sex difference of the associations.ope

A Characterization of Shale Gas Reservoir Using Fast Marching Method Combined With Model Selection Approach

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 에너지시스템공학부, 2015. 2. 강주명.Shale gas reservoirs show various production profiles depending on methods of hydraulic fracturing. Characterization for given shale gas reservoir is essentially included to predict future performances. Clustering of various reservoir models by their similarities and selecting of a cluster similar to the production history data are introduced in the process of characterization. The conventional clustering method using static properties such as fracture half-lengths and mean permeability has shown limited capability for realistic characteristics of a shale gas reservoir. In this study, the Fast Marching Method (FMM) combined with a model selection approach is proposed to develop reservoir models showing similar production profiles with the history data. The stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) is obtained from FMM as a value of the similarity in order to reflect the dynamic connectivity. The method is applied to various shale gas reservoirs with different fracture geometries for verification. It effectively gathers models with similar production profiles and fracture distributions. The accuracy of Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) prediction is improved up to 7-14%p compared to the conventional method.Table of Contents Abstract i Table of Contents iii List of Tables iv List of Figures v 1. Introduction 1 2. Theoretical Background 7 2.1 FMM(Fast Marching Method) 7 2.2 Distance-based clustering 17 2.3 Model selection algorithm 26 3. Reservoir characterization with FMM and model selection 29 4. Results 34 4.1 Reference field 34 4.2 SRV calculation using FMM 38 4.3 Application of model selection approach 40 5. Conclusion 59 Reference 61 Appendix A. Results of the proposed method 65 요약 (국문초록) 82Maste

Use of Device-Assisted Enteroscopy in Small Bowel Disease: An Expert Consensus Statement by the Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases

The introduction of device-assisted enteroscopy (DAE) in the beginning of the 21st century has revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the small intestine. In contrast to capsule endoscopy, the other main diagnostic modality of small bowel diseases, DAE has the unique advantages of allowing the observation of the region of interest in detail and enabling tissue acquisition and therapeutic intervention. As DAE becomes an essential procedure in daily clinical practice, there is an increasing need for correct guidelines on when and how it is to be performed and what technical factors should be taken into consideration. In response to these needs, the Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases has developed an expert consensus statement on the performance of DAE by reviewing current evidence. This expert consensus statement particularly focuses on the indications, choice of insertion route, therapeutic intervention, complications, and relevant technical points.ope

Which biologic agents increase perioperative complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease?

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공공선택이론에 기반한 온실가스 감축 실패 사례 분석과 법 ･ 정책 대안의 모색

