Determination of food colour-appearance by digital camera

음식물의 특성상 기존의 색채 측정 기구로는 음식물의 색채와 겉모습을 서술하는데 역부족이다. 기존의 색채 측정기구의 경우 편평한 면이나 단 일색의 색채를 측정하는 것에 맞추어져 있었기 때문에 여러 가지 색채를 함유하고 있는 3 차원의 음식물을 측정하기에 불가능하다. 그리하여 도입한 것이 디지털 카메라이다. 디지털 카메라의 경우 대상에 직접 담지 않아도 겉모습을 측정할 수 있다는 장점이 있다 그러나 디지털 카메라가 산출해 내는 값들은 기계에 의존하는 RGB 값들이기 때문에 그 값들을 절대적인 값 XYZ 로 옮기는 과정이 필요하다. 이 논문에서는 지역 특성화라는 방법을 통해 RGB 값을 XYZ 로 옮기는 작업을 하였다. 음식물 이미지의 XYZ 값들이 정해진 후에는 클러스터링이라는 작업을 통해 색채들을 겉모습을 상술 할 수 있는 몇 가지의 색채로 묶는다. 여론 실험을 통해 '음식물의 먹고 싶은 정도' 와 '익은 정도'를 물어보고 클러스터링 작업을 통해 얻은 음식물의 색채와 특성을 연관 짓는다. 마지막으로 음식물의 색채와 익은 정도와 먹고 싶은 정도의 상관 관계를 수식화시킨다.;The aim of this study is to develop a method in order to specify the colour and appearance of food using the digital camera. This study is fully based on specifying the colour and the appearance of the banana and tomato. The use of the digital camera as an instrument to measure colour is the first step. Because foods are three- dimensional shapes and are not single colored, it is impossible to determine an area to measure the colour properties. Therefore, the digital camera could be an excellent tool to measure the colour. However, a problem that arises is that the digital camera does not present XYZ values of the colours, in other words the values are device- dependent. The next step is to analyze the images that are captured from the digital camera so that we can abstract the colours that are needed to specify the total appearance. The third step is to perform a psychophysical experiment in order to find out how colours affect the other information of the bananas such as ripeness and preference. The last step is to build a model that links the results that was created by the previous steps. The model will predict the ripeness score and the preference score from the colour of the food.CONTENTS = ⅰ 1. Introduction = 1 2. Literature survey = 3 2.1 Introduction = 3 2.2 Colorimetric tools = 3 2.3 Using the digital camera as a colour measurement tool = 4 2.4 Digital camera characterisation = 5 2.5 Three-dimensional Object = 6 2.6 Colour gamut boundary description = 7 2.7 Clustering = 7 2.8 Measuring Gloss = 8 2.9 Gloss effect on colour (1-D) = 9 2.10 Food image display = 9 2.11 Psychophysical experiment = 10 3. Digital camera characterization = 12 3.1 Introduction = 12 3.2 Experiment setup = 12 3.3 Polynomial = 14 3.4 DWI (distance weight interpolation) = 19 3.5 Local characterisation = 21 3.6 Conclusion = 23 4. Digital camera characterization for glossy tomato = 25 4.1 Experiment setup = 25 4.2 Local characterization = 26 4.3 Visual colours - Actual colours = 28 4.4 Conclusion = 32 5. Clustering = 33 5.1 Introduction = 33 5.2 Method = 34 5.3 Program = 34 5.4 Clustering banana images = 35 5.4.1 Image preparation = 35 5.4.2 Black spot = 35 5.4.3 Skin colour = 41 5.4.4 Work flow to obtain skin colour = 49 5.5 Clustering tomato images = 51 5.5.1 Image preparation = 51 5.5.2 Gloss = 53 5.5.3 Skin colour = 59 5.5.4 Work flow to obtain skin colour = 64 5.6 Conclusion = 64 6. Psychophysical experiment = 65 6.1 Introduction = 65 6.2 Experiment setup = 65 6.2.1 Display characterisation = 65 6.2.2 Image display = 67 6.3.Ripeness = 70 6.3.1 Banana ripeness = 73 6.3.2 Tomato ripeness = 74 6.4 Preferernce Experiment = 75 7. Modelling = 79 7.1 Introduction = 79 7.2 Ripeness modelling = 79 7.2.1 Black spot and ripeness of the banana = 79 7.2.2 Skin colour and ripeness of banana = 81 7.2.3 Model performance of banana = 82 7.2.4 Skin colour and ripeness of the tomato = 83 7.2.5 Model performance of tomato = 84 7.3 Preference modelling = 85 7.3.1 Preference modelling for banana = 85 7.3.2 Preference modelling for tomato = 86 8. Conclusions = 87 9. References = 90 국문초록 = 9

