Expert Consensus on Measures to Promote Physical and Psychological Health among COVID-19-Related Healthcare Workers in Korea using Delphi Technique

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused health problems and distress among healthcare workers (HCWs), so supportive measures to promote their health and relieve distress are needed. Materials and methods: We conducted two rounds of Delphi surveys with 20 COVID-19-related frontline healthcare professionals and public officials. The surveys evaluated means of supporting HCWs' health by improving health care systems and working environments in terms of effectiveness and urgency. The validity of the measures was assessed by calculating the content validity ratio. Results: The top-priority measures to support HCWs were "secure isolation units capable of treating severe cases" in the facility infrastructure category, "secure nursing staff dedicated for patients in the intensive care units" in the personnel infrastructure category, "improve communication between central office and frontline field" in the cooperation system category, "support personal protective equipment and infection control supplies" in the aid supplies category, and "realization of hazard pay" in the physical/mental health and compensation category. Conclusion: There was consensus among the experts on the validity and priorities of policies in the facility, personnel, cooperation, supplies, and compensation categories regarding measures to promote COVID-19 related HCWs' health.ope

A SARS-CoV-2 outbreak associated with vaccine breakthrough in an acute care hospital

Background: We aimed to analyze an outbreak caused by a vaccine breakthrough infection in a hospital with an active infection control program where 91.9% of health care workers were vaccinated. Methods: We investigated a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak between September 9 and October 2, 2021, in a referral teaching hospital in Korea. We retrospectively collected data on demographics, vaccination history, transmission, and clinical features of confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients, health care workers, and caregivers. Results: During the outbreak, 94 individuals tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction testing. There were infections in 61 health care workers, 18 patients, and 15 caregivers; 74.5% (70/94) were vaccine breakthrough infections. Most transmissions appeared to be caused by three index cases, which accounted for 86.2% (81/94) of transmissions. Forty-seven (58.0%, 47/81) cases were associated with the hospital staff cafeteria and offices located in the basement. Among health care workers and caregivers, only one required oxygen supplementation. In contrast, among patients, there were four fatal cases (22.2%, 4/18), 3 of which were unvaccinated. Conclusions: Superspreading infection among fully vaccinated individuals occurred in an acute care hospital while the delta variant was dominant. Given the potential for severe complications, as this outbreak demonstrated, preventive measures including adequate ventilation should be emphasized to minimize transmission in hospitals.ope

Professional Status of Infectious Disease Specialists in Korea: A Nationwide Survey

Background: Infectious disease (ID) specialists are skilled facilitators of medical consultation who promote better outcomes in patient survival, antibiotic stewardship as well as healthcare safety in pandemic response. This study aimed to assess the working status of ID specialists and identify problems faced by ID professionals in Korea. Methods: This was a nationwide cross-sectional study in Korea. An online-based survey was conducted over 11 days (from December 17-27, 2020), targeting all active adult (n = 281) and pediatric (n = 71) ID specialists in Korea (N = 352). Questions regarding the practice areas of the specialists were divided into five categories: 1) clinical practices of outpatient care, inpatient care, and consultations; 2) infection control; 3) antibiotic stewardship; 4) research; and 5) education and training. We investigated the weekly time-use patterns for these areas of practice. Results: Of the 352 ID specialists, 195 (55.4%; 51.2% [144/281] adult and 71.8% [51/71] pediatric ID specialists) responded in the survey. Moreover, 144 (73.8%) of the total respondents were involved in all practice categories investigated. The most common practice area was outpatient service (93.8%), followed by consultation (91.3%) and inpatient service (87.7%). Specialists worked a median of 61 (interquartile range: 54-71) hours weekly: patient care, 29 (14-37) hours; research 11 (5-19) hours; infection control 4 (2-10) hours; antibiotic stewardship, 3 (1-5) hours; and education/training, 2 (2-6) hours. Conclusion: ID specialists in Korea simultaneously undertake multiple tasks and work long hours, highlighting the need for training and employing more ID specialists.ope

