163 research outputs found

    ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ํฌ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๊ฒ” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ง์ „๊ณต, 2020. 8. ํ™ฉ์„์—ฐ.Cryogels have a large porous structure, and they can be tailored to have shape-memory ability and injectability. In addition, cells or growth factors can be loaded within the cryogel and show sustained release behavior. Because of these characteristics, the cryogels have been widely used for tissue-engineering applications. However, bulky cryogel cannot pass the narrow needle syringe and fill the irregular shape defect perfectly. Herein, we established an injectable cryogel system for delivering cells or therapeutic agents. It displayed smoothly injectable characteristics that exhibited printability and void-filling ability. In chapter one, we fabricated injectable cryogel microparticles (CMP) via simply pulverizing. To prepare the CMP, we used both methacrylated chitosan (Chi-MA) and methacrylated chondroitin sulfate (CS-MA) and cross-linked them under -20โ„ƒ conditions. Also, we loaded the recombinant human-vascular endothelial growth factor (rhVEGF) into the CMP (V-CMP), and the sustained release behavior could be obtained. Finally, when the V-CMP were injected into mice hindlimb ischemia model, the enhanced neovascularization and effective tissue necrosis prevention were observed. In chapter two, we also fabricated injectable cryogel microsphere via microfluidic and emulsification. The microspheres consist of methacrylated gelatin (Gel-MA) and methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HA-MA), and they had narrow size distribution. In addition, we confirmed that the cells could infiltrate into the cryogel microspheres and that the microspheres provided the cells with favorable environment.ํฌ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๊ฒ”์€ ํฐ ๊ธฐ๊ณต๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜•์ƒ๊ธฐ์–ต๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ž…๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ง•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์„ธํฌ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ธ์ž๋“ค์ด ํฌ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๊ฒ” ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๋‹ด์ง€๋˜์–ด ์„œ๋ฐฉ์ถœ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋„๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค ๋•๋ถ„์—, ํฌ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๊ฒ”์€ ์กฐ์ง๊ณตํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ํฌ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๊ฒ”์€ ์ž‘์€ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋Š˜๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๊ณ , ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™์  ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ณ€ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ฑ„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์œ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋‚˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์ œ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ ํฌ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๊ฒ”์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ€๋“œ๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์ž…๋˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ถœ ์„ฑํ˜•๋Šฅ๊ณผ void-filling ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฑ•ํ„ฐ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์ฃผ์ž…์‹ ํฌ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๊ฒ” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์ž…์ž(CMP)๋ฅผ pulverizing์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. CMP๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํฌ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์ดํŠธํ™” ํ‚คํ† ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํฌ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ์™€ ํ™ฉ์‚ฐ์ฝ˜๋“œ๋กœ์ดํ‹ด์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ํ•˜ 20๋„์”จ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€๊ต์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ƒ์„ฑ์ธ์ž๋ฅผ CMP ์— ๋‹ด์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋„์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ƒ์„ฑ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด์ง€๋œ ํฌ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๊ฒ”์„ ํ•˜์ง€ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋ชจ๋ธ์— ๊ทผ์œก์ฃผ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ ์ƒํ˜ˆ๊ด€์ด ์ด‰์ง„๋˜๊ณ , ๊ดด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์ง์žฌ์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์—ญ์‹œ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ฑ•ํ„ฐ์—์„œ๋Š”, ์ฃผ์ž…์‹ ํฌ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๊ฒ” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์Šคํ”ผ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์œ ์ฒด์นฉ๊ณผ ์—๋ฉ€์ ผ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํฌ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์ดํŠธํ™”๋œ ์ ค๋ผํ‹ด๊ณผ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํฌ๋ฆด๋ ˆ์ดํŠธํ™”๋œ ํžˆ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ก ์‚ฐ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์Šคํ”ผ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ท ์ผํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋ฏธ์„ธ์ž…์žํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๊ฒ” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ์Šคํ”ผ์–ด ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋กœ ์นจํˆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋˜์–ด ํฌ๋ผ์ด์˜ค๊ฒ”์ด ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.ABSTRACT i Development of Injectable Microcryogel System for Delivering Therapeutic Agents i Table of Contents iii List of figures v CHAPTER ONE: Enhanced Neovascularization Using Injectable and rhVEGF-Releasing Microparticles 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Experimental section 5 1.2.1 Synthesis of methacrylated biopolymers 5 1.2.2 Fabrication of cryogels 6 1.2.3 Characterization of cryogels 6 1.2.4 Fabrication of cryogel microparticle (CMP) 7 1.2.5 Rheological properties and injectability of the CMP 8 1.2.6 Release kinetic analysis 9 1.2.7 Antibacterial test 9 1.2.8 In vitro biocompatibility and cell proliferation 10 1.2.9 In vivo hindlimb ischemia model and cryogel injection 11 1.2.10 Histological analysis 12 1.2.11 Statistical analysis 12 1.3 Results & Discussion 13 1.3.1 Synthesis of methacrylated biopolymers 13 1.3.2 Fabrication and characterization of the Chi-MA/CS-MA/PEGDA cryogels 15 1.3.3 Preparation of the cryogel microparticle (CMP) and the injectability 19 1.3.4 Sustained rhVEGF-release behavior 23 1.3.6 The effects of released rhVEGF on cell behavior 27 1.3.7 Intramuscular injection of the CMP for treating the mice hindlimb ischemia in vivo 29 1.4 Conclusion 34 CHAPTER TWO: Injectable Cryogel Microsphere for Cell Delivery. 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Experimental section 40 2.2.1 Synthesis of methacrylated biopolymers 40 2.2.2 Fabrication of cryogel 41 2.2.3 Swelling ratio and rheological property of cryogel 41 2.2.4 Preparation of cryogel microspheres 42 2.2.5 Cell proliferation and viability 43 2.3 Results & Discussion 44 2.3.1 Synthesis of methacrylated biopolymers 44 2.3.2 Characterization of cryogel 46 2.3.3 Preparation of cryogel microsphere 50 2.3.4 In vitro, cell viability and protection. 52 2.4 Conclusion 54 References 55 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก(์š”์•ฝ) 61Maste

