측경부 낭종으로 발현된 유두상 갑상선암

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갑상선 종괴로 의심되었던 전종격동 성숙 낭성 기형종

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아급성 갑상선염

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Impact of Age-Related Genetic Differences on the Therapeutic Outcome of Papillary Thyroid Cancer

The incidence of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) has been increasing worldwide. PTC is the most common type of differentiated thyroid cancer and usually shows good prognosis. However, some PTC is driven to advanced stage by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-mediated drug resistance, which is particularly noticeable in pediatric patients. There are limited options for systemic treatment, necessitating development of new clinical approaches. Here, we aimed to clarify genetic differences due to age of patients with PTC, and thereby aid in developing novel therapeutics. Patients with biochemically and histologically confirmed PTC were included in this study. PTC cells were acquired from young and older patients showing drug resistance, and were compared via microarray analysis. Cellular proliferation and other properties were determined after treatments with lenvatinib and sorafenib. In vivo, tumor volume and other properties were examined using a mouse xenograft model. Lenvatinib-treated group showed obvious suppression of markers of anti-apoptosis, EMT, and the FGFR signaling pathway, compared with control and Sorafenib-treated group. In the xenograft models, lenvatinib treatment induced significant tumor shrinkage and blocked the proto-oncogene Bcl-2 (B cell lymphoma/leukemia gene-2) and FGFR signaling pathway, along with reduced levels of EMT markers, compared with control and Sorafenib-treated group. Our findings clarify the age-dependent characteristics of pediatric PTC, giving insights into the relationship between young age and poor prognosis. Furthermore, it provides a basis for developing novel therapeutics tailored to the age at diagnosis.ope

갑상선암 수술 환자들이 원하는 교육은?

Background and Objectives: To prevent getting wrong information and improve high quality of life, it is necessary to provide accurate information and patient education. This study aimed to collect basic data and develop educational program for thyroid cancer patient by understanding their educational needs. Materials and Methods: Between April 16 and June 15, 2012, 159 patients who underwent thyroid cancer surgery were enrolled. This survey consisted of 5 areas including management of the symptom and the complication after surgery, postoperative wound and dietary management, treatment plan after discharge, medication management, and daily life. Results: The most common way for the patients to acquire information about the disease was Internet and the patients who used INTERNET as their information source were 54.7%. Doctors (76.1%) and nurses (21.4%) were the preferred educators for the patients, and small group education was the preferred education method. Specifically the need for "management of the symptom and the complication after surgery" was the highest (3.33), followed by "treatment plan after discharge" (3.31), "medication management" (3.19), "postoperative wound and dietary management" (3.17). Conclusion: Medical team including doctors and nurses should be the center to activate small group education for patients. Professional and individualized education program should be developed to give the proper education to patients and their family.ope

Factors Affecting Postoperative Occupational Changes and Sick Leave in Patients with Thyroid Cancer

Background and Objectives: Most thyroid cancers progress slowly, have high survival rates, and have good prognosis. Therefore, the management of patients with thyroid cancer should be viewed from a long-term perspective, taking into account a return to normal social life. Cancer patients have a higher risk of unemployment than the general population, and so unemployment can be an economic problem for thyroid cancer patients. However, there have been few studies on factors affecting return to work in thyroid cancer patients. The purpose of this study is to investigate occupational changes and the period of leave of absence for patients with thyroid cancer and to identify factors that affect the return to work after surgery. Materials and Methods: A total of 427 questionnaires of thyroid cancer patients were used for the analysis. The occupational changes and sick leave periods were analyzed according to general characteristics, disease-related characteristics, and side effects. Results: The factors related to occupational change and leave of absence in thyroid cancer patients were sex and type of occupation. Women had more occupational changes and longer leave of absence than men, office workers had the least change in occupation, and professional workers had a longer period of sick leave. Fatigue was the primary side effect that affected the leave of absence. Conclusion: Occupation is very important in the life of a thyroid cancer patient. Informing the patient of possible complications and planning proper leave of absence will help the patient return to work and improve the quality of life.ope