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 법과대학 법학과, 2021.8. 허성욱.A stable climate without rapid climate change constitutes a global public good. Due to the nature of public goods, the benefits of a stable climate are shared regardless of whether or not additional efforts and costs to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are paid to maintain them. Therefore, there could be motivation for many countries, companies, and people to become free riders when they are required to take part in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This contributes to the difficulties inherent in collective efforts to cope with climate change. For this reason, climate change is considered the biggest “market failure” facing mankind, and governmental policy intervention is justified to correct such market failure. In terms of public choice theory, government involvement requires our attention as it has the potential to be seen as “government failure”. The purpose of this study is to analyze the aspects of government failures related to reducing greenhouse gas emissions through analysis of the Korean government’s climate & energy policies, and to propose alternatives to climate & energy laws and policies through case analysis and comparative law studies based on public choice theory. The theory of public choice refers to a series of economic studies on non-market decision making. It was expected that by paying attention to the choice of actors in the process of establishing as well as implementing climate & energy laws and policies, it would provide a useful theoretical basis for analyzing the causes of the government failures regarding reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, prior to the case study, this study first examined the theoretical and empirical findings of government failures from the perspective of public choice theory and derived an analysis framework for government failures concerning achieving the goal of reducing national greenhouse gas emissions. According to existing public choice theory studies, participants seek rational choices to maximize their utility even in the policy market. This could lead to situations in which citizens are in a rational state of ignorance, politicians are motivated by maximizing votes, and officials by budgets, suggesting that the government failure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions may also be the result of behaviors of maximizing the individual utilities of different actors in the policy market. Prior to analyzing domestic cases using this framework, Chapter 3 conducted a case study on the experience of forming and implementing climate and energy policies in Germany, Britain, and France, among other European countries that have been relatively successful in terms of greenhouse gas emissions reduction. All of these countries are achieving steady downward trends in greenhouse gas emissions up to current date, but also have experienced failure in the past and/or very recently to coordinate between climate and energy policies. Efforts to overcome such failures are currently underway. Recently, it has been confirmed that all countries that have established a goal of “carbon neutrality by 2050”, established new climate policy accordingly, and are taking measures to reflect this in climate & energy laws and policies. Research found that their efforts have many characteristics in common. First, the national greenhouse gas reduction target was set based on scientific evidence. Reduction targets of key sectors, such as the energy sector, were specifically set and legislated in accordance with this national target. Second, it inspected and refluxed the implementation of policies and the achievement of each target through the establishment of an independent expert committee. Third, not only were creative ideas reflected in policy decisions by expanding opportunities for citizens’ direct participation, but also via trying to form social consensus in drawing new reduction policies. Based on these case studies on European countries, Chapter 4 examined the cases of the Korean government to reduce greenhouse gas by utilizing the analysis framework derived through prior studies of public choice theory. The climate & energy policy failed based on the analysis of excessive introduction of coal power generation facilities in the basic plan for power supply and demand, delays and lax design of emission trading legislation, and failure to determine additional means of reduction for the 2030 greenhouse gas emissions reduction roadmap. These case studies show that Korea's failure to reduce greenhouse gases has been largely attributed to regulatory failures due to the active pursuit of interests from industries, and to bureaucratic failures of governmental officials whose preferences are closely tied with the nation’s economic growth resisting in embracing new policy goal of reducing greenhouse gases. Legislative failure which was caused by politicians and lawmakers who lacked incentives to produce results by persistently pursuing these policy alternatives did exist in some cases, even if they showed signs of responding to climate change based on the motivation to maximize votes. It was also found that there would have been a lack of opportunities in general for environmental organizations and ordinary citizens to be organized and have their opinions reflected in the policy process. In order to overcome this failure of climate & energy policies and achieve greenhouse gas reduction, regulating policy-making processes to ensure transparent and fair policy decisions are made will be more important than adjusting ex-post redistribution of gains. Chapter 5 proposed that the final conclusion should be to effectively regulate the climate & energy law and policy-making and implementation process with the aim of effectively reflecting the demands of climate science and various social preferences.급격한 기후변화가 없는 안정된 기후는 지구적 공공재에 해당한다. 공공재의 특성상 안정된 기후로 인한 혜택은 기후변화 대응을 위해 온실가스 감축과 같은 추가적인 노력과 비용을 지불하는지 여부와 상관없이 공유된다. 따라서 온실가스 감축에 참여해야 하는 많은 국가, 기업, 국민에게는 무임승차의 유인이 존재하며, 이러한 무임승차 유인은 집합적인 기후변화 대응 노력을 어렵게 한다. 이와 같은 이유로 기후변화 문제는 인류가 직면한 가장 거대한 ‘시장 실패(market failure)’로 평가되고, 시장 실패를 교정하기 위한 정부의 정책적 개입이 정당화된다. 공공선택이론의 관점에서 이러한 정부의 개입은 ‘정부 실패(government failure)’의 가능성을 안고 있는 만큼 주의를 요한다. 본 연구는 그간 한국 정부의 기후･에너지 정책의 형성과 집행 과정에 대한 분석을 통해 온실가스 감축과 관련한 정부 실패의 양상을 파악하고, 공공선택이론에 근거한 사례 분석과 비교법 연구를 통해 그 원인을 진단함과 동시에 해결 방안으로 기후 및 에너지 법·정책에 대한 새로운 규율 방안을 제안하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 공공선택이론은 비시장적 의사결정에 관한 일련의 경제학적 연구를 일컫는다. 실제 규제가 형성되는 과정에서 행위 주체들의 선택에 주목함으로써 온실가스 감축 실패 현상의 원인 분석에 있어 유용한 이론적 근거를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대하였다. 본격적인 사례 연구에 앞서 우선 공공선택이론의 관점에서 그간 이루어진 정부 실패에 대한 이론적, 실증적 탐구의 결과를 살피고, 국가 온실가스 감축에 관한 정부 실패 사례의 분석을 위한 분석틀을 도출하였다. 기존의 공공선택이론 연구에 따르면 정책 결정 과정에서 참여자들은 시장에서와 마찬가지로 자신의 효용을 극대화하기 위한 합리적 선택을 추구한다. 따라 다수의 일반 투표자들이 합리적 무지 상태에 놓인 가운데, 정치인들은 득표극대화 동기, 관료들은 조직과 예산, 재량 극대화 동기, 이익집단은 지대추구 동기 등에 따라 움직이는 상황이 발생할 수 있으며, 이는 온실가스 감축에 관한 정부 실패 역시 기후 및 에너지 정책의 결정과 이행 과정에서 이러한 요인들이 작용한 결과일 수 있음을 시사한다. 이와 같은 분석틀을 활용해 국내 사례를 분석하기에 앞서 제3장에서는 온실가스 감축목표 달성에 비교적 성공적인 결과를 거두고 있는 유럽 국가 중에서도 독일, 영국, 프랑스를 중심으로 기후 및 에너지 정책의 형성과 집행 과정의 경험에 대해 사례 분석을 실시하였다. 이들 국가는 모두 꾸준한 온실가스 감축의 성과를 거두고 있으나, 기존의 이해관계에 따른 정책시장 참여자들의 자기 이익 추구 행동에 따라 기후･에너지 정책 간의 조율에 실패했던 경험이 있다. 이러한 실패의 극복을 위한 노력은 현재 진행 중이다. 최근에는 연구 대상으로 삼은 모든 국가가 ‘2050년 탄소중립’이라는 목표를 세우고, 이에 맞추어 새로운 기후 정책을 수립하며, 이를 에너지 법･정책에 반영하기 위한 조치를 취하고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 이들의 기후·에너지 법·정책에는 많은 공통점이 존재한다. 첫째, 과학적 근거를 바탕으로 국가 온실가스 감축목표를 설정하고, 이러한 감축목표에 맞추어 에너지 부문 등 핵심 부문의 정책 목표를 구체적으로 정해 법제화하고 있었다. 둘째, 부문별 온실가스 감축목표의 수립과 이행 성과를 독립적인 전문가위원회를 통해 점검하고 환류하는 절차를 갖추고 있었다. 셋째, 새로운 감축정책 도출에 있어 시민의 직접 참여 기회를 확대함으로써 민간의 창의적인 아이디어가 정책 결정에 반영되도록 함은 물론이고, 온실가스 감축에 필요한 사회적 합의를 이끌어내기 위해 노력하고 있었다. 이러한 해외 사례 연구를 바탕으로 제4장에서는 공공선택이론의 선행 연구를 통하여 도출한 분석틀을 활용해 한국 정부의 온실가스 감축 실패 사례를 살펴보았다. 그간 기후·에너지 정책 간 조율 시도에 있어 가장 눈에 띄는 실패의 순간으로 전력수급기본계획에서의 석탄발전 설비 과다 도입 결정, 배출권거래제법의 통과 지연과 느슨한 설계, 2030 온실가스 감축 로드맵 수정 시 전환 부문 추가 감축 수단 확정 실패 사례 등을 분석한 결과, 한국에서 그간의 온실가스 감축 실패를 초래한 기후 정책과 에너지 정책의 조율 실패의 근원에는 i) 산업계의 지대추구 행위가 상당히 노골적으로 진행되어 온 가운데, ii) 관련 정책 결정 과정에서 느슨한 환경 규제를 희망하는 부처 관료의 재량극대화 행동이 관료 실패를 야기하고 있으며, iii) 이러한 정부 실패를 견제할 수 있도록 강력한 온실가스 감축정책에 대한 대중의 희망, 환경단체의 요구가 조직적으로 정책 과정에 반영될 수 있는 절차의 미비함 등이 자리하고 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 실패를 극복하고 온실가스 감축을 이루어 내기 위해서는 정책 결정 결과로 이루어진 사후적인 이익분배 상태의 조정보다는 투명하고 공정한 정책 결정이 이루어질 수 있도록 정책 결정 과정에 대한 절차적 보완이 더욱 중요할 것이다. 이상과 같은 탐구 과정을 통해 제5장에서는 최종 결론으로 이익집단의 지대추구 활동에서 벗어나 기후과학의 요구, 기후변화 대응에 관한 다양한 사회적 선호를 국가 온실가스 감축목표 및 감축정책 수립 과정에 효과적으로 반영하고, 에너지 정책과의 조율이 원활하게 이루어질 수 있도록 i) 온실가스 감축목표와 감축 수단의 선정에 있어 준수해야 할 실체적 요건과 절차적 요건에 대한 규율을 강화하고, ii) 온실가스 감축정책의 이행책임이 있는 유관 부처 관료의 적극적인 감축정책을 이끌어낼 수 있도록 부문별 감축목표를 수립하도록 하고, 감축 성과의 주기적 점검, 감축목표 초과 시 조치 등을 관련 법령에 규정하고, 부처간 이해관계에서 독립된 전문가위원회 등을 중심으로 연간 평가 체계를 구축하는 등 세밀한 이행 체계를 갖추고, iii) 온실가스 감축정책의 원활한 추진을 위하여 보다 많은 시민에게 기후･에너지 정책 결정 과정에 참여할 기회를 제시하는 등 기후 및 에너지 법･정책의 수립과 이행 과정을 새롭게 규율해 나갈 것을 제안하였다.제 1 장 서론 1 제 1 절 연구의 배경 및 목적 1 제 2 절 연구의 대상 11 제 3 절 연구의 방법 16 제 4 절 연구의 구성 19 제 2 장 이론적 배경과 선행 연구 분석 21 제 1 절 서론 21 제 2 절 공공선택이론의 의의 23 제 3 절 정부 실패와 공공선택이론 33 제 4 절 분석틀의 도출 47 제 3 장 해외 사례 연구 50 제 1 절 사례 연구의 개요 50 제 2 절 독일 55 제 3 절 영국 82 제 4 절 프랑스 106 제 5 절 소결 126 제 4 장 한국의 기후･에너지 법･정책과 정부 실패 135 제 1 절 한국의 기후 법･정책 형성 과정 135 제 2 절 한국의 에너지 법･정책 변동 162 제 3 절 기후･에너지 정책의 조율 실패 사례 연구 184 제 4 절 소결 225 제 5 장 한국의 기후･에너지 법･정책 규율 방안 231 제 1 절 해결 방향의 도출 231 제 2 절 기후･에너지 법･정책의 새로운 규율 방안 234 제 3 절 기후위기 대응을 위한 제언 247 제 4 절 공공선택이론의 함의 260 제 6 장 결 론 264 제 1 절 연구의 결과 요약 264 제 2 절 연구의 의의와 한계 270 참고문헌 272 Abstract 308박