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    ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ธ์ ์ž์›: ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํšํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 8. ์ „์ƒ์ธ.์ง€๋‚œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด ์ด๋ฃฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ณ„ํš ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ธ์ ์ž์›์„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚ด์žฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ถ”๋™๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ธ์ ์ž์›์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ๋†๊ณต์ƒ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๋Š” ํ”„๋กœํ…Œ์Šคํƒ„ํŠธ ์œค๋ฆฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๋…ธ๋™๊ด€๊ณผ ์ง์—…์˜์‹, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋™์„ฑ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๋†๊ณต์ƒ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๋ฃฐ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋Œ€์ด๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ธ์ ์ž์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ณ„ํš ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ธ์ ์ž์›์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ธ์ ์ž์› ํ™•๋ณด๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ์…‹์งธ, ํ™•๋ณด๋œ ์ธ์ ์ž์›์ด ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€? ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฒ”์œ„๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ฃผ๋„์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ์žฅ ์—”์ง„์ด๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ž๋ณธ ์ง‘์•ฝ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ž์›์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ˆ™๋ จ๋œ ์ธ์ ์ž์›์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, 1960๋…„๋Œ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ฌ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋™๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ทผ๋ฉด๊ณผ ๊ทผ๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์žฌ๊ฑด๊ตญ๋ฏผ์šด๋™๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ต์œกํ—Œ์žฅ ์„ ํฌ๋กœ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒ ํ•™์  ํ† ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  1970๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋†๊ณต์ƒ ๋ฌธํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณต ์ž์›์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณต ์–‘์„ฑ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์ง์—…ํ›ˆ๋ จ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ธ์‹์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ธ์ ์ž์› ํ™•๋ณด ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ณ  ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๋…ธ๋™๊ด€์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณต ์–‘์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ๊ต์œก(Skill)๊ณผ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๋…ธ๋™๊ด€(Spirit)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ํŠน๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์ธ์ ์ž์› ํ™•๋ณด๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ฒ ์ €ํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ์งˆ์„œ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ๋ฐ•์ •ํฌ๋Š” ์œ ์‹  ์ดํ›„ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ์„ ์–ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง์—… ๊ต์œก์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณต ์ž์› ํ™•๋ณด ๊ณผ์ •์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์–‘์„ฑ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ ์ˆ™๋ จ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์–‘์„ฑ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต์—…๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์™€ ๊ณต๊ณต์ง์—…ํ›ˆ๋ จ์›์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณต ์ž์›์„ ์–‘์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์„ ๋„(๊ฑฐ์ )๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ์ง€์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์„ ์ง‘์ค‘ ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐจ๋“ฑํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ์ง„์ ์ธ ํ™•๋Œ€์™€ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™” ๋œ ์ง€์›์€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ์ˆ˜์ž์›์˜ ํ™•๋ณด๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ธ์€ ์กฐ๊ตญ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํœ˜ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์ด ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™” ๋œ ์ž๋ถ€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ฒฉ๋ คํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ˆ™๋ จ์„ ์™„์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ •์‹ ๊ฐœํ˜ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๊ต์œก๋„ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์นœ ์ˆ˜๋ฃŒ์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ •์˜ˆํ™” ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ˜„์žฅ์— ์ฆ‰์‹œ ํˆฌ์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ง์—…ํ›ˆ๋ จ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง์—…ํ›ˆ๋ จ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํŠน๋ณ„์กฐ์น˜๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ž์ฒด ์–‘์„ฑํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ์ •์ง์—…ํ›ˆ๋ จ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ๊ณ„์ธต๋„ ์ง์—… ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ† ๋ก ๋…๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ™๋ จ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ œ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์‚ฌ, ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์žฅ์˜ ๋™๋“ฑํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž๊ฒฉ์ทจ๋“์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ค์ ˆ์ ์ธ ์šฐ๋Œ€์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ž๊ฒฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณ„ ์ธ์ ์ž์›์€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์—์„œ๋„ ์ž…์ƒ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์  ์˜์›…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์ค‘์  ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์— ์ž…์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ์ˆ™๋ จ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ถ•์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ „๋žต์€ ์„ ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์›ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ ์ฒด๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณต ์ž์›๋“ค์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ธ์ •์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๋…ธ๋™๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์ž์กด๊ฐ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„ ์ž์œจ์  ์ง์—…์ธ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ง‘์ค‘ ์–‘์„ฑ๋œ ์ธ์ ์ž์›์€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์˜ ์ดํ–‰์— ๊ฒฐ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ณ„ํš์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ธ์ ์ž์›์„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์–‘์„ฑ๋œ 120๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณต ์ž์›์ด 4์ธ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, 480๋งŒ ๋ช…์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๊ณ„ํš ์ž์›์ด์ž ์ธ๊ตฌ ์ž์›์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ ฅ(Skill)๊ณผ ์ •์‹ ๋ ฅ(Spirit)์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ, ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์ด๋ ฅ์ „์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ด๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๋…ธ๋™์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง๋Šฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉด ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ์ง์—…๊ด€์€ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง์—…์œผ๋กœ ์ž์•„์‹คํ˜„์„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ด๋™์€ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฐ์—…๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด๋“ค ์ž์›์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ก ์—์„œ ์ธ์ ์ž์›์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ณ„ํš ์ž์›์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„ํš์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž์›์„ ์ ์‹œ์— ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์„œ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๋…ธ๋™๊ด€๊ณผ ์ง์—…๊ด€, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ด๋™์„ฑ์ด ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜์–ด ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •๋œ ๊ณ„ํš ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์‹œ์žฅ์งˆ์„œ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ ๋ณ„์  ์ง€์›์ด ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์ด์ต์—๋„ ๋ถ€ํ•ฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš ์ž์›์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณต๋“ค์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๋…ธ๋™๊ด€๊ณผ ์ง์—…๊ด€์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์‚ฐ์—…๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ทผ๋Œ€์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์—์„œ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๊ณ„ํš์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—๋Š” ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์นจ์ฒด๋˜๊ณ  ์†Œ๋“์˜ ์–‘๊ทนํ™”, ์ฒญ๋…„์‹ค์—…์˜ ์‹ฌํ™”, ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ ๋ฏธ์Šค๋งค์น˜ ๋“ฑ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ์•ž์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฆ„ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์™€ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ถ•์ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๊ณ„ํš์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  1 1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 2) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  6 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 9 1) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 9 2) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 11 3) ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ 12 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 13 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ก  13 1) ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 13 2) ๋ฐœ์ „๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต 15 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณ„ํš๋ก  17 1) ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 17 2) ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ณ„ํš 18 3) ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋… 19 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์ธ์ ์ž์› 21 1) ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๋…ผ์˜ 21 2) ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ 22 3) ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋ก  24 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 25 1) ์‚ฐ์—…์ธ๋ ฅ์–‘์„ฑ ์—ญ์‚ฌ 25 2) ์‚ฐ์—…์ธ๋ ฅ์–‘์„ฑ ์ •์ฑ… 26 3) ์‚ฐ์—…์ธ๋ ฅ์–‘์„ฑ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ 28 4) ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 30 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์ธ์ ์ž์› ๋ฌธ์ œ 31 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๋…ธ๋™๊ด€์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ 31 1) 60๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ ์ธ์ ์ž์› ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 31 2) ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ต์œกํ—Œ์žฅ ์„ ํฌ์™€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ 33 3) ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™”์˜ ์ง„์ž… 35 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ์ „์ดˆ 40 1) ์ธ์ ์ž์› ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์™€ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ˜„ํ™ฉ 40 2) ์ธ์ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณต ์–‘์„ฑ 44 3) ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• : ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ํ›ˆ๋ จ 46 4) ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ์ง์—…ํ›ˆ๋ จ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ„์ƒ 48 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์†Œ ๊ฒฐ 51 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™”์™€ ์ธ์ ์ž์›๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 53 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…๊ณผ ์ธ๋ ฅ์–‘์„ฑ ๊ณ„ํš 53 1) ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ์„ ์–ธ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ๊ณผํ•™ํ™” ์šด๋™ 53 2) ์ค‘ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์—…ํ™” ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์‹œ 56 3) ์ธ๋ ฅ์–‘์„ฑ ๊ณ„ํš : 1972-1981๋…„ 57 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํ•™๊ต๊ต์œก์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณต ์–‘์„ฑ 59 1) ๊ต์œก์ œ๋„ ๊ฐœํŽธ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๊ต ํ‰์ค€ํ™” 59 2) ๊ณต์—…๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต์˜ ์„ ๋ณ„์  ์ง€์› 60 3) ๊ต์œก๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๊ทœ์œจํ™” ์†์„ฑ 66 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ง์—…ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณต ์–‘์„ฑ 68 1) ์ง์—…ํ›ˆ๋ จ ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ •๋น„ 68 2) ๊ณต๊ณต์ง์—…ํ›ˆ๋ จ 69 3) ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ง์—…ํ›ˆ๋ จ 74 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์ˆ™๋ จํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋น„์ „ ์ œ์‹œ 77 1) ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž๊ฒฉ์ œ๋„ ์‹œํ–‰ 77 2) ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํšŒ 81 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ์†Œ ๊ฒฐ 86 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๋…ธ๋™์‚ฌํšŒ 89 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ณ„ํš ์ž์›์˜ ๊ตฌ์ถ• 89 1) ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณต ์–‘์„ฑ ์‹ค์  89 2) ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณต ์ž์›์˜ ํŠน์งˆ 92 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ์ง์—…๊ด€๊ณผ ์ด๋™์„ฑ ์‚ฌํšŒ 94 1) ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ์ง์—…๊ด€์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ 94 2) ์ด๋™์„ฑ ํ™•๋Œ€์™€ ์‚ฐ์—…๋„์‹œ 96 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์†Œ ๊ฒฐ 98 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  99 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 99 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 103 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 107 Abstract 116Maste