    An exploratory study on bioactive constituents from the halophyte Atriplex gmelinii

    Get PDF
    As a part of our search for new biologically active substances from halophytes, their crude extracts were screened for antioxidant, antiinflammatory, cytotoxic, and MMP-inhibiting activities. The significant activities were shown for the crude extract of A. gmelinii. Specimens of the halophyte A. gmelinii were extracted twice for 24 hrs with methylene chloride (CH2Cl2) and methanol (MeOH), respectively. After removal of the solvent, the combined crude extracts were partitioned between CH2Cl2 and H2O. The aqueous layer was further fractionated between n-butanol (n-BuOH) and H2O and then the organic layer was re-partitioned between n-hexane and 85% aqueous methanol, affording four solvent-partitioned fractions. Their antioxidizing effects were evaluated using three antioxidant assay systems - DPPH, peroxynitrite, and intracellular ROS. Inhibitory effect of crude extracts and their solvent-partitioned fractions against NO production in Raw 264.7 cells were evaluated by Griess reagent assay. In addition, we measured the cytotoxicity against four kinds of cancer cells derived from human body, and conducted experiments related to MMP which is closely related to cancer. The inhibitory effect of Atriplex gmelinii against gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 secreted from HT-1080 cells was evaluated by gelatin zymography. mRNA and protein expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in HT-1080 cells were also measured by polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot, respectively. The 85% aqueous methanol and the n-BuOH fractions revealed the strong scavenging effect in antioxident assays. For the anti-inflammatory assay, the 85% aqueous methanol and the n-BuOH fraction significantly inhibited production of LPS-activated nitric oxide (NO) in Raw 264.7cells. In the anticancer assay system using the MTT reduction method and MMP inhibition experiments, the 85% aq.MeOH fraction of solvent-parititioned fractions exhibited the strongest growth inhibition against all human cancer cells. Therefore, attempt to isolate bioactive constituents from two solvent fractions showing the significant biological activity was made, and two compounds 1 and 2, including 3,5-dicaffeoyl-epi-quinic acid (1) were obtained from the n-BuOH and 85% aqueous methanol fractions, respectively.1. ์„œ๋ก  1 2. ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 2.1. ์‹œ๋ฃŒ 3 2.2. ์‹œ์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ 3 2.2.1. ์ถ”์ถœ, ๋ถ„ํš ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ 3 2.2.2. ํ™œ์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜ ์‹œ์•ฝ 3 2.2.3. ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ 4 2.2.4. ์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘ 4 2.3. ์ถ”์ถœ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ 6 2.3.1. ์ถ”์ถœ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„ํš 6 2.3.2. ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ 8 2.4. ํ•ญ์‚ฐํ™” ํ™œ์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜ 10 2.4.1. DPPH radical ์†Œ๊ฑฐ ํ™œ์„ฑ 10 2.4.2. Peroxynitrite ์†Œ๊ฑฐ ํ™œ์„ฑ 13 2.4.3. ํ™˜์›๋ ฅ(ferric reducing antioxidant power, FRAP) ์ธก์ • 16 2.4.4. ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด ํ™œ์„ฑ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์ข…(Reactive Oxygen Species, ROS) ์ธก์ • 17 2.4.4.1. HT 1080 ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ์กด์œจ ์ธก์ • 17 2.4.4.2. ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด ํ™œ์„ฑ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์ข… (ROS) ์ธก์ • 19 2.4.5. Genomic DNA ์ถ”์ถœ ๋ฐ Genomic DNA์˜ ์‚ฐํ™” ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฌผ ์ธก์ • 21 2.5. ํ•ญ์—ผ์ฆ ํ™œ์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜ 22 2.5.1. RAW 264.7 ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ์กด์œจ ์ธก์ • 22 2.5.2. Nitric oxide (NO) ์–ต์ œ ํ™œ์„ฑ ์ธก์ • 23 2.5.3. ์—ผ์ฆ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ธ์ž ์–ต์ œ ํ™œ์„ฑ ์ธก์ • 24 2.6. ํ•ญ์•” ํ™œ์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜ 25 2.6.1. ์ธ์ฒด ์œ ๋ž˜ ์•”์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹ ์–ต์ œํ™œ์„ฑ์ธก์ • 25 2.6.2. ๊ธฐ์งˆ ๊ธˆ์†๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ(Matrix metalloproteinase) ์ €ํ•ด ํ™œ์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜ 26 2.6.2.1. Gelatin zymography๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ MMP ํ™œ์„ฑ ์ธก์ • 26 2.6.2.2. mRNA ์ถ”์ถœ๊ณผ RT PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) 27 2.6.2.3. Western blot์„ ํ†ตํ•œ MMP ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ธก์ • 28 2.7. ํ†ต๊ณ„์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ 29 3. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 30 3.1. ์—ผ์ƒ์‹๋ฌผ Atriplex gmelinii์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฒฐ์ • 30 3.2. In vitro ํ•ญ์‚ฐํ™” ํ™œ์„ฑ 32 3.2.1. DPPH radical ์†Œ๊ฑฐ ํ™œ์„ฑ 32 3.2.2. Peroxynitrite ์†Œ๊ฑฐ ํ™œ์„ฑ 34 3.2.3. ํ™˜์›๋ ฅ(ferric reducing antioxidant power, FRAP) ์ธก์ • 36 3.3. ๋ถ„ํš์ธต์˜ ์„ธํฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ์˜ ํ•ญ์‚ฐํ™” ํ™œ์„ฑ 38 3.3.1. HT 1080 ์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…์„ฑ 38 3.3.2. ์„ธํฌ๋‚ด ํ™œ์„ฑ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์ข…(ROS) ์†Œ๊ฑฐ ํ™œ์„ฑ 40 3.3.3. Genomic DNA ์‚ฐํ™”์–ต์ œ๋Šฅ ์ธก์ • 42 3.4. ํ•ญ์—ผ์ฆ ํ™œ์„ฑ 44 3.4.1. RAW264.7 ์„ธํฌ์ƒ์กด์œจ ์ธก์ • 44 3.4.2. NO์ƒ์„ฑ ์–ต์ œํšจ๊ณผ 46 3.5. ๋ถ„ํš์ธต์˜ ์„ธํฌ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ์˜ ํ•ญ์•” ํ™œ์„ฑ 48 3.5.1. ๋ถ„ํš์ธต์˜ ์ธ์ฒด ์œ ๋ž˜ ์•”์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹ ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ 48 3.5.1.1. HT 1080 ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹ ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ 48 3.5.1.2. HT 29 ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹ ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ 50 3.5.1.3. AGS ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹ ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ 52 3.5.2. ๊ธฐ์งˆ ๊ธˆ์†๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ(Matrix metalloproteinase) ์ €ํ•ดํ™œ์„ฑ ํšจ๊ณผ 54 3.5.2.1. Gelatin zymography๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ MMP 9๊ณผ MMP 2์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ 54 3.5.2.2. RT PCR๊ณผ Western Blot์„ ํ†ตํ•œ MMP 9๊ณผ MMP 2์˜ mRNA์™€ protein level์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ 56 3.6. ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ•ญ์‚ฐํ™” ํ™œ์„ฑ 58 3.6.1. DPPH radical ์†Œ๊ฑฐ ํ™œ์„ฑ 58 3.7. ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ•ญ์—ผ์ฆ ํ™œ์„ฑ 60 3.7.1. RAW264.7 ์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…์„ฑ 60 3.7.2. ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ NO์ƒ์„ฑ ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ 62 3.7.3. ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ์—ผ์ฆ ์œ ๋ฐœ ์ธ์ž ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ 64 3.8. ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ•ญ์•” ํ™œ์„ฑ 66 3.8.1. ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ธ์ฒด ์œ ๋ž˜ ์•”์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹ ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ 66 3.8.1.1. HT 1080 ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹ ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ 66 3.8.1.2. HT 29 ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹ ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ 66 3.8.1.3. AGS ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹ ์–ต์ œ ํšจ๊ณผ 66 3.8.2. ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ ๊ธˆ์†๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋ถ„ํ•ดํšจ์†Œ(Matrix metalloproteinase) ์ €ํ•ด ํ™œ์„ฑ 68 3.8.2.1. ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋ฌผ์˜ gelatin zymography๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ MMP 9๊ณผ MMP 2์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํšจ๊ณผ 68 4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 70 5. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 72 6. ๋ถ€๋ก 77Maste

    ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ ์šฉ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ(ํ–‰์ •ํ•™์ „๊ณต),2019. 8. ๊น€๋ณ‘์„ญ.This study aimed to define some of the government officers perception on the duty of obedience, and to explore the various reactions to the event that provided valuable insights on how vertical orders work in Korean central government system. Interview, observation, and open coding from research material developed 15 major categories and 35 subcategories, which then were repeatedly filtered through axial coding and selective coding, resulting in providing all 6 paradigms from Strauss & Corbins paradigm model(1990).๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณต์ง์‚ฌํšŒ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ด€์˜ ์ง€์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉด์ ‘, ๊ด€์ฐฐ, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 35๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„๋ฒ”์ฃผ์™€ 15๊ฐœ์˜ ์ƒ์œ„๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ดํ›„ ์ถ•์ฝ”๋”ฉ๊ณผ ์„ ํƒ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ Strauss์™€ Corbin(1990)์˜ 6๊ฐœ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 6 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์˜ ๋ณต์ข…์˜ ์˜๋ฌด 6 1. ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 6 2. ์ •์น˜์  ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 9 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์˜ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ : EVLN ๋ชจํ˜• 11 1. Hirschman์˜ EVL ๋ชจํ˜• 11 2. EVLN ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ 12 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ๊ณผ EVL์˜ ๋งŒ๋‚จ 16 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 19 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ด๋ก ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 19 1. ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 19 2. ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ 21 3. ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์ ์šฉ 23 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ์ • 24 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ์„ ์ •๊ณผ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 26 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 28 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ 28 1. ๋ณต์ข…์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ 28 2. ๋ฒ”์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ 29 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ ๋ถ„์„ 32 1. ์ธ๊ณผ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด: ์ƒ๊ด€์˜ ์• ๋งค๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ์ง€์‹œ 32 2. ์ค‘์‹ฌํ˜„์ƒ: ๋ถˆ์ด์ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค 37 3. ์ž‘์šฉ-์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์ „๋žต: ๋ณต์ข… ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ 41 4. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ์ตœ์  ํ–‰๋™์ „๋žต ์„ ํƒ 43 5. ๋งฅ๋ฝ์  ์†์„ฑ: ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ท€์† 49 6. ์ค‘์žฌ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด: ์ง„ํ‡ด์–‘๋‚œ 51 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ํ•ต์‹ฌ๋ฒ”์ฃผ 55 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  59 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 59 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 61 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ 61 2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 62 ๋ถ€๋ก 64 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 68 Abstract 78Maste

    ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ ˆ์ง์˜ ์ฐฝ์„ค์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ •์น˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2013. 2. ๋ฐฑ์ฐฝ์žฌ.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ ˆ์ง์˜ ์ฐฝ์„ค ๋™ํ•™์„ ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ์€ ์ œ 3์ฐจ ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ• ํšŒ์˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1982๋…„์— ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜๊ณ  1994๋…„ ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฐœํšจ๋œ ํ•ด์–‘์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์กฐ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณตํ•ด์˜ ์ž์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์›์น™์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ•ด์–‘์ž์œ  ๋ ˆ์ง์ด ์ „๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์–‘ ์ด์šฉ์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์„ ๊ทœ์œจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ ˆ์ง์ด๋‹ค. ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒซ ์‹œ๋„๋Š” 1958๋…„ ์ œ 1์ฐจ ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ• ํšŒ์˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์Ÿ์  ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค ๊ฐ„ ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์—ฌ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ ˆ์ง์˜ ์ฐฝ์„ค์— ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— 1960๋…„ ์ œ 2์ฐจ ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ• ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ตœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ ˆ์ง์˜ ์ฐฝ์„ค์— ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 1973๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์ œ 3์ฐจ ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ• ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜์— ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ ˆ์ง์ด ์ฐฝ์ถœ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 1, 2์ฐจ ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ• ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์ถœ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ ˆ์ง์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ œ 3์ฐจ ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ• ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ•ฉ์˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋Š”๊ฐ€? ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ์—์„œ ์‹ฌํ•ด์ € ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์กฐํ•ญ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๊ฐ•๋Œ€๊ตญ์˜ ์ง€์œ„์— ์žˆ๊ณ  ํšŒ์˜์—๋„ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ–ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์™œ ์ตœ์ข… ํ˜‘์•ฝ์€ ์ž์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€? ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ์ด ์ฐฝ์„ค๋œ ๋™ํ•™์„ ๋ชจ๋ผ๋ธŒ์ง์˜ 2-๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋•Œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ผ๋ธŒ์ง์€ ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์น˜ ์ด๋ก ์—์„œ ํ˜„์‹ค์ฃผ์˜์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์น˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์€ 1์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ , 2์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ์™€ ์ „๋žต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตญ์ œ์ •์น˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ชจ๋ผ๋ธŒ์ง์˜ ์ด๋ก ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ด์ต์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์ •์น˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‘˜์งธ, ํƒ€๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ ˆ์ง์˜ ์ฐฝ์„ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์„ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ์˜ ์ฐฝ์„ค์— ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ œ 1, 2์ฐจ ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ• ํšŒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๋ƒ‰์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ•ด๊ตฐ ๊ธฐ๋™์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€ ์•ˆ๋ณด ์ด์ต์— ์ง‘์ค‘๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ด์ต์ด ์•ˆ๋ณด ์ด์ต์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋‹จ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์•ˆ๋ณด ์ด์ต์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ์•ˆ๊ตญ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณตํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋„“์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์—ฐ์•ˆ๊ตญ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ข์€ ์˜ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฒ ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •์น˜๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์˜ํšŒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด์„œ ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์œ„์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ–‰์ •๋ถ€ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด์ต๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ณด ์ด์ต์„ ๋” ์ค‘์‹œํ•˜๋˜ ๊ตญ๋ฌด๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์–‘์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์„ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ์ข์€ ์˜ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์„ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ 1, 2์ฐจ ํšŒ์˜์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์Ÿ์ ์€ ์˜ํ•ด์˜ ํญ๊ณผ ์–ด์—… ์ˆ˜์—ญ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์Ÿ์ ์—์„œ ์ข์€ ์˜ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ด ์–‘๋ณด์™€ ํƒ€ํ˜‘์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ œ 1, 2์ฐจ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ์ด ์ฐฝ์„ค๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ œ 3์ฐจ ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ• ํšŒ์˜ ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ด์ต์ด ์ด์ „๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •์น˜๊ตฌ์กฐ๋„ ์ด์ „๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ์•ˆ ์–ด์—… ์ด์ต๊ณผ ์„์œ  ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์ด์ต, ์‹ฌํ•ด์ € ๊ด‘๋ฌผ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์ด์ต ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด์ต์ด ํ‘œ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฐ์•ˆ ์–ด์—… ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๋” ๋„“์€ ์–ด์žฅ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„“์€ ์˜ํ•ด์™€ ์–ด์—… ์ˆ˜์—ญ์„ ์›ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ์„์œ  ์‚ฐ์—… ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ๋„“์€ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋ถ•์„, ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ด‘๋ฌผ ์‚ฐ์—… ์ง‘๋‹จ์€ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ์‹ฌํ•ด์ € ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์•ˆ๋ณด ์ด์ต๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ด์ต์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ์—ฐ์•ˆ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์–‘ ๊ด€ํ• ์„ ์ข๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ํ•ญํ–‰์˜ ์›์น™์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•ด์•ผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •์น˜๊ตฌ์กฐ๋„ ์˜ํšŒ, ๋‚ด๋ฌด๋ถ€, ๊ตญ๋ฌด๋ถ€, ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋ถ€ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์— ํž˜์ด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ด์ต์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์ •์น˜๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์„ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๋Š” ์ด์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ œ 3์ฐจ ํšŒ์˜์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์Ÿ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์‹ฌํ•ด์ € ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ์–ด์—… ์ˆ˜์—ญ์ด๋‚˜ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ํ•ญํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ „๋žต์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์–‘๋ณด์™€ ํƒ€ํ˜‘์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ์ด ์ฐฝ์„ค๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 1์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ด์ต์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ •์น˜๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, 2์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด ์„ ํ˜ธ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ ˆ์ง์˜ ์ฐฝ์„ค ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง“๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๊ธฐ์กด๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 7 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์กด๋ฌธํ—Œ ๊ฒ€ํ†  7 1. ๊ตญ์ œ๋ ˆ์ง์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 7 2. ์™ธ๊ต์ •์ฑ… ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 13 3. ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํ•ด์–‘์ •์ฑ…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 18 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 21 1. ๋ชจ๋ผ๋ธŒ์ง์˜ 2-๋‹จ๊ณ„ ๋ชจํ˜• 22 2. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 25 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ํ•ด์–‘๋ ˆ์ง์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๊ณผ์ • 29 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํ•ด์–‘์ž์œ  ๋ ˆ์ง 29 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตญ์ œํ•ด์–‘๋ ˆ์ง 30 1. ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ ˆ์ง์˜ ์•ฝํ™” ๋ฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ ˆ์ง์˜ ํƒœ๋™ 30 2. ์ œ 1์ฐจ ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ• ํšŒ์˜ 33 3. ์ œ 2์ฐจ ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ• ํšŒ์˜ 36 4. ์ œ 3์ฐจ ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ• ํšŒ์˜ 38 5. ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ•ํ˜‘์•ฝ 44 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ๋ถ„์„ 47 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ œ 1, 2์ฐจ ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ• ํšŒ์˜ 47 1. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ • 48 2. ์ „๋žต์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๊ณผ์ • 56 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ œ 3์ฐจ ์œ ์—”ํ•ด์–‘๋ฒ• ํšŒ์˜ 62 1. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ํ˜ธ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ • 63 2. ์ „๋žต์  ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ๊ณผ์ • 72 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  81 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 86 Abstract 97Maste

    Computed Tomography Enterography for Evaluation of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

    Get PDF
    Computed tomography enterography (CTE) has become a main modality for the evaluation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It simultaneously offers visualization of the small bowel and extraintestinal status, which is helpful for diagnosing IBD. Crohn disease has long segmental enhancing wall thickening related with the eccentric longitudinal distribution. In addition, mural stratification, fibrofatty proliferation, positive comb sign by increased mesenteric vascularity and internal/perianal fistula are characteristics of Crohn disease and can be identified on CTE. Short segmental inflammatory wall thickening and the central low attenuated lymph nodes are favorable CT finding of intestinal tuberculosis. A geographic, relatively large, and deep penetrating ulcer with bowel wall thickening and mural hyperenhancement in ileocecal area are characteristics of intestinal Behcet disease. Each of CTE findings for the IBDs is helpful for differential diagnosis. The main disadvantage of this technique is the requisite radiation exposure of patients, particularly in young patients. However, recent development of advanced CT techniques is promising for radiation dose reduction without compromising diagnostic image quality.ope

