13 research outputs found

    Transcriptional regulation of AMELX and DSPP genes by MIZ-1 and ZBTB5

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    ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™/์„์‚ฌAmelogenin (AMELX) is the main component of the developing enamel matrix and is essential for enamel thickness and structure. Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) plays an important role in the differentiation of odontoblast and mineral deposition. We recently found that POK family proteins are expressed during tooth development. To identify which POK proteins are potentially involved in tooth development, we investigated mRNA expression profiles of POK proteins during odontoblastic differentiation of hDPSC (human dental pulp stem cell). The mRNA expression pattern is variable depending on the POK gene and temporally regulated during odontoblast differentiation. To investigate which POK proteins regulate mineralization of differentiated odontoblast cells, hDPSCs were transfected with expression vector of various POK proteins and siRNA against POK mRNA. Arizarin red staining of the odontoblast (day 11 or 12 after transfection) showed that MIZ-1, ZBTB2 significantly increased the mineral nodules but ZBTB5 decreased. We are in the process of investigating how POK family proteins regulate gene expression of AMELX and DSPP. In the mice MEF cells transfected with MIZ-1, ZBTB2 or ZBTB5 expression vectors, MIZ-1 increased but ZBTB5 repressed gene expression of Amelx and Dspp. However, ZBTB2 didnโ€™t affect expression of the two genes. By reporter assays, we found that ZBTB5 repressed longer (bp, -485 to +100) and minimal promoters (bp, -70 to +100) of Amelx gene. MIZ-1 activated minimal promoter of Amelx gene, but repressed longer promoter of Amelx gene. ZBTB2 repressed only minimal promoter. Our preliminary data suggest that POK proteins regulate AMELX and DSPP gene expression.ope

    ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ด์ค‘ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ–๋Š” microviridin ์œ ์‚ฌ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๊ทœ๋ช…