The Role of Age in Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Asian People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Background: People living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) have an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, but specific guidance on when to suspect the onset of these diseases is limited. Materials and methods: We aimed to identify cardiovascular risk factors in PLHIV using carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) through a cross-sectional, retrospective cohort study that enrolled 217 PLHIV who underwent carotid IMT measurement at a teaching hospital in Korea. We compared clinical characteristics between PLHIV with subclinical atherosclerosis and PLHIV with IMT within the normal range, and used a receiver operating characteristic curve to determine the cut-off age for predicting subclinical atherosclerosis. Results: Among the study population, 115 participants (53.0%) had subclinical atherosclerosis. In logistic regression, age and dyslipidemia were significantly associated with increased carotid IMT even after adjusting for other variables (odds ratio [OR]: 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06 - 1.15, P <0.001; OR: 3.92, 95% CI: 1.87 - 8.22, P <0.001, respectively). The cut-off age for predicting subclinical atherosclerosis was 39.5 years (area under the curve 0.78, 95% CI: 0.72 - 0.84, P <0.001). Conclusion: Conventional risk factors including age and dyslipidemia were associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in Asian PLHIV. In particular, Asian PLHIV older than 40 years had an increased risk of subclinical atherosclerosis and may benefit from carotid IMT screening.ope

Current Status and Prospect of Qualitative Assessment of Antibiotics Prescriptions

Identifying inappropriately prescribed antibiotics for infectious diseases by monitoring the quality of antibiotics use is essential for effective implementation of antibiotic stewardship. Qualitative assessment of the use of antibiotics has been conducted in some countries, including Korea, since the 2000s. The qualitative assessment generally involves an assessment of each component of the antibiotics prescription process, based on specific criteria. However, there is no standardized assessment method or cycle, and infectious diseases or antibiotics included in the assessments vary from country-to-country. According to the results reported in the United States, Europe, Australia, and Korea so far, approximately 20 - 55% of all antibiotics prescriptions are inappropriate. In this review, we describe the current progress in the quality assessment of the use of antibiotics on a global scale. Further, we highlight the future directions to improve antibiotic stewardship activities and the quality assessment of the use of antibiotics in Korea.ope

Development of a Roadmap for the Antimicrobial Usage Monitoring System for Medical Institutions in Korea: a Delphi Study

Background: It is necessary to develop a roadmap for antimicrobial usage monitoring in order to perform monitoring of antimicrobial use at the national level properly. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a roadmap for establishing surveillance and monitoring of antimicrobial use in medical institutions at the national level. Materials and methods: A modified Delphi study was conducted, including 3 rounds of an online survey and a virtual meeting with 16 expert panels. The survey items were developed based on a literature review of the surveillance systems for antimicrobial use in 12 countries and interviews with experts. The questionnaire was designed to include both the surveillance and benchmarking systems. Results: Regarding the scope of target institutions to be included in the surveillance system, medical institutions for sentinel surveillance had the highest proportion of agreement among the panels (75.0%, 9/12). For the benchmarking system, "tertiary- and secondary-care hospitals" were accepted as the scope of target institutions at the current moment. Furthermore, the National Health Insurance claims and prescription data of individual hospitals were considered appropriate data sources for the surveillance system. As for the measures to promote the participation of hospitals in the benchmarking system, "compensation through the establishment of antimicrobial management fees" and "set the participation in the program as a quality evaluation or accreditation index for hospital evaluation" were accepted. Conclusion: This study provides a roadmap for establishing an antimicrobial use monitoring and benchmarking system for medical institutions at a national level in Korea.ope

A Study on the Effects of u-Health Care Equipments Applied Nutrition Education on Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors

본 연구는 u-Health care 기반 장비를 활용한 영양교육이 식습관 변화, 영양소 섭취, 대사증후군 위험 인자에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 서울 소재 사업장에 근무하는 직장인 만 20세 이상 60세 이하의 성인 남성을 대상으로 대사증후군 진단 기준(NCEP-ATPⅢ) 중 위험요인 3가지 이상을 가진 72명을 대상자로 하였다. 전체 대상자는 영양교육 전&amp;amp;#8228;후로 신체계측과 혈압 및 혈액검사를 하였으며, 설문지를 통해 식습관을 조사하고 24시간 회상 법을 이용하여 영양소 섭취 실태를 분석하였다. 또한 u-Health care 기반 장비인 체 성분 분석계, 혈압계, 3D신체 활동 계를 제공하여 수시로 측정하도록 하였으며, 영양상담은 4회에 걸쳐 실시하였다. 본 연구 대상자의 영양교육 전&amp;amp;#8226;후에 따른 신체계측의 결과는 복부둘레와 체지방률이 유의적으로 감소하였다. 복부둘레는 40세 이상인 그룹에서 유의적으로 감소하였고, 체지방률은 평균 보행 수 8000보 미만인 그룹에서는 유의적으로 감소하였다. 측정횟수 12회 이상인 그룹에서는 복부둘레와 체지방률이 유의적으로 감소하였다. 혈액 및 혈압검사 결과는 이완기 혈압과 중성지방, 총 콜레스테롤이 유의적으로 감소하였다. 40세 이상인 그룹, 평균 보행 수 8000보 미만인 그룹, 측정횟수 12이상인 그룹에서 중성지방과 총 콜레스테롤이 유의적으로 감소하였다. BMI 25이상인 그룹의 총 콜레스테롤과 BMI 25미만인 그룹의 중성지방이 유의적으로 감소하였다. 영양소섭취 상태 결과는 영양교육 전 보다 교육 후 식이섬유, 동물성 칼슘, 비타민C, 엽 산이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 식습관은 단백질 식품(육류, 생선, 달걀, 콩, 두부 등)과 채소의 섭취가 유의적으로 증가하여 긍정적인 식습관의 변화를 보였다. 매 끼 식사섭취 여부와 아침 식사 결식에 대한 이유는 유의적 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 대상자에게 u-Health 기반 장비를 활용한 영양교육이 대사증후군 위험요인 뿐만 아니라 식습관에서 또한 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 대사증후군 대상자의 식습관 및 생활습관 개선을 위해 영양교육은 필수적이며, 지속적인 동기부여를 위해서는 u-Health 기반 장비를 활용한 다양한 영양교육 컨텐츠 개발이 진행되어야 할 것이라고 사료된다.;This study aimed to identify influences of u-Health care equipments applied nutrition education on changes of dietary habit, nutrition intake and risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, 72 male office workers over 20 to 60 working in Seoul who have at least 3 risk factors for NCEP-ATP III were recruited as the subjects. All subjects were taken anthropometric measurement, biochemical characteristics analysis, surveyed dietary habits and analyzed nutrition intakes using 24-hour dietary recall method before and after nutrition education. Also, u-Health care equipments - body composition analysis, blood pressure manometer and 3D activity monitor, were provided for frequent measurements, and nutrition consultations were given 4 times. The result of anthropometric measurement of subjects before and after nutrition education showed significant reduction of abdominal circumferences and body fat. Abdominal circumferences significantly reduced with subjects over 40, and body fat significantly reduced with subjects with average step counts less than 8000. Subjects with more than 12 measurements showed significant reduction of abdominal circumferences and body fat. The results of biochemical characteristics analysis showed significant reductions of diastolic pressure, triglyceride and total cholesterol. With subjects over 40, average step counts less than 8000 and more than 12 measurements, there were significant reductions of triglyceride and total cholesterol. Total cholesterol of subjects with over BMI 25 and triglyceride of subjects with under BMI 25 significantly reduced. The result of nutrition intake showed significant increase of fiber, animal calcium, potassium, vitamin C and folic acid after nutrition education compared to before nutrition education. Dietary habit showed significant increase of intake of protein (meat, fish, eggs, beans, tofu, etc.) and vegetables to be changed positively. Skipping meal and reason for skipping breakfast showed no significant differences. In conclusion, nutrition education with u-Health equipments were verified to give positive influences to risk factors of metabolic syndrome and dietary habits. To improve dietary habits and living habits of metabolic syndrome subjects, nutrition education is essential, and for continuous motivation, various contents for nutrition education should be developed using u-Health care equipments.Ⅰ.서론 1 Ⅱ.연구 내용 및 방법 10 A. 연구대상 10 B. 연구방법 11 1. 일반사항 및 식이섭취 조사 11 2. 신체계측 및 생화학적 검사 12 3. 건강관리 프로그램 방법 및 내용 13 4. 통계학 처리 18 Ⅲ. 연구결과 19 A. 대상자의 일반적 특성 19 B. 신체계측 22 1. 영양교육 전후에 따른 신체계측 22 2. 연령에 따른 신체계측 24 3. 평균 보행 수에 따른 신체계측 26 4. 측정 횟수에 따른 신체계측 28 5. BMI에 따른 신체계측 30 C. 혈압 및 혈액검사 31 1. 영양교육 전후에 따른 혈압 및 혈액검사 31 2. 연령에 따른 혈압 및 혈액검사 33 3. 평균 보행 수에 따른 혈압 및 혈액검사 35 4. 측정 횟수에 따른 혈압 및 혈액검사 37 5. BMI에 따른 혈압 및 혈액검사 39 D. 영양섭취 상태 및 식습관 41 1. 영양교육 전후에 따른 영양소 섭취 상태 41 2. 영양교육 전후에 따른 식사섭취 여부 43 3. 영양교육 전후에 따른 식습관 45 Ⅳ. 고찰 47 v. 요약 및 결론 56 참고문헌 59 부록1. 건강 설문지 68 부록2. 식생활 조사 73 ABSTRACT 7