(The)Analysis of milk components and the antibiogram of pathogenic bacteria isolated from bovine raw milk in Korea

Thesis(master`s)--서울대학교 대학원 :수의학과 수의미생물학 전공,2006.Maste

Amendment of CIECAM02 with a technical extension to compensate Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect for chromatic characterization of display devices

This paper proposes a method of compensating for the Helmholtz-Kohlrausch (H-K) effect which is a factor not being concerned in CIECAM02. H-K effect refers to the color appearance phenomenon that colored light appears brighter than achromatic light of the same luminance. By the magnitude estimation method, the perceptual lightness of active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) is investigated. The results show that the lightness values predicted by CIECAM02 are lower than perceptual lightness values evaluated by the psychophysical experiments because of the H-K effect. The results on MobileCAM-v2, which is a refined version of CIECAM02, are investigated, as well. Since the color gamut of the display has been widening, the compensation for the H-K effect has also been increasingly important. In this paper, the method to compensate for the H-K effect in CIECAM02 is proposed. By modifying Fairchild's equation, which is previously announced for CIELAB, CIECAM02 can be developed as a more complete color appearance model that can be universally applied to the display devices having a wide color gamut

(A)Study on the characteristics of space organization in De Stijl architecture

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :건축학과,2006.Docto

Compensation of color breaking in bi-focal depth-switchable integral floating augmented reality display with a geometrical phase lens

A bi-tbcal integral floating system using a geometrical phase (GP) lens can provide switchable integrated spaces with enhanced three-dimensional (3D) augmented reality (AR) depth expression. However, due to the chromatic aberration properties of the GP lens implemented for the switchable depth-floating 3D images, the floated 3D AR images with the red/green/blue (R/G/B) colors are formed at different depth locations with different magnification effects, which causes color breaking. In this paper, we propose a novel technique to resolve the color breaking problem by integrating the RIG/B elemental images with compensated depths and sizes along with experiments to demonstrate the improved results. When we evaluated the color differences of the floated 3D AR images based on CIEDE2000, the experimental results of the depth-switchable integral floating 3D AR images showed that the color accuracies were greatly improved after applying a pre-compensation scheme to the R/G/B sub-images in both concave and convex lens operation modes of the bi-focal switching GP floating lens. (C) 2020 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreemen

Refined CIECAM02 for bright surround conditions

Displays such as mobile phones are viewed under surround conditions that vary from dark night to bright sunlight. The overall goal of this study is to test the appropriateness of CIECAM02 for mobile displays, and modify it according to any insufficiency found. Firstly, the testing of CIECAM02 is described using the visual data from 2-inch display of three achromatic backgrounds (gray, black, and white), and three surround conditions (dark, dim, and average). Secondly, CIECAM02 was tested under four surround conditions (dark, dim, average, and bright), and three displays (2-, 4-, and 7-inch), with only the gray background used, to focus more on the surround conditions. Those twelve experimental phases were used to refine CIECAM02, considering the surround factors. The surround parameters (c, F, and NC) were optimized, and Ncb was modified from the CIECAM02; the modified model is named MobileCAM-v1. Colourfulness prediction by MobileCAM-v1 has been improved, especially for a black background under average surround condition. A further refined version of CIECAM02, MobileCAM-v2, was developed, for mobile displays viewed under different surround conditions. A set of equations based on surrounding conditions was first derived, to be able to accurately define surround parameters. The MobileCAM-v2 model gave the largest improvement in brightness, followed by lightness, and with colourfulness the smallest. The improvement is significant for bright surround conditions, improving the performance of CIECAM02 in predicting the visual results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

(The) impacts of the in-patients' copayment waiver policy on medical services and outcomes for leukemia children

