Strategy for establishing an effective Korean drug utilization review system

Drug utilization review (DUR) system has been defined as "structured, ongoing initiatives that interpret patterns of drug use in relation to predetermined criteria, and attempt to prevent or minimize inappropriate prescribing." This paper introduces the concept, purpose, and effective application of OUR in Korea. OUR can be classified as retrospective OUR, prospective OUR, and concurrent OUR based on the time direction of applying OUR. OUR can also be classified as quantitative DUR defined by retrospective OUR using databases including previously prescribed medicines, and qualitative DUR defined by OUR reflecting patient`s clinical condition. We described the history of developing OUR in the United States and the Europe. Finally current status of DUR in Korea is described and the strategy of future settlement of DUR system in Korea is suggested.KIM DS, 2010, HIRA POLICY TREND, V4, P14PARK JY, 2010, HIRA POLICY TREND, V4, P23*INT SOC PHARM, 2010, EUR DRUG UT RES GROUCHOI BC, 2009, HIRA POLICY TREND, V3, P11SHIN KS, 2009, HIRA POLICY TREND, V3, P22PARK BJ, 2008, J PHARMACOEPIDEMIOL, V1, P13Yeom JH, 2005, ANN PHARMACOTHER, V39, P1918, DOI 10.1345/aph.1E674HENNESSY S, 2005, PHARMACOEPIDEM DR S, P833PARK BJ, 1999, KOREAN J CLIN PHARM, V7, P3ERWIN WG, 1991, CLIN PHARMACOL THER, V50, P596

신림 제 1구역 주택재개발 계획 : 친환경적 접근방식을 이용하여

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 환경대학원 :환경조경학과,2000.Maste

Liquid crystals align liquid crystals

We have investigated the molecular orientation of a liquid crystal (LC), pentylcyanobiphenyl (5CB), evaporated on a rubbed polymer by means of polarized ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy and surface second-harmonic generation. The results unambiguously reveal that the in-plane anisotropy is diminishingly small before the molecules form a monolayer, although films thicker than one monolayer have a finite in-plane anisotropy. This drastic change indicates that LC molecules on rubbed surfaces do not align well without the influence of the intermolecular interaction of LCs. Actually we confirmed that nonliquid-crystalline butylcyanobipheny (4CB) exhibits no orientation on the rubbed polymer surface regardless of thickness

Visualization of rubbing nonuniformity by double surface treatments of polyimide-coated substrate for liquid crystal alignment

A new method for characterizing rubbing nonuniformity in liquid crystal cells is proposed. Homogeneously aligned cells made by rubbing apparently give a uniform texture under a polarizing microscope. However, nonuniformity of rubbing becomes apparent as scratched patterns, if the rubbing is preceded by rubbing or photoalignment processes. On the other hand, it was found that photoalignment gives quite a uniform texture even on a priori photoaligned surfaces. Thus the double surface treatments along different directions visualize the nonuniformity of rubbing, supplying a tool to examine the condition of the rubbing machine used including buffing cloths

Study on Pulse Rise-time Effect in Plasma Source Ion Implantation

Maste

Axial and polar orientational changes by rubbing/photoalignment processes in a liquid crystal alignment layer studied by optical second-harmonic generation

Molecular reorientation by rubbing and photoalignment processes in polymer alignment layer for liquid crystals has been studied by linear optical absorption and surface optical second-harmonic generation. It was found that rubbing produces polar and axial orders in the photoisomerizable polyamic acid (PAA) containing azobenzene groups in the main chain, while photoalignment after rubbing destroys the polar order but is capable of reorienting the PAA main chain without creating further polar order

연관관계 분석을 통한 신제품 기능의 인간공학적 평가 : 미래상품(future stuff) 소개책자에 신제품의 분석사례

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :산업공학과,1998.Maste

Alignment mechanism of nematic liquid crystal on rubbed polymer surface studied by subsequent processes of rubbing and photoalignment

A novel method for understanding the alignment mechanism was motivated by the texture observation of a nematic liquid crystal (LC) contacted with a photoaligned layer after rubbing. Reorientation of director occurs by subsequent photoalignment to different direction from that forced by rubbing. Moreover, it was found by polarized absorption spectra that the preferential average main chain axis over whole the alignment layer does not change, indicating that the orientation change by photoalignment occurs only at very top surfaces. This experiment without changing surface morphology indicates that the alignment priority for the nematic LC is mainly governed by the anisotropic short-range intermolecular interaction between alignment films and LC molecules and the effect of microgrooves plays a minor role

Errors in pediatric death certificates issued in an emergency department

Purpose: Errors in pediatric death certificates (DCs) have been rarely reported. We analyzed the errors in writing the DCs issued in an emergency department (ED). Methods: The DCs issued at the ED to patients aged 18 years or younger were retrospectively analyzed. Their medical records were reviewed by 4 emergency physicians. Major and minor errors in the DCs were defined based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th revision guidelines. The DCs were classified into the disease group and the external group by the manner of death, and the errors were compared. Results: Among a total of 87 DCs issued in the ED, 97.5% and 100% were confirmed to contain at least 1 error in the disease (n = 40) and external (n = 47) groups, respectively. The median numbers of errors in the analyzed DCs were 2.0 and 3.0 in the disease and external groups, respectively (P = 0.004). In the disease group, the most frequent major error was reporting only a secondary condition as the underlying cause of death without antecedent causes (6 cases [15.0%]). In the external group, the most frequent major error was writing 2 or more causes in a single line for the cause of death (17 cases [36.2%]). In both groups, the most common minor error was omission of a time interval record for the cause of death (disease, 37 cases [92.5%]; external, 42 cases [89.4%]). Conclusion: Any errors were identified in 98.9% of pediatric DCs issued in the ED, and the total number of errors was larger in the external group