The Plan for Brand Competitive Power Raise of Korea&amp;apos;s Glasses Industry

현대사회는 과학기술과 경제적 성공에 힘입어 그 어느 때 보다 풍요로운 물질의 시대를 맞고 있다. 이러한 모습은 전통적인 생활기구, 필수품 등에서 더 잘 드러나고 있는데 특히 안경과 같은 착용제품의 경우 건강과 보건을 위해 고안된 제품이 본래의 기능을 넘어서 다른 어떤 상품보다도 민감하게 디자인을 요구받는 제품이 되었다. 안경 산업에 있어도 기술과 품질은 기업 생존의 필수조건이나 디자인과 브랜드 또한 전자의 이윤창출 규모를 뛰어넘는 고부가 가치의 수단이다. 날이 갈수록 강력한 브랜드나 새로운 디자인으로 승부하는 국내외 제품들이 시장에서 치열한 경쟁을 벌이고 있다. 그러나 과거 OEM 안경대국으로 맹위를 떨쳤던 우리나라가 수출은 물론 안경의 기반 산업까지 위협받는 현실에 봉착하게 되었다. 중국의 대량 저가공세와 유럽의 세련된 디자인 브랜드 사이에서 국산 안경은 중저가 상품의 이미지레벨에서 벗어나지 못하고 있는 것이 현실이다. 우리나라 안경 산업은 중소기업 중심의 대표적 노동집약적 구조를 취하고 있으며, 전체의 90％ 가량이 OEM(주문자 상표 부착 생산 방식)제작에 의존하면서 독자적인 브랜드 개발을 시작부터 미뤄왔다. 우리나라 안경 산업의 강력한 무기는 적절한 기술수준에 비해서 가격경쟁력을 갖추어 왔다는 것이다. 그러나 지금은 중국을 필두로 한 동남아시아 등의 신흥 공업 국가들에 밀리고, 전통적으로 정밀생산기술을 앞세운 일본과의 품질 면에서 뒤지고 있으며 이탈리아, 프랑스, 독일 등의 선진 유럽 국가들의 높은 브랜드 인지도, 우수한 디자인과 경쟁해야 하는 3중고를 겪고 있다. 이렇게 열악한 환경에서 더 이상 우수한 인재들이 산업을 지켜나가기 어려운 것도 현실이다. 안경 산업의 선진화를 위해 디자인 마인드, 브랜드 전략과 세계적 경영능력을 갖춘 업계의 구조조정이 필요하다. 선진화된 의식으로 지금의 어려운 국내 안경 산업에 근본적인 대안과 해결방안이 요구되는 때이다. 본 연구는 국내 안경 산업이 소비시장의 현실을 잘 반영하여 산업계의 자체적 체질개선과 구조 조정 그리고 지속적인 투자와 개발을 확충해 나간다면 가까운 장래에 국제 경쟁력을 확보함과 동시에 수출 증대에 기여할 수 있다는 산업으로 탈바꿈할 수 있다는 전제에서 출발하였다. 이와 같은 배경에서 본 논문은 다음과 같은 순서와 범위에서 연구를 진행하였다. 제 1 장 : ‘서론’에서는 연구의 배경 및 목적 그리고 범위 방법을 서술하고자 한다. 제 2 장 : ‘안경디자인의 이론적 고찰’에서는 안경디자인의 개념과 변천사를 이해하고 다양한 안경 디자인 접근방법을 통해 이론적 체계를 구축하였다. 제 3 장 : ‘국내 안경 산업의 실태분석 및 디자인’에서는 국내 안경 산업의 특징과 현황을 통해 실태를 분석한 뒤 국내 안경 브랜드 성공 사례와 디자인 개발 현황을 통해 현 국내 안경 시장의 위치를 파악하고 디자인의 필요성을 인식하였다. 제 4 장 : ‘국외 안경 산업의 환경과 디자인’에서는 주요 선진국들의 안경 산업 환경을 이해하고 브랜드 사례를 통한 디자인 개발현황으로 국외 안경 산업의 디자인 경쟁력을 분석하였다. 제 5 장 : ‘국내 안경 산업의 문제점 분석’에서는 국내 안경 산업의 경영상의 문제점 및 디자인 글로벌 경쟁력을 갖추기 위한 주요 과제를 제시하였다. 제 6 장 : ‘국내 안경 산업의 브랜드 활성화 방안 제안’에서는 현 시장의 이해와 고찰을 통하여 우리나라 안경 산업 브랜드 활성화 방안을 연구, 제안하였다. 제 7 장 : ‘결론’에서는 연구의 이해와 타당성을 통하여 연구 결과가 작용될 방향에 대하여 설명하고 가능성을 제시하였다. 이상과 같이 본 연구에서는 21세기형 고부가가치 산업으로써 국내 안경 산업의 발전가능성을 모색하였다. 본 연구에서는 선글라스를 포함하지 않고 시력교정 안경에 그 연구 대상을 국한시켜 향후 선글라스, 렌즈 등 광의의 안경 또는 대체제품에 있어서는 후속 연구를 필요로 한다.;Our contemporaries are entering the era of material affluence owing to the accumulation of economic wealth. This trend is well brought out in the necessaries of life, and in particular, the users&amp;apos; demands are decided by the designs than any other product and also the effect the value added created can be said to be very large in case of wear products such as glasses. In particular, the technology and quality are the basic conditions of the corporate survival competition in the present glasses industry, and further, the design and brand are being an essential condition of the competitive power raise through the value-added valorization of a glasses industry. The products to try conclusion with famous brands or designs are cutting a conspicuous figure