일반화된 디리클레 사전확률을 이용한 비지도적 음원 분리 방법

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 융합과학기술대학원 융합과학부, 2018. 2. 이교구.Music source separation aims to extract and reconstruct individual instrument sounds that constitute a mixture sound. It has received a great deal of attention recently due to its importance in the audio signal processing. In addition to its stand-alone applications such as noise reduction and instrument-wise equalization, the source separation can directly affect the performance of the various music information retrieval algorithms when used as a pre-processing. However, conventional source separation algorithms have failed to show satisfactory performance especially without the aid of spatial or musical information about the target source. To deal with this problem, we have focused on the spectral and temporal characteristics of sounds that can be observed in the spectrogram. Spectrogram decomposition is a commonly used technique to exploit such characteristicshowever, only a few simple characteristics such as sparsity were utilizable so far because most of the characteristics were difficult to be expressed in the form of algorithms. The main goal of this thesis is to investigate the possibility of using generalized Dirichlet prior to constrain spectral/temporal bases of the spectrogram decomposition algorithms. As the generalized Dirichlet prior is not only simple but also flexible in its usage, it enables us to utilize more characteristics in the spectrogram decomposition frameworks. From harmonic-percussive sound separation to harmonic instrument sound separation, we apply the generalized Dirichlet prior to various tasks and verify its flexible usage as well as fine performance.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Task of interest 4 1.2.1 Number of channels 4 1.2.2 Utilization of side-information 5 1.3 Approach 6 1.3.1 Spectrogram decomposition with constraints 7 1.3.2 Dirichlet prior 11 1.3.3 Contribution 12 1.4 Outline of the thesis 13 Chapter 2 Theoretical background 17 2.1 Probabilistic latent component analysis 18 2.2 Non-negative matrix factorization 21 2.3 Dirichlet prior 23 2.3.1 PLCA framework 24 2.3.2 NMF framework 26 2.4 Summary 28 Chapter 3 Harmonic-Percussive Source Separation Using Harmonicity and Sparsity Constraints . . 30 3.1 Introduction 30 3.2 Proposed method 33 3.2.1 Formulation of Harmonic-Percussive Separation 33 3.2.2 Relation to Dirichlet Prior 35 3.3 Performance evaluation 37 3.3.1 Sample Problem 37 3.3.2 Qualitative Analysis 38 3.3.3 Quantitative Analysis 42 3.4 Summary 43 Chapter 4 Exploiting Continuity/Discontinuity of Basis Vectors in Spectrogram Decomposition for Harmonic-Percussive Sound Separation 46 4.1 Introduction 46 4.2 Proposed Method 51 4.2.1 Characteristics of harmonic and percussive components 51 4.2.2 Derivation of the proposed method 56 4.2.3 Algorithm interpretation 61 4.3 Performance Evaluation 62 4.3.1 Parameter setting 63 4.3.2 Toy examples 66 4.3.3 SiSEC 2015 dataset 69 4.3.4 QUASI dataset 84 4.3.5 Subjective performance evaluation 85 4.3.6 Audio demo 87 4.4 Summary 87 Chapter 5 Informed Approach to Harmonic Instrument sound Separation 89 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Proposed method 91 5.2.1 Excitation-filter model 92 5.2.2 Linear predictive coding 94 5.2.3 Spectrogram decomposition procedure 96 5.3 Performance evaluation 99 5.3.1 Experimental settings 99 5.3.2 Performance comparison 101 5.3.3 Envelope extraction 102 5.4 Summary 104 Chapter 6 Blind Approach to Harmonic Instrument sound Separation 105 6.1 Introduction 105 6.2 Proposed method 106 6.3 Performance evaluation 109 6.3.1 Weight optimization 109 6.3.2 Performance comparison 109 6.3.3 Effect of envelope similarity 112 6.4 Summary 114 Chapter 7 Conclusion and Future Work 115 7.1 Contributions 115 7.2 Future work 119 7.2.1 Application to multi-channel audio environment 119 7.2.2 Application to vocal separation 119 7.2.3 Application to various audio source separation tasks 120 Bibliography 121 초 록 137Docto

Diagnostic Approach and Treatment for Parathyroid Cyst

Purpose: Parathyroid cysts are rare clinical entities of the neck and superior mediastinum. These cysts often present a difficult diagnostic challenge. They often present as a solitary thyroid nodule and may be difficult to differentiate clinically. The objectives of this study were to review our 27 cases of parathyroid cyst and to suggest the method of diagnostic approach and treatment for parathyroid cyst. Methods: A retrospective study was performed for a 24-year period (1981∼2004), on 27 patients operated of parathyroid cyst. Results: Most of these patients (22/27) complained asymptomatic anterior neck mass at presentation. Preoperative radiologic examinations included ultrasonography (70.4%), computed tomography (25.9%), and 99mTc thyroid scan (22.2%). Hypercalcemia was detected in 3 cases with high serum calcium (11.3 mg/dl) and intact PTH (158.1 pg/mL). Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) was performed in nineteen cases. It revealed crystal clear aspirate in non-functioning cysts and hemorrhagic in functioning cysts. In the analysis of the aspirate, mean N-terminal PTH (n=10) and intact PTH (n=9) were 22.5 pg/mL (9.3∼45.0) and 686.5 pg/mL (138.0∼1500.0), respectively. Mean size of the cysts was 4.0 cm (1.0∼9.2) and the left inferior parathyroid glands were most commonly involved (63.0%). All parathyroid cysts were surgically removed. Conclusion: Parathyroid cysts need to be differentiated from other cystic lesions in the neck and superior mediastinum. Aspiration of crystal clear fluid is highly suggestive of a parathyroid cyst. The aspirate should be analyzed for PTH levels as these are always elevated in parathyroid cysts,regardless of the function. Nonfunctioning cysts may be treated with aspiration alone or sclerosing agents. Surgical excision is indicated for functioning cysts and recurrent case of nonfunctioning cysts.ope

