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    Study on structure-property relationship of isoindigo and thienoisoindigo : synthesis, characterization and application for organic field-effect transistors

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2015. 2. ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜์˜.Over the past decades, numerous lactam functionalized organic compounds have been synthesized for their application in optoelectronic devices to show promising advantagesstabilized LUMOs, broad absorption range, planar structure of lactam moiety, and so on. Among others, isoindigo (IID) and thienoisoindigo (TIID) derivatives showed remarkable performance as donor materials in organic solar cell devices and organic field-effect transistors. However, the structure-property relationship between IID and TIID-based molecules has rarely been explored in spite of their structural similarity. Characteristic twisted geometry comprising carbonyl oxygen and phenyl hydrogen in IID significantly hampers effective ฯ€-ฯ€ interaction between IID molecules. Recently, with a view to overcome such an undesirable limit in extending ฯ€-conjugation, thienoisoindigo moiety (TIID) has newly been developed. Replacing phenyl ring with thiophene ring is believed to reduce the steric hindrance and thus enhance the planarity along the backbone. In this work, new series of IID and TIID-based small molecules and D-A type polymers have been synthesized to explore the structure-property correlation in them with special focus on their applications in OFET. To compare the fundamental properties of IID and TIID,core and brominated core of them were synthesized and characterized using UV/VIS, CV, IR and DFT calculation. It was clearly found that TIID was more planar in structure to have broader absorption range and lower bandgap energy. Furthermore, relatively larger electron donating property of thiophene ring in TIID resulted in its high-lying HOMO compared to that in IID. FT-IR spectra has also supported Sโˆ™โˆ™โˆ™O secondary bonding interaction for planarization of TIID backbone. Aiming at developing a new class of n-type OFET molecules, strong electron withdrawing dicyanovinyl units were introduced into the IID and TIID core structures. Structure-property relationship was investigated in terms of their optical and electrochemical properties measured by UV-VIS, CV, and DFT calculation. Top-contact bottom-gate type OFET devices were fabricated using vacuum deposition method. It was found that the IID based devices, EHIIDPDCV and EHIIDTDCV, showed decent n-type performancemaxima electron mobility were 1.70ร—10-3 cm2V-1s-1 and 1.83ร—10-2 cm2V-1s-1, respectively. On the other hand, novel class of D-A type polymers were designed and synthesized using IID and TIID as an effective acceptor(A) unit. From UV/VIS and CV data, D-A polymers were shown to have low bandgap energy and appropriate frontier MO levels for OFET application. DFT calculation suggested that TIID-based D-A polymer would have much more planar structure through polymer backbone compared to that in IID-based polymer. Solution-processed OFET devices were fabricated using 0.3wt% chloroform solution for each polymer. Both polymers were shown to have ambipolar charge transport ability. While IID-based D-A copolymer showed maxima mobilities of ฮผe =3.09ร—10-4cm-1V-1s-1 and ฮผh =3.04ร—10-2cm-1V-1s-1, TIID-based D-A copolymer showed more balanced ambipolar performances with maximum mobility of ฮผe =4.44ร—10-3cm-1V-1s-1 and ฮผh =1.14ร—10-2cm-1V-1s-1.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Organic field-effect transistors (OFET)s 1 1.1.1 Operation principle of OFETs 1 1.1.2 Material aspect of OFETs 7 1.2 Organic dyes containing lactam moiety 13 1.2.1 Why lactam functionalized materials are of interest 13 1.2.2 Isoindigo 14 1.2.3 Thienoisoindigo 18 1.3 Resarch Objectives 20 1.4 Bibliography 22 Chapter 2. Study on Structure-Property Relationship of Isoindigo and Thienoisoindigo cores with Tuning Frontier Molecular Orbital 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Experimental 31 2.2.1 Synthesis 31 2.2.2 Instruments and measurements 44 2.2.3 Fabrication and evaluation of organic thin-film transistors 46 2.3 Results and Discussion 47 2.3.1 Theoretical molecular orbital calculation used density functional theory (DFT) 47 2.3.2 Optical and electrochemical properties of IID and TIID-based Small molecules 53 2.3.3 IR analysis of IID and TIID core 67 2.3.4 Thermal stability of molecules 69 2.3.5 OFETs performance 71 2.4 Conclusion 77 2.5 Bibliography 78 Chapter 3. Structure-Property Relationship of Isoindigo and Thienoisoindigo as Acceptor Units in D-A Polymers 79 3.1 Introduction 79 3.2 Experimental 83 3.2.1 Synthesis 83 3.2.2 Instruments and measurements 93 3.2.3 Fabrication and evaluation of organic thin-film transistors 95 3.3 Results and Discussion 96 3.3.1 Theoretical molecular orbital calculation used density functional theory (DFT) 96 3.3.2 Optical and electrochemical properties of polymers 100 3.3.3 Thermal properties of polymers 107 3.3.4 GI-XRD analysis 109 3.3.5 OFETs performance 112 3.3.6 Morphology studies of polymer OFET devices 118 3.4 Conclusion 123 3.5 Bibliography 125 Abstract in Korean 126 List of Presentation 129Maste