    NaOCl๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ์ƒ์•„์งˆ์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์‚ฐํ™”์นผ์Š˜ ์ฒ˜์น˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์น˜์ˆ˜์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์กฐ์ง ํ˜•์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ฆ๊ฐ€

    No full text
    Dept. of Dental Science/๋ฐ•์‚ฌSodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is an excellent bactericidal agent, but it has a profoundly detrimental effect on stem cell survival, attachment and differentiation. Intracanal medicaments can also affect the survival and differentiation of the dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Recent studies found that Ca(OH)2 promoted greater survival and proliferation of stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the sequential use of NaOCl and Ca(OH)2 on the attachment and differentiation of DPSCs. Addtionally, to further investigate the optimal protocols to reduce the cytotoxicity of NaOCl on DPSCs.Human DPSCs were obtained from human third molars. Dentin specimens were sterilized by ethylene oxide gas sterilization and an EDTA treatment to produce specimens without a smear layer produced during the preparation of the dentin specimen. Group 1 was treated by NaOCl. Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, which underwent other treatment processes after the NaOCl and Ca(OH)2 treatment. Group 2, for which NaOCl and Ca(OH)2 treatments were followed by PBS washing. Group 3, for which NaOCl and Ca(OH)2 treatments were followed by EDTA. Group 4, for which NaOCl and Ca(OH)2 treatments were followed by EDTA and culture media for 24 hours. Group 5, for which NaOCl and Ca(OH)2 treatments were followed by instrumentation and EDTA. DPSCs morphology was observed by SEM after 7 days of culture. A MTT assay was performed to assess the cell survival rate by group after the treatment. After 4 days of culture, gene expression level of cell adhesion was measured. After 4 weeks of culture, gene expression level of odontogenic differentiation by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was investigated.The DPSCs in the Group 1 were not attached, but the cells in the Groups 2, 3, 4, 5 were attached to the dentin surface. The cell viability in the Groups 2, 3, 4, 5 was lower than control group which cells were grown in plates treated with PBS alone. The Fibronectin-1 (FN-1) and Secreted phosphoprotein-1 (SPP-1) gene expression level was significantly higher in Groups 3, 4, 5 than Group 2. The gene expression level of Dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP-1) was significantly higher in the Groups 2, 3, 4, 5 than control. The Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) level was significantly higher in the Groups 3, 4, 5 than control. But, the DMP-1 and DSPP level was not significantly different between Group 4 and Group 5.In conclusion, application of Ca(OH)2 promoted the attachment and differentiation of DPSCs. After treatment of Ca(OH)2, additional treatment such as EDTA or instrumentation enhanced the attachment and differentiation of DPSCs.ope

    Performance of Collaboration Between Korean Medicine and Western Medicine -Utilization and Quality of Care for Stroke Patients-