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™๋ถ€, 2019. 2. ๊น€์„ํฌ.Microviridin์€ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์†œ์—์„œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ ํ›„ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ(RiPP)์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋‘ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ๊ณ์‚ฌ์Šฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์˜ค๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ ์—์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋ฉ”๊ฐ€ ์•„๋งˆ์ด๋“œ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ํŠน์ง•์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ๊ณ์‚ฌ์Šฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ RiPPs ์ค‘์— microviridin๋งŒ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, microviridin์€ ์˜ค์ง ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ณด์กด๋œ ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ ์„œ์—ด๊ณผ ๋‹ค์ค‘ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” mTgnA๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด RiPP์™€ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ mTgnA ์ƒ๋™ ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ๋“ค์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํž˜์œผ๋กœ์จ microviridin์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋˜๋Š” ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋„“ํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ด ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ๋“ค์€ ์ฝ”์–ด์™€ ๋ฆฌ๋”์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ TxxTxxxExxDxD ์™€ KPYxxxYxE ์˜ ๋ณด์กด์„œ์—ด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ฝ”์–ด ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ gene cluster์— ์†ํ•œ ATP-grasp enzyme์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์ด์ค‘ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ํŒจํ„ด์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ, mTgnA์™€ mTgnA ์ƒ๋™ ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌถ์–ด์„œ thuringinin group์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. Thuringinin group์˜ core motif์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ํŒจํ„ด์€ ์—์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ’€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ํ…๋ค ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์•ˆ์ชฝ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จผ์ € ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์ชฝ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ์„ ํƒ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ์ด๋ฒˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” microviridin ์œ ์‚ฌ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„์— ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด RiPP ์˜ ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์„ ์˜คํŽ˜๊ฐ€ ์—์Šคํ„ฐ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ํฌํ•จ ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ, omega-ester containing peptides (OEPs) ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ช…๋ช…ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Microviridins are ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) in which two ฯ‰-ester bonds and one ฯ‰-amide bond are formed between the side chains of the peptide residues. This type of the side-to-side cross-links can make cyclic peptides with diverse topology. However, the majority of currently found RiPPs modified with this microviridin-like modification are microviridins showing only a single consensus sequence and the unique tricyclic architecture. Here, I characterized new RiPPs called mTgnA and its homologs, revealing their cross-linking connectivity. They contain a novel consensus sequence of the core peptide, TxxTxxxExxDxD, and the leader peptide, KPYxxxYxE. By the cognate ATP-grasp enzyme, the core motif is modified into a distinct hairpin-like bicyclic structure with two ฯ‰-ester bonds. The systematic employment of the ester-specific reactions and the tandem mass spectrometry was a powerful approach to determine the cross-linking connectivity of the modified core motifs in mTgnA and its homologs. This distinct connectivity makes mTgnA and its homologous RiPPs as a new microviridin-like RiPPs group, named the thuringinin group. The cross-linking reaction proceeded from the inner to outer rings, and was selective for acidic amino acids. Therefore, in this study I expanded the natural diversity of the microviridn-like RiPPs and proposed to define this new RiPPs family as omega-ester containing peptides (OEPs).1.Introduction 2. Results and Discussion 2.1. A new RiPP with an unprecedented conserved sequence pattern was found. 2.2. Determining the full cross-linking connectivity of the modified TgnA 2.3. mTgnA and its homologs have the same cross-linking connectivity. 2.4. The inner ester bond is formed before the outer ester bond. 2.5. Cross-linking reaction is selective with acidic amino acids. 2.6. Defining the minimal leader of TgnA 3. Conclusion 4. Materials and Methods 4.1 General 4.2 Cloning 4.3 Over-expression and purification of mTgnA and TgnB 4.4 Protease cleavage of mTgnA and purification of Rn (n = 1-3) 4.5 Connectivity analysis of Rn (n = 1-3) 4.6 Over-expression and purification of other peptides and enzymes (CwnB and DbnB) 4.7 Connectivity analysis of various single core peptides 4.8 Connectivity analysis of the CwnA-R1 mutants 4.9 Determination of the reaction order of TgnA-R1 5. References 6. Figures 7. Tables 8. ์š”์•ฝ (๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก)Maste

    Estimation of daily-fluoride intake of 6 month old or younger infants from commercialized powdered-milk and babyfood in Korea