갑상선 편측형성부전

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Localization of Multiple Moving Targets Based on Matched Field Processing

고소음의 간섭표적과 저소음의 표적이 존재하는 천해환경에서 다중표적의 분리탐지 성능을 향상시키기 위하여 두 가지의 정합장처리 기법을 제안하고 설명하였다. 첫 번째로, 여러 개의 구속조건을 동시에 줄 수 있는 MCM 기법의 성질을 이용하여 인접한 간섭표적의 영향을 줄이는 시도를 하였다. MCM 기법을 이용하면 조향위치 이외의 구속조건을 추가로 지정하여 간섭표적의 부엽을 효과적으로 필터링할 수 있다. 이를 위하여 다중 구속조건에 조향위치의 위치 벡터와 간섭표적의 위치벡터를 포함시킨 NDC를 이용한다. NDC 구속행렬은 각각의 신호단편에 포함된 간섭 부공간을 추정하여 제거하는 필터 역할을 할 수 있다. NDC는 고소음의 빠른 표적에 의해 잠식된 DOF를 복원시킴으로서 결과적으로 DOF가 증가되어 인접한 저소음 표적의 분리탐지가 가능하게 된다. 간섭 부공간에 대한 NDC를 추정하기 위하여 자유로운 위치 선택의 장점이 있는 복제음장을 이용하였다. MCM 기법의 수치실험으로부터 표적의 신호들이 서로 상관되어 있는 경우에도 간섭표적이 잘 제거되고 표적의 분리가 가능함을 확인할 수 있다. SWellEx-96 해상실험 자료를 처리한 결과 간섭표적의 출력과 주변의 부엽들이 함께 낮아짐으로써 저소음 표적의 경로가 분리됨을 확인하였다. 두 번째로 도파관 불변성 현상을 이용하여 빠르게 움직이는 간섭표적의 속도를 보정하는 알고리즘을 설명하였다. 표적의 이동을 정확하게 추정하기 위하여 조향빔처리 기법을 제안하였다. 또한 도파관 불변성이 미약해서 일관성이 낮은 간섭형태를 갖는 도파관에 적합한 이동보상 알고리즘으로써 긴 관측시간 동안의 신호단편들로 구성한 하나의 CSDM 대신에 여러 개의 CSDM으로 나누어 짧은 시간에 대한 이동보상 후에 비상관처리 하는 시간분할 이동보상 알고리즘을 적용하였다. 이동보상 알고리즘의 성능을 검증하기 위하여 수치실험을 수행하고, SWellEx-96 해상실험 자료를 분석하였다. 표적의 이동을 보상한 결과 SBNR이 개선되고, 부엽이 전반적으로 낮아짐으로써 탐지성능이 향상됨을 확인할 수 있었다.The propeller for propelling a ship is installed at the stern side end of propeller shaft protruding from its stern. Therefore the propeller shaft is deflected by the propeller weight or any external force and the stern side of stern tube bearing will be loaded larger load than its bow side end. This one-side load tends to cause local contact between the shaft and bearing and causes bearing such as wear, burning, etc. of bearing metal. In this study, to clarify the performance of the stern tube bearing, Reynolds equation under deflected condition is solved by using computer. Oil-film pressure distribution and variation of the bearing are also calculated. And the shaft declination within the stern bearing is expressed by declination curve obtained from the deflection calculations for the entire shafting system, calculated simultaneously with the stern tube bearing by ANSYS software. Oil film characteristics are obtained, based on the finite width hydrodynamic theory and solved through the convergence calculations.Abstract = Ⅱ 제 1 장 서 론 = 1 1.1 연구 목적 = 1 1.2 연구 배경 = 2 1.3 논문 구성 = 6 제 2 장 정합장처리 = 8 2.1 신호 모델 = 8 2.2 정합장 음원위치 추정 알고리즘 = 11 제 3 장 도파관 공간의 간섭표적 필터링 = 26 3.1 영 방향 구속조건을 갖는 MCM 알고리즘 = 26 3.2 모의 수치실험 = 30 3.3 해상실험 적용 결과 = 39 제 4 장 도파관 불변성 기반의 이동보상 = 51 4.1 도파관 불변성 이론 = 53 4.2 이동보상 알고리즘 = 58 4.3 모의 수치실험 = 62 4.4 해상실험 적용 결과 = 78 제 5 장 결 론 = 96 참고문헌 = 9