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ ๋ณด๊ฑด์ •์ฑ…์ „๊ณต, 2016. 2. ๊ถŒ์ˆœ๋งŒ.์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ œ๋„๋Š” ์ž์นซ ์†Œ๋ฉธ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์ „ํ†ต์˜ํ•™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ž์›์„ ๋…์ž์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์›ํ™”์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ˆ˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•œ์˜ํ•™์„ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ , ์„œ์–‘์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ƒํ˜ธ ์žฅโˆ™๋‹จ์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณด์™„ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ฒด์žฌ๋กœ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์žฅ์ ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜„์žฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•œโˆ™์–‘๋ฐฉ์ด ๋ฐฐํƒ€์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ์˜์—ญ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜๋ชฉ์„ ๊ณ„์† ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „์ฒด ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ œ๋„์˜ ์žฅ์ ์„ ์‚ฌ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ 2010๋…„ 1์›” 30์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋™์ผ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋‚ด ํ•œโˆ™์–‘๋ฐฉ์˜ ํ˜‘์ง„์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์€ ํ•œยท์–‘๋ฐฉ์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜๋ฃŒ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ• ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฏธ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๋ช…์ œ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ, ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์ดํ›„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ํ•œโˆ™์–‘๋ฐฉ ํ˜‘์ง„์˜ ๋„์ž… ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜๋ฃŒ์ „๋‹ฌ์ฒด๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ ํ˜‘์ง„์„ ์ง„๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐœ์ „๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” 2010๋…„ 1์›” 31์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋‚ด ํ˜‘์ง„ํ—ˆ์šฉ ์ •์ฑ… ์ดํ›„ ์–ด๋–ค ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ํ˜‘์ง„ ๋„์ž…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋Š”์ง€, ํ˜‘์ง„์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ‘์›๋“ค์—์„œ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ํ™œ๋ฐœ์‹œ ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜‘์ง„ ์ˆ˜์ง„์ด ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์งˆ์— ๋ฏธ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ โ… ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ , ์กฐ์ง์  ์ œ๋ฐ˜ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ํ˜‘์ง„ ๋„์ž…์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ โ…ก์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜‘์ง„ ๋‹ค๋นˆ๋„ ์งˆํ™˜์ธ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜‘์ง„ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ •๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ณ‘์› ๋ฐ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ โ…ข์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜‘์ง„์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์งˆ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์  ์ค‘์žฌ๋กœ์„œ ํ˜‘์ง„์˜ ์ „์ฒด์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์ ์ˆ˜๋งค์นญ(Propensity Score Matching)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜‘์ง„์ˆ˜์ง„ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ ํƒํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด์  ํƒ€๋‹น๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ˜‘์ง„์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ โ… ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ โ…ก๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ˜‘์ง„ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ต์œก๋ชฉ์  ๋ณ‘์›๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘์ง„ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ํ˜‘์ง„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋†’์ง€ ์•Š์•„์„œ ํ˜‘์ง„ ์‹ค์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์ธ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ํ•„์š”์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ฐ„ ํ˜‘์ง„์„ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•ด ์™”๋˜ ํ•œ๋ฐฉ๋ณ‘์›๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋‚ด ํ˜‘์ง„์„ ๋น„๊ต์  ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•œ ๋ณ‘์›๋“ค์€ ํ˜‘์ง„์„ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ณ‘์›๋“ค๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„ ๋‚จ์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ ์ƒ๋ณ‘์›๋“ค์ด ํ˜‘์ง„์„ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ๋„์ž…ยท์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ด ์น˜์—ดํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ณ‘์›์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ˜‘์ง„ ๋„์ž…๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ํ˜‘์ง„ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ํž˜์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ โ…ข์—์„œ๋Š” 2012, 2013๋…„ 2๋…„๊ฐ„ ํ˜‘์ง„ ๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ์ž…์›์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์„ฑ๊ณผํ‰๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ž…์›๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘์˜ ํ˜‘์ง„ ์ˆ˜์ง„์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ž…์›์ง„๋ฃŒ๋น„์™€ ์ž…์›๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ์ผ๋‹น์ง„๋ฃŒ๋น„๋ฅผ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์ด๋Š” ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ž์›ํˆฌ์ž…๊ณผ์ •์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘ยท์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์—๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด ์ž„์ƒ์  ์งˆ์„ ์ƒ์Šน์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํŽธ์ต์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜‘์ง„์˜ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง€๋Š” ํ๋ฆ„์€, ํ˜‘์ง„์ด ๋Œ€ํ˜•๋ณ‘์›์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ ์ „๋žต์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹ ์ƒ์˜, ์†Œํ˜•๋ณ‘์›๋“ค์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณ€๋ฐฉ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜‘์ง„์˜ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ด์„ธ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹ ์ƒ๋ณ‘์›๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์š”์–‘๋ณ‘์›, ํ•œ๋ฐฉ๋ณ‘์›์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜‘์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์š”์›ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•œยท์–‘๋ฐฉ ํ˜‘์ง„์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋” ๋„๋ฆฌ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ณต์  ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํ˜‘์ง„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋„๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ต์œก ๋ณ‘์›์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ํ˜‘์ง„ ๋„์ž…๋ณ‘์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ˜‘์ง„์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•  ์œ ์ธ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ „๋žต์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ˜‘์ง„ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ•œยท์–‘๋ฐฉ ํ˜‘์ง„์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€์ œ๋„ ํ•˜์—์„œ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์งˆ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ƒ์Šน์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํ–ฅํ›„ ํ˜‘์ง„์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋น„์šฉ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”, ์ฆ‰ ํ˜‘์ง„์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ณผ ํ™•์‚ฐ์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์ „์— ์—ผ๋‘์— ๋‘์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ ์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ํ˜‘์ง„์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ •๋„๋Š” ๋ณ‘์›๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์„œ ์งˆ ๋ณด์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ์„ ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํ˜‘์ง„์ œ๋„๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํ—ˆ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ดˆ๋ณด์  ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํ–ฅํ›„ ํ˜‘์ง„ ์œ ํ˜•์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž„์ƒ์  ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ด์šฉ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์งˆ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•œ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ํ˜‘์ง„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•์‚ฐ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ›„์ƒ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.I. ์„œ๋ก  9 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 9 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  12 II. ํ•œ์–‘๋ฐฉ ํ˜‘์ง„์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 14 1. ํ•œ์–‘๋ฐฉ ํ˜‘์ง„ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ œ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™” 14 2. ํ•œ์–‘๋ฐฉ ํ˜‘์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€์ œ๋„ 17 3. ํ˜‘์ง„ ๋„์ž… ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 20 III. ํ˜‘์ง„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  23 1. ํ˜‘์ง„ ๋„์ž… ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋ก  23 ๊ฐ€) ํ˜‘์ง„ ๋„์ž…์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ ์ ์šฉ์ด๋ก  23 ๋‚˜) ํ˜‘์ง„๋„์ž… ๊ฒฐ์ •์š”์ธ 26 2. ํ˜‘์ง„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋ก  33 ๊ฐ€) ํ˜‘์ง„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 33 ๋‚˜) ๋ณด์™„๋Œ€์ฒด์˜ํ•™ ๋ฐ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์˜ํ•™์˜ ํŠน์ง• 35 ๋‹ค) ๋ณด์™„๋Œ€์ฒด์˜ํ•™ ๋ฐ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์˜ํ•™์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ „๋žต 38 IV. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 48 1. ์ „์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” 48 2. ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ํ˜‘์ง„ ๋„์ž… ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ 50 ๊ฐ€) ๋ถ„์„๊ฐœ์š” 50 ๋‚˜) ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ 51 ๋‹ค) ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜• 57 3. ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ํ˜‘์ง„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ 60 ๊ฐ€) ๋ถ„์„๊ฐœ์š” 60 ๋‚˜) ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ ์ • 61 ๋‹ค) ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜• 66 4. ํ•œ์–‘๋ฐฉ ํ˜‘์ง„ ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 68 ๊ฐ€) ๋ถ„์„๊ฐœ์š” 68 ๋‚˜) ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์ธก์ • 69 ๋‹ค) ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๋ชจํ˜• 73 V. ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ํ˜‘์ง„ ๋„์ž… ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ 79 1. ํ˜‘์ง„ ๋„์ž… ๋ณ‘์›๋“ค์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ 79 2. ํ˜‘์ง„ ๋„์ž… ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ถ„์„ 81 3. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 84 VI. ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ํ˜‘์ง„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ 90 1. ํ˜‘์ง„ ์ˆ˜์ง„์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ 90 2. ํ˜‘์ง„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ถ„์„ 95 3. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 98 VII. ํ•œ์–‘๋ฐฉ ํ˜‘์ง„ ์„ฑ๊ณผํ‰๊ฐ€ 103 1. ์–‘๋ฐฉ๋ณ‘์› ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ์ž…์›ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ 103 ๊ฐ€) Propensity Score Matching 103 ๋‚˜) ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ด์šฉ์— ๋ฏธ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ 106 ๋‹ค) ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์งˆ์— ๋ฏธ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ 112 2. ํ•œ๋ฐฉ๋ณ‘์› ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ์ž…์›ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ 118 ๊ฐ€) Propensity Score Matching 118 ๋‚˜) ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ด์šฉ์— ๋ฏธ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ 121 ๋‹ค) ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์งˆ์— ๋ฏธ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ 126 3. ์š”์–‘๋ณ‘์› ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ์ž…์›ํ™˜์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ 128 ๊ฐ€) Propensity Score Matching 128 ๋‚˜) ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ด์šฉ์— ๋ฏธ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ 131 ๋‹ค) ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์งˆ์— ๋ฏธ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ 135 4. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํ•ด์„ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 140 VIII. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  149 1. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 149 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 156 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 160 Abstract 175Docto