    The effect of intermittent composite curing on marginal adaptation

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    The aim of this research was to study the effect of intermittent polymerization on marginal adaptation by comparing the marginal adaptation of intermittently polymerized composite to that of continuously polymerized composite. The materials used for this study were Pyramid (Bisco Inc., Schaumburg, U.S.A.) and Heliomolar (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein) . The experiment was carried out in class II MOD cavities prepared in 48 extracted human maxillary premolars. The samples were divided into 4 groups by light curing method: group 1- continuous curing (60s light on with no light off), group 2-intermittent curing (cycles of 3s with 2s light on & 1s light off for 90s); group 3- intermittent curing (cycles of 2s with 1s light on & 1s light off for 120s); group 4- intermittent curing (cycles of 3s with 1s light on & 2s light off for 180s). Consequently the total amount of light energy radiated was same in all the groups. Each specimen went through thermo-mechanical loading (TML) which consisted of mechanical loading (720,000 cycles, 5.0 kg) with a speed of 120 rpm for 100hours and thermocycling (6000 thermocycles of alternating water of 50โ„ƒ and 55โ„ƒ). The continuous margin (CM) (%) of the total margin and regional margins, occlusal enamel (OE), vertical enamel (VE), and cervical enamel (CE) was measured before and after TML under a ร— 200 digital light microscope. Three-way ANOVA and Duncanโ€™โ€™s Multiple Range Test was performed at 95% level of confidence to test the effect of 3 variables on CM (%) of the total margin: light curing conditions, composite materials and effect of TML. In each group, One-way ANOVA and Duncanโ€™โ€™s Multiple Range Test was additionally performed to compare CM (%) of regions (OE, VE CE). The results indicated that all the three variables were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Before TML, in groups using Pyramid, groups 3 and 4 showed higher CM (%) than groups 1 and 2, and in groups using Heliomolar. groups 3 and 4 showed higher CM (%) than group 1 (p < 0.05). After TML, in both Pyramid and Heliomo)ar groups, group 3 showed higher CM (%) than group 1 (p < 0.05) CM (%) of the regions are significantly different in each group (p < 0.05). Before TML, no statistical difference was found between groups within the VE and CE region. In the OE region, group 4 of Pyramid showed higher CM (%) than group 2, and groups 2 and 4 of Heliomolar showed higher CM (%) than group 1 (p < 0.05). After TML, no statistical difference was found among groups within the VE and CE region. In the OE region, group 3 of Pyramid showed higher CM (%) than groups 1 and 2, and groups 2,3 and 4 of Heliomolar showed higher CM (%) than group 1 (p < 0.05). It was concluded that intermittent polymerization may be effective in reducing marginal gap formation.ope