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    ์น˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2005๋…„ ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์ดํ•˜ ์˜์•„์˜ ๋ถˆ์†Œ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์‹œํŒ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์œ  ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋ง ์ด์œ ์‹์˜ ๋ถˆ์†Œ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ œ์กฐํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ƒํ’ˆํ™”๋˜์–ด ํŒ๋งค๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 0-6๊ฐœ์›” ์˜์•„์šฉ ๋ถ„์œ  20์ข…๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ง ์ด์œ ์‹ 8์ข…์˜ ๋ถˆ์†Œํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์„ HMDS๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ™•์‚ฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์†Œ ์ „๊ทน๋ด‰์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค.1. 3๊ฐœ์›”๊ณผ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์˜์•„์šฉ ๋ถ„์œ ์™€ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์˜์•„์šฉ ๋ถ„๋งํ˜• ์ด์œ ์‹์— ํ•จ์œ ๋œ ๋ถˆ์†Œ๋†๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.74ยฑ 0.55 ใŽยทg-1, 0.76ยฑ 0.65 ใŽยทg-1, 4.75ยฑ 5.71 ใŽยทg-1 ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.2. 3๊ฐœ์›”๊ณผ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์˜์•„์šฉ ๋ถ„์œ ์™€ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์˜์•„์šฉ ๋ถ„๋งํ˜• ์ด์œ ์‹์„ ์ œ์กฐ์ƒํ’ˆ๋ณ„ ๊ถŒ์žฅ ํฌ์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํฌ์„ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ํฌ์„๋ถ„์œ  ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋ง์ด์œ ์‹์˜ ๋ถˆ์†Œ๋†๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.10ยฑ 0.09 ใŽยทใŽ–-1, 0.10ยฑ 0.08 ใŽยทใŽ–-1., 0.49ยฑ 0.66 ใŽยทใŽ–-1 ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.3. 3๊ฐœ์›”๊ณผ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์˜์•„์šฉ ๋ถ„์œ ์™€ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์˜์•„์šฉ ๋ถ„๋งํ˜• ์ด์œ ์‹์˜ ์ผ์ผ ๋ถˆ์†Œ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๋กœ ํฌ์„ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ 0.09ยฑ 0.07 ใŽŽยทday-1, 0.10ยฑ 0.08 ใŽŽยทday-1, 0.45ยฑ 0.62 ใŽŽยทday-1 ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ 0.8 ppm์˜ ๋ถˆํ™”์ˆ˜๋กœ ํฌ์„ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.75ยฑ 0.08 ใŽŽยทday-1, 0.79ยฑ 0.08 ใŽŽยทday-1, 0.83ยฑ 0.70 ใŽŽยทday-1 ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.4. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ 3๊ฐœ์›”๊ณผ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์˜์•„์šฉ ๋ถ„์œ ์™€ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์˜์•„์šฉ ๋ถ„๋งํ˜• ์ด์œ ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ฒด์ค‘ ๋‹น ๋ถˆ์†Œ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ฆ๋ฅ˜์ˆ˜๋กœ ํฌ์„ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ 0.02ยฑ 0.01 ใŽŽยทใŽ-1ยทday-1, 0.01ยฑ 0.01 ใŽŽยทใŽ-1ยทday-1, 0.06ยฑ 0.08 ใŽŽยทใŽ-1ยทday-1 ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ 0.8 ppm์˜ ๋ถˆํ™”์ˆ˜๋กœ ํฌ์„ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.13ยฑ 0.02 ใŽŽยทใŽ-1ยทday-1, 0.10ยฑ 0.01 ใŽŽยทใŽ-1ยทday-1, 0.11ยฑ 0.10 ใŽŽยทใŽ-1ยทday-1 ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.5. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์ œ์กฐ ํŒ๋งค๋˜๋Š” 6๊ฐœ์›” ์ดํ•˜ ์˜์•„์˜ ๋ถ„์œ  ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋ง ์ด์œ ์‹์„ ์ œ์กฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ถŒ์žฅ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํฌ์„ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ํฌ์„ ๋ถ„์œ  ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋ง ์ด์œ ์‹์˜ ๋ถˆ์†Œ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ 0.3 ppm์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋œ ์ œํ’ˆ์€ 3๊ฐœ์›” ์˜์•„์šฉ ๋ถ„์œ  12์ œํ’ˆ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ , 6๊ฐœ์›” ์˜์•„์šฉ ๋ถ„์œ  12์ข… ์ค‘ 1๊ฐœ ์ œํ’ˆ์ด 0.33 ใŽยทใŽ–-1์œผ๋กœ ์ ์ • ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜, 6๊ฐœ์›” ์˜์•„์šฉ ๋ถ„๋ง ์ด์œ ์‹ 8์ข… ์ค‘ 3์ข…์—์„œ 0.3 ppm์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ถˆ์†Œ๋†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 2.13 ใŽยทใŽ–-1, 2.02 ใŽยทใŽ–-1, 0.61 ใŽยทใŽ–-1 ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.6. ์ฒด์ค‘ ๋‹น ๋ถˆ์†Œ์„ญ์ทจ๋Ÿ‰์€ ๋ถˆ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ํฌ์„ํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 6๊ฐœ์›” ๋ถ„๋งํ˜• ์ด์œ ์‹ 8์ข… ์ค‘ 2์ข…์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 0.13 ใŽŽยทใŽ-1ยทday-1, 0.22 ใŽŽยทใŽ-1ยทday-1 ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒด์ค‘ ๋‹น ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋Ÿ‰์ธ 0.05-0.07 ใŽŽยทใŽ-1ยทday-1 ์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ 0.8 ppm์˜ ๋ถˆํ™”์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ถ„์œ ๋ฅผ ํฌ์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 3๊ฐœ์›”๊ณผ 6๊ฐœ์›” ์šฉ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์œ ์—์„œ ์ฒด์ค‘ ๋‹น ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ„๋งํ˜• ์ด์œ ์‹ ์ค‘ 4์ข…์—์„œ ์ฒด์ค‘ ๋‹น ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ญ์ทจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์ œ์กฐ ํŒ๋งค๋˜๋Š” 6๊ฐœ์›” ์ดํ•˜ ์˜์•„์˜ ๋ถ„์œ  ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋ง์ด์œ ์‹์˜ ๋ถˆ์†Œ๋†๋„๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ ์ •๋ฒ”์œ„์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์ œํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Œ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ถ„์œ  ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋ง์ด์œ ์‹์˜ ๋ถˆ์†Œ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ œ์กฐ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜์•„์˜ ๋ถ„์œ  ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๋ง ์ด์œ ์‹์„ ํฌ์„ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ถˆ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ์œ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The purpose of this study was to analyse the fluoride content of Korean infant powdered milk and powdered babyfood, to estimate daily fluoride intake calculated and to evaluate the proper intake amount of fluoride for a 6 month old or younger infant from commercialized powdered milk and babyfood in Korea in 2005. The fluoride concentrations of 20 kinds of commercialized powdered milk and 8 kinds of commercialized powdered babyfood samples were assessed by a modified microdiffusion method and fluoride ion selective electrode.The obtained results were as follow;1. The concentration of fluoride content in powdered milks for 3 month old and 6 month old infant and powdered baby foods for 6 months infant were 0.74ยฑ 0.55 ใŽยทg-1, 0.76ยฑ 0.65 ใŽยทg-1 and 4.75ยฑ 5.71 ใŽยทg-1, respectively.2. The fluoride concentration of powdered milks for 3 month old infant was 0.10ยฑ 0.09 ใŽยทg-1, fluoride concentration of powdered milks for 6 month old infant was 0.10ยฑ 0.08 ใŽยทg-1 and fluoride concentration of powdered babyfoods for 6 month old infant was 0.49ยฑ 0.66 ใŽยทg-1.3. When these baby foods are diluted with distilled water, the estimates of daily fluoride intake were as follows. The estimate of powdered milks for 3 month old infant was 0.09ยฑ 0.07 ใŽŽยทday-1, that of powdered milks for 6 month old infant was 0.10ยฑ 0.08 ใŽŽยทday-1 and that of powdered babyfood for 6 month old infant was 0.45ยฑ 0.62 ใŽŽยทday-1. In case of reconstituting 0.8 ppm fluoride water, the estimates of daily fluoride intake were as follows The estimate of powdered milks for 3 month old infant was 0.75ยฑ 0.08 ใŽŽยทday-1, that of powdered milks for 6 month old infant was 0.79ยฑ 0.08 ใŽŽยทday-1 and that of powdered baby food for 6 month old infant was 0.83ยฑ 0.70 ใŽŽยทday-1.4. In case of reconstituting distilled water, the estimates of daily fluoride intake per weight were as follows. the estimate of powdered milk for 3 month old infant was 0.02ยฑ 0.01 ใŽŽยทใŽ-1ยทday-1, that of powered milk for 6 month old infant was 0.01ยฑ 0.01 ใŽŽยทใŽ-1ยทday-1 and that of powdered babyfood for 6 month old infant was 0.06ยฑ 0.08 ใŽŽยทใŽ-1ยทday-1. In case of reconstituting 0.8 ppm fluoride water, the estimates of daily fluoride intake per weight were as follows. The estimate of powdered milk for 3month old infant was 0.13ยฑ 0.02 ใŽŽยทใŽ-1ยทday-1, that of powered milk for 6 month old infant was 0.10ยฑ 0.01 ใŽŽยทใŽ-1ยทday-1 and that of powdered babyfood for 6 month old infant was 0.11ยฑ 0.10 ใŽŽยทใŽ-1ยทday-1.5. As the results mentioned above, there was no powdered milk out of 12 kinds of powdered milk for 3 month old infant that went over 0.3 ppm fluoride concentration. However, there was one powdered milk for 6 month old infant that went over 0.3 ppm fluoride concentration. In addition, there were 3 out of 8 powdered baby foods for 6 month old infant that went over 0.3 ppm fluoride concentration; which are 2.13 ใŽยทใŽ–-1, 2.02 ใŽยทใŽ–-1, 0.61 ใŽยทใŽ–-1, respectively.6. In case of reconstituting no fluoride water, there were 2 out of 8 powdered babyfoods for 6 month old infant, estimated to exceed the recommendation of daily fluoride intake per weight (0.05-0.07 ใŽŽยทใŽ-1ยทday-1). Their estimates of daily fluoride intake per weight were 0.13 ใŽŽยทใŽ-1ยทday-1 and 0.22 ใŽŽยทใŽ-1ยทday-1. In case of reconstituting 0.8 ppm fluoride water, all powdered milk products were estimated to exceed the recommendation of daily fluoride intake per weight and there were 4 babyfoods for 6 month infant that were estimated to exceed the recommendation of daily fluorid intake per weight.Based on this study, most of powdered milk and babyfood products in Korea contain the appropriate concentration of fluoride, but there were some products that exceeded the recommendations. For this reason, manufacturers should consider the content of fluoride in their manufacturing process. It was desirable to use no fluoride water in diluting powdered milk and baby foods.ope