보건정책관리학과/석사[한글]이 연구는 2006년 시행된 만 6세미만 소아 환자의 건강보험 입원진료비 면제정책과 소아 백혈병 환자의 의료이용량 및 치료결과 개선과의 관련성을 규명하기 위한 연구이다. 이를 위해 2006년도에 소아 백혈병으로 입원진료를 받은 환자를 본인부담면제대상군과 비면제대상군으로 구분하여, 2006년의 각 군간 의료이용량의 차이와 2007년의 각 군간 치료결과의 차이로 본인부담면제 효과를 평가하기 위한 case-control study로 설계하였다. 또한 연구대상 환자를 백혈병 환자의 표준위험군의 연령으로 제한하였으며, 본인부담 면제 여부 외에 의료이용량과 치료결과에 영향을 줄 수 있는 변수로서 환자의 성별과 연령(2세~10세), 백혈병의 병형, 그리고 신규환자를 구분하기 위한 2005년 진료 유무와 본인부담면제정책이 적용된 2006년의 진료기간, 조혈모세포 이식여부 그리고 환자의 기저질병상태(2005년의 고위험합병증보유 상태)를 고려하였다. 의료이용은 본인부담 면제 적용이 시작된 2006년 1년 동안의 본인부담 면제군과 비면제군의 입원 및 외래이용량과 진료비를 각각 분석하였으며, 치료결과는 각 환자군의 2007년 질병상태의 차이로 평가하되, 질병상태는 합병증 발생상태를 질병상태에 대한 지표로 정하였다. 합병증은 백혈병치료의 지연과 사망요인으로 진전될 수 있는 고위험합병증(20종)을 분류하고 이중에서 예방적 조치와 악화방지 노력으로 발생을 줄일 수 있는 특정합병증(5종)으로 구분하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 의료이용량에 영향을 줄 수 있는 다른 요인을 통제한 회귀분석에서 건강보험 입원진료비에 대한 본인부담면제는 소아 백혈병 환자의 입원회수와 재원기간 및 입원진료비와 외래 방문일수와 진료비등 모든 의료이용량의 변화에 영향을 주지 않았다. 반면 치료결과에 영향을 줄 수 있는 다른 요인을 통제한 회귀분석에서 본인부담면제환자는 비면제 환자보다 매 입원당 평균 고위험합병증이 0.79개, 특정합병증은 0.27개 발생회수가 적어 건강보험 입원진료비에 대한 본인부담면제가 치료 결과를 개선시키는데 효과가 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 그 외에 다른 요인을 통제한 회귀분석에서 급성골수성백혈병 환자의 입원진료비가 급성림프구성백혈병보다 평균 16,339,300원이 높았으며, 조혈모세포이식을 받은 환자가 받지 않은 환자 보다 평균 11,680,800원이 더 높았으나 입원회수나 재원일수에는 차이가 없었다. 또한 신규환자 일수록 입원회수, 재원기간과 진료비가 높았다. 치료 결과에 영향을 준 것은 환자의 연령과 환자의 기저 질병상태이었으며 연령증가 매 단위 마다 고위험합병증이 0.22개 특정합병증이 0.07개가 적게 발생하여 연령이 적을수록 치료결과가 불량하였으며, 고위험합병증 보유 ‘상’으로 기저질병상태가 중증도가 가장 높은 환자는 고위험합병증 보유 ‘없음’ 환자에 비하여 고위험합병증이 0.78개 특정합병증이 0.23개가 많이 발생되어 치료 예후가 가장 불량하였으나 중증도가 낮거나 중등인 환자는 치료 결과는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 만 6세미만 소아환자의 건강보험 입원진료비에 대한 본인부담면제가 치료결과에 개선을 주는 긍정적 정책효과가 있다는 것은 본인부담 면제에서 제외된 환자들이 국민의 권리로서 보장받아야 할 건강보험의 수평적 형평성에 문제가 제시 될 수 있을 것이다. 본인부담 면제 여부에 관계없이 의료이용량의 차이가 없다는 것은 이 연구의 대상인 소아백혈병이 질병 특성 및 소아라는 환자 특성을 고려할 때 의료비용의 가격탄력성이 매우 작을 것이라는 점과 의료인의 공급자 유인 수요에 환자의 선택권이 지극히 제한적일 것이라는 점을 고려하면 예측 가능할 것이다. 또한, 건강보험 급여범위 내에서는 진료비 부담 때문에 가격탄력성이 작동하지 않은 것으로 건강보험에서의 급여 보장수준이 백혈병의 필수 진료는 보장하고 있는 것으로도 판단된다. 그러나, 이 연구에 사용된 의료이용량은 건강보험 진료비에 국한 된 것으로서 비급여 진료비와 환자의 입원 진료 시 소요되는 비용을 모두 고려하면 그 해석을 달리 해야 할 수도 있을 것이다. 즉, 환자가 건강보험진료비 부담으로부터 자유스러워짐에 따라 그 비용을 병실료 차액, 선택진료료와 같은 법정비급여 진료비나 임의비급여진료비에 대한 선택과 같은 미충족 의료수요를 해소하고자 할 것이다. 이런 점에서 예방적 조치와 악화방지 노력으로 발병을 줄일 수 있는 특정합병증의 발생이 적었던 것은 건강보험 외적인 의료의 투입에 대한 가능성을 시사하였다. 한편, 치료 결과의 개선을 합병증발병상태로 정의하여 분석하였으나 이는 치료 결과를 예측할 수 있는 간접 지표이므로 직접적인 치료 효과로 판단하기에 위험이 있을 수 있으며, 치료 결과의 측정 시점이 본인부담면제 정책이 적용된 2006년 이후 최소 1년에 최대 2년인 시점에서 측정한 것이므로 백혈병의 장기생존률을 고려할 때 시기적으로 빠른 시점이기도 하다. 그러나 질병치료 과정에서 고위험합병증의 발생은 매우 중요한 지표이며 이에 대한 치료가 백혈병 치료의 중요한 목표이므로 이 연구의 결과에 의미가 있다. 이 연구 결과에서는 만 6세 미만의 소아백혈병환자의 건강보험 입원진료비의 본인부담면제가 질병 및 환자 특성 상의 이유로 환자의 건강보험 의료이용량의 증가를 발생시키지 않았으나 소아백혈병환자의 치료 결과를 개선시키는데 효과가 있었음을 보여주었다. 다만, 건강보험 진료비 외에 환자가 부담하는 비용과 소아의 특성 및 의료기관 특성을 고려하고 직접지표를 적용한 치료결과를 평가한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다. [영문]The purpose of this study was to analyze the impacts of younger children (less than 6years old) in-patients' copayment waiver policy - which began to be implemented since 2006 - on the medical services and outcomes for leukemia children. To this end, the researcher divided into the two groups the leukemia children who had been hospitalized to be treated in 2006: one is beneficiary group and the other is non-beneficiary group. And thereupon, the researcher designed a case-control study to assess the impacts of the in-patients' copayment wavier policy on uses of the medical services in 2006 and outcomes of the medical treatment in 2007, focusing on the differences between the two groups. In addition, the researcher limited the leukemia children to the standard risk age and thereby, set such other variables affecting uses of