    Micro-shear bond strength to dentin under simulated pulpal pressure

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    The aim of this study was to measure and compare the micro shear bond strengths of the following dentin bonding systems to the dentin surfaces under simulated pulpal pressure; All Bond 2ยฎ, Secondยฎ, AdheSEยฎ, Adper Prompt L-Popยฎ. The occlusal surfaces of 180 extracted human molars were prepared so the dentin bonding surfaces could be exposed. The teeth were randomly assigned to 3 equal groups of 60 each and subdivided. The dentin surfaces were treated with the above mentioned bonding system and resin composite cylinders were built up under a simulated pulpal pressure when saline (Group II) or diluted bovine serum (Group III) was used as the pulpal fluid. As a control, the same procedures were performed in the dried dentin surfaces (Group I). After one day of storage in water, the micro shear bond strengths were measured using an EZ tester. Group II and III showed significantly lower shear bond strength than Group I statistically (p < 0.05). SEbondยฎ and AdheSEยฎ showed no difference among the different dentin condition. In the Adper Prompt L-Popยฎ, a simulated pulpal pressure were applied to the specimens using diluted bovine serum, which showed a higher strength than the specimens in which saline was used (p < 0.05).ope

    A Study on the Efficient Operation of Vessel Traffic Service in Busan Port

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    Recently, as ship is getting bigger and high speed and icreasing in dangerous freight, countries through which these ship pass very frequently have been confronted severe environment problem called by sea pollution. As the result, the campaign which is trying to restrict to sail in their sea zone is rising and it's role has been assigned to Vessel Traffic Service (VTS). VTS with fundamental surveillance device had begun in LIVERPOOL of England and in 1960, it spread out to EUROPE, after it, it was installed in North America, and were provided worldwide in 1980. In korea, since POHANG port had introduced three step level VTS in Jan. 1993, VTS is running in 14 ports nationwide. Especially for BUSAN port, the greatest trade port in domestic, As it's role is getting more and more important economically, politically and militarily, by investing 7.5 billions of national budget to it, and after 2 year's construction period from 1996, in Dec. 1998, VTS with cutting-edge equipment has been running. This study is to analyze achievement by operation of VTS based on experiences in operation of VTS of BUSAN port for the sake of improving quality in VTS and the trend of sea accident by comparing "before installation of VTS " with "After installation of VTS" and therefore, we estimated the value of VTS. and also by generalizing the opinion and complain of sea traffic controller who have much experience in management of sea traffic for several years, we analyzed several problems in operation of VTS of BUSAN port and then delivered the guide line for improving of VTS and last we delieved the plan for activating organization and operation of VTS. From above survey and research, we have came to three conclusions as following First, by the result of analyzing the trend of sea accident happened before and after of installation of VTS, we came to know that the accidents such as collision, strand of ship have been decreased remarkably. this means VTS of BUSAN port have great contribution to prevention of sea accident. Second, we have analyzed 7 problems of VTS operation in BUSAN port. Third, we provided 7 plans for effective operation system of VTS suitable for geographical characteristic of BUSAN port.ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ iv ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ v Abstract vi ์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 4 2.1 VTS์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 4 2.1.1 VTS์˜ ์ •์˜ 4 2.1.2 VTS์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 7 2.1.3 VTS์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ 10 2.1.4 VTS ์šด์˜์š”์›์˜ ์—…๋ฌด 11 2.2 VTS์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ๋™ํ–ฅ 14 2.2.1 ์žฅ๋น„์˜ ์ฒจ๋‹จํ™” 14 2.2.2 ๊ด€์ œ๋ฒ”์œ„์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ 18 2.2.3 ์šด์˜์š”์›์˜ ์ž์งˆ๊ฐ•ํ™” 21 2.2.4 ํ—ค์ƒ๊ตํ†ต๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ •๋ณด์‹œ์Šคํ…œ 25 2.2.5 ํ•ด์ƒ๋ณด์•ˆ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ๋„์ž… 27 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ VTS 29 3.1 ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ VTS์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 29 3.1.1 ์„ค์น˜ ๋ชฉ์  29 3.1.2 ์—ฐํ˜ 29 3.1.3 ์กฐ์ง 31 3.1.4 ์ œ๊ณต์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜ 32 3.2 ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ VTS ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 34 3.3 ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ VTS ์šด์˜์‹ค์  ๋ถ„์„ 38 3.4 ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ VTS์˜ ์šด์˜ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 43 3.4.1 ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ์˜ ํ•ด์–‘์‚ฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ 43 3.4.2 ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ VTS์˜ ์šด์˜ํšจ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 53 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ VTS ์šด์˜์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  56 4.1 ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ์˜ ๊ด€์ œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์š”์†Œ 56 4.1.1 ํ•ญ๊ณ„ ๋ถ€๊ทผ์˜ ํ˜ผ์žก๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ 56 4.1.2 ์—ฐ์•ˆ์–ด์„ , ์†Œํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ• ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ญ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 57 4.1.3 ๊ธฐ์ƒ์•…ํ™”์‹œ ๋„์„  ๋ฌธ์ œ 59 4.1.4 ํŠน์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋Œ€ ์„ ๋ฐ•๊ตํ†ต๋Ÿ‰ ์ง‘์ค‘ ๋ฌธ์ œ 61 4.1.5 ํ•ญ๋งŒ์ˆ˜์—ญ ๋‚ด ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 63 4.1.6 ๊ฐ์ฒœํ•ญ์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ 65 4.2 ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ VTS์˜ ์šด์˜์ƒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  66 4.2.1 PORT-MIS ์ •๋ณด์ž…๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  66 4.2.2 VTS ์šด์˜์š”์›์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ 67 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ VTS์˜ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์šด์˜ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ 69 5.1 ํ•ด์ƒ๊ตํ†ต๊ด€์ œ ๋ถ„์•ผ 69 5.1.1 ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ ํ•ญ๊ณ„ ๋ถ€๊ทผ์˜ ํ˜ผ์žก๋„ ๊ฐœ์„  69 5.1.2 ์—ฐ์•ˆ์–ด์„ , ์†Œํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ• ํ†ตํ•ญ๊ด€๋ฆฌ 70 5.1.3 ๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•ญ ๊ด€์ œ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ SECTOR๋ณ„ ์šด์˜ 71 5.2 ์šด์˜์กฐ์ง ๋ถ„์•ผ 73 5.2.1 VTS ๊ด€๋ จ ์ œ๋ฐ˜์—…๋ฌด์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ™” 73 5.2.2 VTS ์šด์˜์š”์›์˜ ์ฆ์› 74 5.2.3 VTS ์šด์˜์š”์›์˜ ๊ต์œก ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์–‘์„ฑ 75 5.2.4 ์ง€์›๋ถ€์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™” 77 5.3 ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ถ„์•ผ 78 5.3.1 ์ธ๊ทผ VTS System ์—ฐ๊ณ„ 78 5.3.2 AIS System ํ™•์ถฉ 79 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  81 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 8

    The amounts and speed of polymerization shrinkage and microhardness in LED cured composites