    ์ •์ •๋ ฌ ์ถ˜ํ–ฅ๊ฐ€์™€ ๊น€์†Œํฌ ์ถ˜ํ–ฅ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋น„๊ต ๊ณ ์ฐฐ

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์Œ์•…๊ณผ, 2011.8. ํ™ฉ์ค€์—ฐ.Maste

    The Introduction of Performance Management and the Consistency of Bureaucrats : a focus on the Ratchet Effect

    No full text
    1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์‹ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ก ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‘ ์ดํ›„ ํ–‰์ •๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๊ณ„์† ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด์—๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„ 2006๋…„๋„์— ์ •๋ถ€์—…๋ฌดํ‰๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋ณธ๋ฒ•์ด ์ œ์ •๋˜๊ณ , 2007๋…„๋„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ฒ•์ œํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ •์ฐฉ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž, ์ง‘ํ–‰์ž, ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์ธ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ œ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋  ๋•Œ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ œ๋„ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ฑ๋‹ˆ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. 13๊ฐœ ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ถ€์„œ์˜ 2004๋…„๋„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2011๋…„๋„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ์—ฐ๋„๋ณ„ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์ด 34.55%, 21.81% ์ด์ƒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ  ํ‰๊ท ์€ 4-5% ์ •๋„๋กœ ํ•˜ํ–ฅ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ†ฑ๋‹ˆ ํšจ๊ณผ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ฅ ์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•, ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•, ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ผ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ ด์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์œ ํ˜• ๋“ฑ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ฐฉ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค. Since New Public Administration was introduced in the 1980s, the importance of performance management has been emphasized in administration and management. Accordingly, in 2006, Korea enacted the Basic Korean Evaluation Act, and in 2007 it took effect to put in place performance management. One important factor in the establishment of performance management is how public managers and executives the respond to performance management. However, it is hard to find the studies on how bureaucrats react and respond to the introduction of performance management. To address that gap, this study examined whether bureaucrats truly adjust performance goals according to the ratchet effect. A review of the performance goals of 13 government departments from 2004 to 2011 showed that the annual growth target was between 21.81% and 34.55% before starting performance management, but the average of annual target growth since the introduction of performance management stabilized downward at from 4 to 5%. The following effects were generally found : the lowering of performance growth goals, the fixing of performance growth goals, the lowering of performance growth goals followed by a later increase, and the acceptance of performance goals at a regular level. Understanding and the response of these bureaucrats and consistency in their actions are necessary for establishing the performance management system for the future

    ํ์•”์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ Lyn์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

    No full text
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2011.8. ์‹ ์˜๊ธฐ.Maste
    • โ€ฆ
    corecore