    Experiences of infertile women

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    ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์ž„์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋…๋ฅตํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ ๋ฌธํ™”์†์—์„œ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„์  ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ถˆ์ž„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋•๊ณ  ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฌธํ™” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ง€์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‹œ๋„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ๋ถˆ์ž„์˜ ์˜ํ•™์  ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ณผ์ •์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์›๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ž„์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž„์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์†๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๋ถˆ์ž„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ 31๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฉด๋‹ด ์•ˆ๋‚ด์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์‹ฌ์ธต ๋ฉด๋‹ด, ์ „ํ™” ๋ฉด๋‹ด ๋ฐ ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ 1992๋…„ 4์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 9์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋น„๊ต, ๋ถ„์„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, Spradley(1979, 1780)์˜ ์˜์—ญ๋ถ„์„, ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ถ„์„, ์„ฑ๋ถ„๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐœ์ „์‹ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ ์‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์ž„์—ฌ์„ฑ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์ž์‹์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด์ฃผ๊ณ , ๋ถ€๋ถ€ ๊ณต๋™์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์คŒ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ถ€๋ถ€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ง€์†์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธ์‹œ์ผœ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ๋…ธํ›„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๊ตฌ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์ž„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ์ž„์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๊นŠ์ด ๊ด€์—ฌ๋จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถˆ์ž„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ๋“ค๋กœ์„œ ์‹œ๋ถ€๋ชจ, ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž ๋ฐ ๋˜๋ž˜์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ์ž„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ์ž…์ฆ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์ž„์˜ ์˜ํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์น˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์ž„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋ถˆ์ž„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์šฐ์„  ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ ๋จผ์ € ๋ณ‘์› ๋ฐฉ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถˆ์ž„์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์„ ์ˆ˜์ง์  ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ค‘๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ด ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ํ˜„์ƒ์€ ์˜์‚ฌ ์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ, ๋ณ‘์›๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€, ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์žฌ์ •์  ์••๋ฐ•์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์™€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘์— ์‹ ์ฒด์  ๊ณ ํ†ต๊ณผ ์ •์‹ ์  ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถˆ์ž„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๋ถˆ์ž„์˜ ์˜ํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณผ์ž„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์„œ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๋ถ€๋ถ€๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์–‘๊ทนํ™” ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋ถˆ์ž„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ธธ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž์˜ ๋ถˆ์ž„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฐ€์ฐฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ ์ฐจ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ€๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ด€๊ณ„, ์• ์ •ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋ฐ ์ƒํ™œํƒœ๋„์—์„œ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์ž„์—ฌ์„ฑ์€ ๋‚จ์˜ ์ง‘์— ๋“ค์–ด์™€ ์—ฌ์ž๋กœ์จ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‹œ๋ถ€๋ชจ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ  ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹œ๋Œ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์›๋งŒํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๋ถˆ์ž„์˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์น˜๋ฃŒ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜ ๋ฉด์„œ ์ง‘์•ˆ์— ์†Œํ™€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์ดํ•ด ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆํŽธํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ™๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ฒ˜์ง€์˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ด์›ƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์ง€๋‚˜ ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด์›ƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์ž„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ •์„œ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž„์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ง“๊ณ  ์ž„์‹ ์—๋งŒ ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง‘์ฐฉ์  ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ฆผ, ์‚ถ์„ ์ „์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ง€๋œ ๋“ฏํ•œ ๋Š๋‚Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋“ค์ด๊ณ , ๋ถˆ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Š๋‚Œ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์œ„์ถ•๊ฐ, ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ, ๋†€๋ผ์›€, ๋ถ„๋…ธ๊ฐ, ์กฐ๊ธ‰ํ•จ, ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์„œ๋Ÿฌ์›€ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ถˆ์ž„์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋ถˆ์ž„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค๋กœ๋Š” ใ€Œ์˜ํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž„์‹  ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๋‹ค๋‹Œ๋‹คใ€ ใ€Œ๋ฌด์†์  ์‹ ์•™์ด๋‚˜ ์ข…๊ต์— ์˜์ง€ํ•œ๋‹คใ€ ใ€Œ๋‚จํŽธ์ด๋‚˜ ์ดํ•ด ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ํƒ€์ธ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฒ˜์ง€์˜ ๋ถˆ์ž„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆˆ๋‹คใ€ ใ€Œํ˜ผ์ž ์‚ญํžŒ๋‹คใ€ ใ€Œ์†Œ์ผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ, ์ทจ๋ฏธ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”์˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋‚ธ๋‹คใ€ ใ€Œ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ธ๋‹คใ€ ใ€Œ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฒ˜์ง€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ชปํ•œ ๋‚จ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๋‹คใ€ ใ€Œํฌ๋ง์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹คใ€ ใ€Œ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ „ํ™˜์„ ํ•œ๋‹คใ€ ใ€Œ์œก์ฒด์  ๋…ธ๋™์„ ํ•œ๋‹คใ€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์ž„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ •์„œ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๋ถˆ์ž„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๋ถˆ์ž„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ, ์‚ถ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹, ๋ถˆ์ž„ ์›์ธ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด, ๋ถ€๋ถ€๊ด€๊ณ„, ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ์ •๋„์™€ ๋ถˆ์ž„๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์ž„์ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ถˆ์ž„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ถˆ์ž„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ๋ถˆ์ž„๊ณผ ์˜ํ•™์  ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๊ด€๊ณ„, ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋™๋ฐ˜๋˜๊ณ  ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •์„œ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์— ๋งž๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ์  ์ •๋ณด์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ต์œก ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ, ์ง€์ง€์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๋ณธ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] This study intends to give practicing nurses not only well -understanding of the infertile but actual help in nursing practice of feeling with them by describing the experiences by the infertile in the man-oriented cut tune with the method of analytical paradigm. At the same time this study intends to contribute to the research methods on nursing through ethnographical analysis. The number of the subjects on this study is 31. Some of them are in primary infertility and others in secondary infertility with experiences of pregnancy before. The Methodological pattern used in this study is ethnography. The data-collecting method is based on the in-depth interviews performed by the interview guide, phone interviews and observations. All the data and information has been collected from April to September. 1992, nearly six months. The data analysis has been performed at the very time of the data collection based on the Spradley's developmental sequential method of domain analysis, taxonomic analysis, componential analaysis and theme analysis in order. The results are as follows: The meaning of a child to the infertile is to succeed the irgeneration, maintain the conjugal relationship in the proper manner, give reasons for being themselves and prepare for retirement. The study shows that the infetility leads to the search for altlernative plans for biologic parents. It is the attitudes of the infertile's(her) parents-in-law, her husband and her peer group that influence the suffering experiences by the infertile. On the infertile's experiences during medical examination and treatment, she visits a clinic thinking it is her own problem. After first visit, she merit of time moves to another clinic "vertically" or"horizontally" or stop visiting clinics. These activities are caused by the matters on the expertise of a doctor, relationship with the clinic, confidential its of the clinic on privacy and financial pressure. They experience physical and mental pains. The infertile are going through various types of emotional experiences according to the change of the social relationships caused by the infertility, ensuing medical exsams and treatment. The infertile's experience with husbands has tendency to polarize in two opposite ways. One type is that the conjugal relationship is getting better or more intimate because of the husband's more attention to the infertile after knowing the infertility. The other is that the relationship is getting worse and the two is estranged to each other mainly because of the husband's indifference or ill-use of the problem. The study shows that they are not satisfied on each other in terms of sex life, expression of affection and living attitude. In the relationships with other members of the husband-side family, the infertile thinks that she is not doing her role as a woman in the parents-in-law's domain. To offset this inferiority, she tends to do better in the other aspects of life such as cooking, appearance, knowledge, money-making (if employed) and individual relationship with them. However, her spending time and effort on the medical exams and treatment outside of the home and their lack of understanding the infertile causes the problems, which makes her uneasy and uncomfortable. In the relatiohships with other people outside the "home", those who have experiences of infertility can understand her better and develop good friendship. In the mean time the infertile has difficulty in establishing good relationship with those who are fertile, having children. The infertile tends to relate most of emotional experience to the matter of pregnancy. She is thinking about the pregnancy, clings to that possibility, consider the daily life as static, not dynamic one. Further she feels herself handicapped, guilty, oversensitive, angry, uneasy and sad somtimes. The infertile trys to overcome those matters caused by the infertility by employing positive and/or negative methods such as for lowing: (1) to run around to find medical solutions. (2) to have communications with understanding husband or other infertile women. (3) to contain all emotional suffering inside herself. (4) to live aggressive daily life doing hobbies and social activities. (5) to accept as it is. (6) to get some consolation by comparing her with other needy and inferior. (7) to refresh herself (8) to do heavy physical labor and not at low herself to indulge in the pregnancy matter. In conclusion, this study finds that the experience of the infertile is a complicated one intermingled with such issues as the meaning of the infertility, life style, conjugal relationships, family matters, social relationships, emotion and coping methods of infertility. Consequentley, the nursing staff in a infertility clinic should have a good understanding of those various types of emotional experiences caused by the conjugal, family and social relationships on the part of the infertile. With tai s understanding the nursing staff can respond better to the demmands of the infertile by providing quality support and nursing. To get into this level of quality nursing practice, the various nursing therapeutic modelsk should be established including the development of the educational material and the organization of the support groups.restrictio

    (A)Study on the characteristics of moral education in North Korea : A Comparison with Japanese colonial education

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ตญ๋ฏผ์œค๋ฆฌ๊ต์œก๊ณผ,2005.Maste

    Regulatory mechanism of 66 Shc expression by TSH in FRTL-5 cells

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋‚ด๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต,2002.Docto

    Factors influencing Self-care behaviors among elderly individuals undergoing hemodialysis.

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    Backgrounds: With the emergence of Koreaโ€™s ultra-aging society, the number of elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis is expected to increase continuously. Therefore, the importance of self-care for elderly patients hemodialysis is more emphasized. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors influencing self-care behaviors among elderly individuals undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Data were collected from October to November 2020 for 154 elderly(aged โ‰ฅ 65 years) patients who were undergoing hemodialysis at two university-affiliated hospitals and three primary care hospitals in Seoul. The participants completed self-report questionnaires regarding self-care behaviors, dialysis symptoms, self-efficacy, health literacy, depression, subjective memory complaints, and frailty. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, analysis of variance, Pearsonโ€™s correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression. Results: Overall, the levels of self-care behaviors, self-efficacy, and health literacy were reported as moderate to high in this study. The subjective memory complaints score was low. Among a total of 30 types of hemodialysis symptoms, the average number of symptoms currently experienced was 8.5ยฑ6.0 in the participants. Of all participants, 44.2% were found to be depressed and 20.8% were in a frail state. The participantsโ€™ self-care behavior showed significant correlations with self-efficacy (r=.598, p<.001), health literacy (r=.450, p<.001) and subjective memory complaints (r=-.256, p<.001). Regression analysis revealed that self-efficacy (ฮฒ=.475, p<.001) and health literacy (ฮฒ=.193, p=.020) were significant influencing factors on self-care behaviors. This regression model accounted for 38.4% of the variance. Key words : Elderly, Patients undergoing hemodialysis, Self-care, Self-efficacy, Health literacy Conclusion: The results suggest that strategies for enhancing self-efficacy would improve self-care behaviors in elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis. It is necessary to prepare nursing interventions to enhance self-efficacy in order to improve the self-care behavior levels among elderly patients undergoing hemodialysis. In addition, the development and application of tailored self-care education programs that examine and modify the level of health literacy in each individual are needed. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์™ธ๋ž˜ ์œ ์ง€ํˆฌ์„์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” 65์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋…ธ์ธ ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธํ•ด๋ ฅ, ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ฆ์ƒ ์ •๋„, ์šฐ์šธ, ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ ๊ฐํ‡ด ๋ฐ ๋…ธ์‡ ๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„œ์ˆ ์  ํšก๋‹จ์  ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€์™€ ์˜๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์„œ์šธ์‹œ ์†Œ์žฌ 3์ฐจ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์› 2๊ณณ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„์‹ค๊ณผ 1์ฐจ ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„๋ณ‘์› 3๊ณณ์—์„œ 2020๋…„ 10์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 11์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ตœ์ข… 154๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” SPSS 25.0 ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์—ฐ๋ น์€ 73.6ยฑ5.89์„ธ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, 65-74์„ธ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ 56.5%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ต์œก์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต ์กธ์—… ์ดํ•˜๋Š” 40.2%, ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์กธ์—… ์ด์ƒ์ด 31.2%๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ ๋Œ๋ด„์ œ๊ณต์ž๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ž์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ 62.3%๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. 2. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ž๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์ค‘์ƒ ์ •๋„(ํ‰๊ท ํ‰์  5์  ๋งŒ์  ์ค‘ 3.8ยฑ0.43์ ) ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ•˜์œ„์˜์—ญ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ฝ๋ฌผ๋ณต์šฉ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ •๋งฅ๋ฃจ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‹ ์ฒด๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธํ•ด๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์ค‘์ƒ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ ๊ฐํ‡ด ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด 30๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„ ์ฆ์ƒ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์ด ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฆ์ƒ์€ ํ‰๊ท  8.5ยฑ6.0๊ฐœ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ์ฆ์ƒ์€ ๊ฐ€๋ ค์›€์ฆ, ํ”ผ๋ถ€๊ฑด์กฐ, ํ”ผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Š” ํ™œ๋ ฅ๋ถ€์กฑ ์ˆœ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์ฆ์ƒ์€ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ์œ ์ง€์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€, ์ž ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€, ๊ทผ์‹ฌ ๊ฑฑ์ • ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž ์ค‘ 44.2%๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์šธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋…ธ์‡ ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” 20.8%๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๋ฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์ฃผ ๋Œ๋ด„์ œ๊ณต์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(t=-2.689, p=0.008) ์ž๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ–‰์œ„ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์™ธ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๋ฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๊ด€๋ จ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ž๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ํ˜ธํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4. ๋…ธ์ธ ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ž๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ •๋„๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ(r=.598, p<.001) ๋ฐ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธํ•ด๋ ฅ(r=.450, p<.001)๊ณผ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ ๊ฐํ‡ด(r=-.256, p<.001)์™€๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์Œ์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. 5. ๋…ธ์ธ ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ž๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ •๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธํ•ด๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์€ 38.4%์˜€๋‹ค. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ž๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก(ฮฒ=.475, p<.001), ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธํ•ด๋ ฅ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก(ฮฒ=.193, p=.020) ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋…ธ์ธ ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ž๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธํ•ด๋ ฅ, ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ ๊ฐํ‡ด๊ฐ€ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธํ•ด๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์ด ์ž๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์ž„์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ํ˜ˆ์•กํˆฌ์„์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋…ธ์ธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ž๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์„ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ค‘์žฌ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฌธํ•ด๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋ ฅ ๊ฐํ‡ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋งž์ถคํ˜• ์ž๊ฐ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ต์œกํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ ์šฉ์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค.open์„

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