the medical services and outcomes of the medical treatment as patients' gender and age (2~10), types of leukemia, whether they had been treated in 2005 (for division between new and old patients), period of treatment in 2006 (when the in-patients' copayment waiver policy began to be implemented), transplantation of hematopoietic stem cell and patients' fundus diseases (high-risk complications in 2005). On the other hand, the researcher analyzed beneficiary and non-beneficiary groups' cases of hospitalizations, uses of outpatients' medical services and medical costs in 2006 when the in-patients' copayment waiver police began to be implemented, while comparing the outcomes of the medical treatment in 2007 between the two groups. And the conditions of complications were set as indices of disease conditions. The complications were classified into 20 types of the high-risk complications which could impede treatment of leukemia or lead to death, and among them, 5 types of complications were regarded as specific complications which could be relieved through preventive measures and treatment. As s result of the regression analysis controlling other factors affecting uses of the medical services, the in-patients' copayment waver policy was found not to affect leukemia children's frequency and period of hospitalization, in-patients' medical costs, days of the visitations as outpatients, overall medical costs, etc. In addition, as a result of the regression analysis controlling other factors affecting the outcomes of the medical treatment, it was found that the in-patients' copayment waver policy had affected the outcomes of the medical treatment; the test group's average number of high-risk complications was 0.79 less and their average number of specific complications was 0.27 less than the control group's. On the other hand, as a result of the regression analysis controlling other factors, it was found that AML (Acute Myeloid Leukemia) children's medical cost was 16,339,300won higher on average than ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia) children's one, while the patients who had hematopoietic cells transplantation paid 11,680,800 won higher than the control group. However, there were found no significant differences of frequency or period of hospitalization between the groups. Furthermore, the newer the patients were, their frequency and period of hospitalization and medical cost were higher. The factors affecting outcomes of the medical treatment were patients' age and their fundus diseases. The high-risk complications and the specific complications decreased by 0.22 and 0.07, per each increasing age unit. Namely, the younger the patients were, the outcomes of the medical treatment were poorer. And the group classified as highest risk of complications (those with their fundus diseases most serious) were subject more to high-risk complications (0.78) and specific complications (0.23), which meant that their prognosis would be poorest. However, there were found no significant differences of the outcomes of the medical treatment between low-risk and middle-risk complications. The in-patients' copayment waver policy for the children less than 6 years old had significant impacts on the outcomes of their medical treatment. Anyway, such findings may well also suggest a problem of the horizontal equity between the beneficiary group and non-beneficiary group under the health insurance system which should ensure people's rights for the medical services. The finding that the in-patients' copayment waver policy did not affect uses of the medical services may well be attributable to the assumption that the price elasticity