gradually in the market. But the recognition on Korean glasses brands has not gotten out of the recognition of low and mid-price products. Korea&amp;apos;s glasses industry shows small and medium enterprises-centric labor intensive structure, and the independent brand development is lagging according as about 90% of the whole is formed as OEM. Also, the competitive price which was a potent weapon of Korea&amp;apos;s glasses industry is suffering from triple distress of being thrust by the Newly Industrializing Countries such as Southeast Asia with China first in order, of losing its competitiveness in the quality against Japan that traditionally gives priority to the precise manufacturing technique, and of not acquiring the competitiveness also against the excellent design capacity and the high brand awareness of advanced European countries such as Italy, France, Germany and so on. To make Korea&amp;apos;s glasses industry competitive in international markets as well as in Korea&amp;apos;s markets after overcoming the difficulties, it is necessary to cultivate excellent experts, to improve the design technology level and build the information system related to it, to expand the R&amp;amp;D investment related to the designs, develop a new material and functional glasses, and have Co-Branding and marketing strategies of Korea&amp;apos;s glasses industry. This paper began with the premise that Korea&amp;apos;s glasses industry would be able to enhance epochally the possibility of increasing exports as well as gaining the international competitiveness if keeping up the structure improvement, the restructuring and the constant investment and development of the glasses industrial world. In this context, this paper conducted took on the research in the following order and scope. Chapter 1: It tries to describe the background, purpose and scope method of this research in &amp;apos;Introduction&amp;apos;. Chapter 2: It has understood the concept and history of the glasses designs, and established the theoretical system through various approaches of the glasses designs in &amp;apos;The Theoretical Study of Glasses Designs&amp;apos;. Chapter 3: It has grasped the present position of Korea&amp;apos;s glasses industry and recognized the necessity of the designs through the successful cases of Korea&amp;apos;s glasses brand and the design development status after analyzing the actual condition through the characteristics and the present condition of Korea&amp;apos;s glasses industry in &amp;apos;The Actual Condition Analysis and the Design of Korea&amp;apos;s Glasses Industry&amp;apos;. Chapter 4: It has understood the glasses industry environment of important advanced countries and analyzed the design competitiveness of