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    This study evaluated the effectiveness of the light emitting diode(LED) units for composite curing. To compare its effectiveness with conventional quartz tungsten halogen (QTH) light curing unit. the microhardness of 2mm composite. Z250, which had been light cured by the LEDs (Ultralume LED2, FreeLight, Developing product Dl) or QTH (XL 3000) were compared on the upper and lower surface. One way ANOVA with Tukey and Paired t-test was used at 95% levels of confidence. In addition. the amount of linear polymerization shrinkage was compared between composites which were light cured by QTH or LEDs using a custom-made linometer in 10s and 60s of light curing, and the amount of linear polymerization shrinkage was compared by one way ANOVA with Tukey. The amount of polymerization shrinkage at 10s was XL3000 > Ultralume 2. 40. 60 > FreeLight, D1 (P Ultralume 2, 60> Ultralume 2.40 > FreeLight, D1 (P<0.05) The microhardness on the upper and lower surface was as follows ; (equation omitted) It was concluded that the LEDs produced lower polymerization shrinkage in 10s and 60s compared with QTH unit. In addition. the microhardness of samples which had been cured with LEDs was lower on the lower surfaces than the upper surfaces whereas there was no difference in QTH cured samples.ope

    Micro-CT evaluation of internal adaptation in resin fillings with different dentin adhesives

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    OBJECTIVES: The purpose of present study was to evaluate the internal adaptation of composite restorations using different adhesive systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Typical class I cavities were prepared in 32 human third molars. The teeth were divided into the following four groups: 3-step etch-and-rinse, 2-step etch-and-rinse, 2-step self-etch and 1-step self-etch system were used. After the dentin adhesives were applied, composite resins were filled and light-cured in two layers. Then, silver nitrate solution was infiltrated, and all of the samples were scanned by micro-CT before and after thermo-mechanical load cycling. For each image, the length to which silver nitrate infiltrated, as a percentage of the whole pulpal floor length, was calculated (%SP). To evaluate the internal adaptation using conventional method, the samples were cut into 3 pieces by two sectioning at an interval of 1 mm in the middle of the cavity and they were dyed with Rhodamine-B. The cross sections of the specimens were examined by stereomicroscope. The lengths of the parts where actual leakage was shown were measured and calculated as a percentage of real leakage (%RP). The values for %SP and %RP were compared. RESULTS: After thermo-mechanical loading, all specimens showed significantly increased %SP compared to before thermo-mechanical loading and 1-step self-etch system had the highest %SP (p < 0.05). There was a tendency for %SP and %RP to show similar microleakage percentage depending on its sectioning. CONCLUSIONS: After thermo-mechanical load cycling, there were differences in internal adaptation among the groups using different adhesive systems.ope

    Evaluation of internal adaptation of dental adhesive restorations using micro-CT

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    Objectives The internal adaptation of composite restorations with or without resin modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) was analyzed non-destructively using Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT). Materials and Methods Thirty intact human teeth were used. The specimens were divided into 3 groups. In the control group, the cavities were etched with 10% phosphoric acid for 15 sec. Composite resin was filled into the cavity without adhesive. In group 1, light cured glass ionomer cement (GIC, Fuji II LC, GC) was applied as a base. The cavities were then etched, bonded, light cured and filled with composites. In group 2, the cavities were then etched, bonded, light cured and filled with composites without base application. They were immersed in a 25% silver nitrate solution. Micro-CT was performed before and after mechanical loading. One-way ANOVA with Duncan analysis was used to compare the internal adaptation between the groups before or after loading. A paired t-test was used to compare internal adaptation before and after mechanical loading. All statistical inferences were made within the 95% confidence interval. Results The silver nitrate solution successfully penetrated into the dentinal tubules from the pulp spaces, and infiltrated into the gap between restoration and pulpal floor. Group 2 showed a lower adaptation than the control group and group 1 (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the control group and group 1. For all groups, there was a significant difference between before and after mechanical loading (p < 0.05). Conclusions The internal adaptation before and after loading was better when composites were bonded to tooth using adhesive than composites based with RMGIC.ope