of the medical services may be negligible in consideration of leukemia children's characteristics of diseases and their age, and that patients' right to decide on the medical services may be extremely limited in consideration of unelasticity of the physician-induced demands. In addition, due to the light financial burden for the medical cost under the current health insurance system, the price elasticity may not have been effective, which means that the current health insurance system may well insure the essential treatment of the leukemia. However, since this study was based on the payments from the health insurance, the results might be different when the uncovered medical costs and other costs for hospitalization were taken into consideration. Namely, as the patients are not burdened with the medical costs covered by the medical insurance system, their guardians may have paid more for the special sickbeds, selective treatment costs and other legal or arbitrary medical costs. On the other hand, the finding that the complications which could be relieved through preventive measures and medical interventions were less frequent may well suggest that it had been possible to provide for the medical services outside the health insurance. On the other hand, this study defined improved outcomes of the medical treatment as conditions of the complications, but since the complications are only the indirect indices predicting the outcomes of the medical treatment, they might not be suitable as direct effects of the medical treatment. Moreover, since the timing of measuring the outcomes of the medical treatment was set at 1~2 years after 2006 when the in-patients' copayment waver policy began to be implemented, it might be earlier considering the long-term survival rate of leukemia. Anyway, as the high-risk complications are very important indices in the process of treatment and their treatment may be an important goal of treating the leukemia, the results of this study may be significant. All in all, this study found that the in-patients' copayment waver policy had no significant impacts on uses of leukemia children's uses of the medical services due to the characteristics of the disease and patients but had significant impacts on the outcomes of their medical treatment. Merely, it is hoped that this study will be followed up by future studies which will take into consideration other medical costs than paid by the patients as well as characteristics of younger patients and medical institutions to assess the outcomes of the medical treatment using some direct indices.ope

재조합 효모에서의 B형 간염 바이러스 표면항원 단백질의 과생산에 관한 연구

Thesis(masters) --서울대학교 대학원 :농생명공학부, 2009.2.Maste

Evaluation for the usage of HUD contents depending on gender while driving

Recently, the attention of the driver to reduce accidents caused by the driver not facing the front of the vehicle accelerates the forward-looking and active research on HUD (Head-Up-Display) that the visual information, such as navigations can be seen on the instrument panel. In addition, HUD has a better response rate to the incident than HDD (head down display driving assistance systems collectively located in the central part of the car control panel) and a faster and has a reliable speed control (Liu and Wen, 2004). When using higher speed limit signs and road conditions the recognition of the HUD was better to follow the traffic sign regulations. According to this study, the HUD can be seen to be more beneficial for safe driving compared to the conventional HDD. © ACM 2015.ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH);ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction (SIGCHI