overseas glasses industry through the dbevelopment status of the brand cases in &amp;apos;The Environment and Design of Overseas Glasses Industry&amp;apos;. Chapter 5: It presented the managerial issues of Korea&amp;apos;s glasses industry and the main tasks to become competitive globally in the design in &amp;apos;The Problem Analysis of Korea&amp;apos;s Glasses Industry&amp;apos;. Chapter 6: It has studied and presented the activation scheme of Korea&amp;apos;s glasses industry design through the understanding and consideration of the present market in &amp;apos;The Brand Activation Plan Suggestion of Korea&amp;apos;s Glasses Industry&amp;apos;. Chapter 7: It explained the direction where the research results would be applied through the understanding and adequacy of the research, and introduced the possibilities in &amp;apos;Conclusion&amp;apos;. As mentioned above, this research has introduced the possibilities of Korea&amp;apos;s glasses industry as the 21st century-type higher value-added business. This research has sought the future development measures by comparing and analyzing the managerial issues and the influence of designs from it centering around the internal and external glasses market, and, finally, by proposing the activation plan for the brand competitiveness raise of Korea&amp;apos;s glasses industry. But, because the glasses definition of this research was decided as the scope of the glasses for correcting eyesight, not including sunglasses, the follow-up researches will be required in the industries related to the glasses such as sunglasses, a lens.Ⅰ.서론 = 1 1.1.연구배경 및 목적 = 1 1.2.연구의 범위와 방법 = 2 Ⅱ.안경 디자인에 대한 이론적 고찰 = 4 2.1.안경 디자인의 개념 = 4 2.2.안경 디자인의 변천사 = 8 2.3.안경의 디자인 접근방법 = 11 2.3.1.인간공학적 이해 = 11 2.3.2.소재 및 기술적 이해 = 14 2.3.3.색채 및 스타일의 이해 = 21 Ⅲ.국내 안경 산업의 실태분석 및 디자인 현황 = 27 3.1.국내 안경 산업의 실태분석 = 27 3.1.1.국내 안경 산업의 특성 = 27 3.1.2.국내 안경 산업의 현황 = 33 3.1.3.국내 안경 브랜드 운영실태 = 38 3.1.4.국내 안경 유통 산업의 소비구조 및 시장동향 = 40 3.2.국내 안경 브랜드와 디자인 = 43 3.2.1.국내 안경 산업에 있어 디자인의 중요성 = 43 3.2.2.국내 안경 브랜드와 디자인의 연관 관계 = 44 3.2.3.국내 안경 브랜드 디자인 운용실태 = 45 Ⅳ.국외 안경 산업의 환경과 디자인 = 55 4.1.주요 선진 국가들의 안경 산업 발전 현황 = 55 4.1.1.이탈리아의 안경 산업 = 55 4.1.2.독일의 안경 산업 = 57 4.1.3.프랑스의 안경 산업 = 59 4.1.4.우리나라 대 주요 선진 국가 경쟁력 비교 = 62 4.2.주요 선진 국가들의 안경 브랜드와 디자인 개발 전략 = 63 4.2.1.성공적 대표 안경 브랜드 사례 = 63 4.2.2.브랜드 디자인 개발 현황 = 66 Ⅴ.국내 안경 산업의 문제점 분석 = 71 5.1.생산규모의 영세성 = 71 5.2.유통의 구조적 문제 = 72 5.3.수입 증가에 따른 경쟁력 약화 및 수출시장 집중의 문제 = 74 5.4.중국의 제조 기술 향상 및 저가공세 = 76 5.5.디자인 개발 능력 부족 = 76 5.6.전시회 미흡 및 정보 인프라 부족 = 78 5.7.자체 브랜드 개발 부족 = 79 Ⅵ.국내 안경 산업 브랜드 활성화 방안 제안 = 80 6.1.우수 디자인전문 인력 양성 = 80 6.2.디자인 기술 수준 향상 및 관련 정보체계의 구축 = 81 6.3.디자인 관련 R&amp;amp;D투자 확대 = 83 6.4.신소재 및 기능성 안경 개발 = 85 6.5.국내 안경 산업의 공동 브랜드화 전략 및 마케팅 강화 = 87 Ⅶ.결론 = 90 참고문헌 = 92 Abstract = 9

Appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions during hospitalization and ambulatory care: a multicentre Appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions during hospitalization and ambulatory care: a multicentre prevalence survey in Korea

Objectives: Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most urgent global health threats. The need for the qualitative evaluation of antibiotic use at the national level is increasing. To identify areas for improvement, we aimed to assess the prevalence and appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions during hospitalization and ambulatory care in Korea. Methods: The prevalence and appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions on 29 August 2018 were assessed for 20 hospitals in Korea. Infectious disease specialists determined appropriateness. Except for antiviral and anti-tuberculosis agents, all antibacterial or antifungal agent prescriptions during hospitalization or ambulatory care were evaluated. Results: The prevalence of antibiotic prescription was 14.1% (8,400/59 216 patients) on the study date. Antibiotics were prescribed for 50.8% of inpatients (6557/12 902), with two or more antibiotics prescribed for 27.4% (1798/6557) of patients. A total of 10 948 prescriptions (7999 therapeutic, 2105 surgical prophylaxes, and 844 medical prophylaxes) were included in the final analysis, and 27.7% of these were inappropriate. Surgical prophylaxis was inadequately prescribed most frequently (54.4%), followed by medical prophylaxis (29.5%) and therapeutic antibiotics (20.5%). The most common indications for therapeutic antibiotics were respiratory (29.1%, n=2332), gastrointestinal (22.4%, n=1791), and urinary tract infections (13.1%, n=1050). The most frequently prescribed antibiotics were cephalosporins (52.0%, n=5490), followed by beta lactam/beta lactamase inhibitors (13.7%, n=1373), fluoroquinolones (9.1%, n=957), and metronidazole (6.6%, n=699). Conclusion: This was the first nationwide qualitative antibiotic prescription adequacy evaluation in Korea. A significant proportion of antibiotic prescriptions were inappropriate. Therefore, interventions for high-frequency infections and prescription antibiotics are needed.ope

Exercise Adherence and Quality of Life of Korean Adult Taekwondo Participants

학위논문(석사) --서울대학교 대학원 :체육교육과,2010.2.Maste