    A confocal microscopic study on dentinal infiltration of one-bottle adhesive systems and self-etching priming system bonded to class V cavities

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    Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the resin infiltration into dentin of one-bottle adhesive systems and self-etching primer bonded to Class V cavities using confocal laser scanning microscope(CLSM). Material and Methods : Forty Class V cavities were prepared from freshly extracted caries-free human teeth. These teeth were divided into two groups based on the presence of cervical abrasion: Group โ… , cervical abrasion ; Group โ…ก, wedge-shaped cavity preparation. Resin-dentin interfaces were produced with two one-bottle dentin bonding systems-ONE COAT BOND(OCB; Coltene^?) and Syntac^?Sprint^โ„ข(SS: VIVADENT)-, one self-etching priming system-CLEARFIL^^โ„ข SE BOND(SB; KURARAY)- and one multistep dentin bonding system-Scotchbond^โ„ข Multi-Purpose(SBMP, 3M Dental Products)-as control according to manufactures instructions. Cavities were restored with Spectrum^?(Dentsply). Specimens were immersed in saline for 24 hours and sectioned longitudially with a low-speed diamond disc. The resin dentin interfaces were microscopically observed using CLSM. The quality of resin-inflitrated dentin layers were evaluated by five dentists using 0-4 scale. Results : Confocal laser scanning microscopal investigations using primer labeled with rhodamine B showed that the penetration of the primer occurred along the cavity margins. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncanยดs Multiple Range test revealed that the primer penetration of the group 2(wedge-shaped cavity preparation) was more effective than group 1(cervical abrasion) and that of the gingival interfaces was more effective than the occlusal interfaces. In the one-bottle dentin bonding systems, the resin penetration score of OCB was compatible to SBMP, but those of SS and self-etching priming system, SB were lowet than SBMP.ope

    Anticariogenci effect of compomer and RMGIC

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    The first purpose of present study was to compare the anticariogenic effect of compomer, resin modified glass ionomer cement and composite (RMGIC). The second purpose was to evaluate the recently introduced methods, which use confocal scanning micro-scope, in detecting initial caries around restoration. 2x4x1.5mm cavities were prepared from the recently extracted 50 human teeth on the buccal or lingual surface. The prepared teeth were randomly devided into 5 groups and restored with each filling material. Group 1: Dyract AP, Group 2: compoglass F, Group 3: F2000, Group 4: Z100. Group 5:Fuji II LC. The teeth were stored for 30 days in the distilled water, then stored in the buffer solution for artificial caries development: pH 4.3, lactic acid 100 mM, calcium 16 mM, phosphate 8mM, sodium azide 3mM. Then, the samples were sectioned longitudinally and examined with confical scanning microscope. The results showed that the use of compomer and resin modified glass ionomer cement showed caries inhibition zone whereas the composite did not. There was no difference in the width of caries inhibition zone between compomers and RMGIC. The confocal scanning microscope was useful in detecting initial caries around restoration.ope

    Use of ultrasound Doppler to determine tooth vitality in a discolored tooth after traumatic injury: its prospects and limitations

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    When a tooth shows discoloration and does not respond to the cold test or electric pulp test (EPT) after a traumatic injury, its diagnosis can be even more difficult due to the lack of proper diagnostic methods to evaluate its vitality. In these case reports, we hope to demonstrate that ultrasound Doppler might be successfully used to evaluate the vitality of the tooth after trauma, and help reduce unnecessary endodontic treatments. In all three of the present cases, the teeth were discolored after traumatic injuries and showed negative responses to the cold test and EPT. However, they showed distinctive vital reactions in the ultrasound Doppler test during the whole observation period. In the first case, the tooth color returned to normal, and the tooth showed a positive response to the cold test and EPT at 10 wk after the injury. In the second case, the tooth color had returned to its normal shade at 10 wk after the traumatic injury but remained insensitive to the cold test and EPT. In the third case, the discoloration was successfully treated with vital tooth bleaching.ope
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