    Carrier frequency synchronization for OFDM and NCO frequency quantization for DPLLs

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    Docto

    A study on the process of employer-employee negotiation -The case of the Korea Railroad corporation

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์ •์ฑ…ํ•™๊ณผ, 2012. 8. ์—„์„์ง„.ํ˜„์žฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฌธ์€ ์ง€์†์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ๋…ธ์‚ฌ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฒฝ์ œ์™€ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ์•ˆํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…ธ์‚ฌ๊ด€๊ณ„์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์€ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๊ณ  ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ๋…ธ์‚ฌ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ๋งˆ๋ จ์— ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์„ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ํ˜‘์ƒ ๊ฒฐ๋ ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ธด ํŒŒ์—…์„ ๊ฒช์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ฒ ๋„๊ณต์‚ฌ์˜ ๋…ธ์‚ฌํ˜‘์ƒ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ด์–ด ์‹ค์ œ ํ˜‘์ƒ์‹ค๋ฌด์— ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ์žฌ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ˜‘์ƒ๋ ฅ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์งˆ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค€๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์งˆ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด๋‹ด, ๋ฌธํ—Œ์ž๋ฃŒ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํ•ฉ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜‘์ƒ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฌธ์˜ ๋…ธ์‚ฌ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์ •์น˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ •์น˜๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—… ์„ ์ง„ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์—ฌ๋ก , ๋…ธ์‚ฌ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฒ•์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ฐœ์ • ๋“ฑ ์™ธ๋ถ€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์€ ๋…ธ์กฐ ์ƒ๊ธ‰๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์˜ ๋…ธ์‚ฌ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์˜์ง„์˜ ๋…ธ์‚ฌ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ˆ์‚ฐํŽธ์„ฑ์ง€์นจ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ‰๊ฐ€์ œ๋„๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ƒ๊ธ‰๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋‹จ์ฒด์˜ ์ด๋…, ๋ชฉํ‘œ, ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฑ…์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ๋…ธ์กฐ์˜ ํ˜‘์ƒ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜‘์ƒ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ํŠนํžˆ ํ˜‘์ƒ์ „๋žต์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ˜‘์ƒ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์š”์ธ์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋˜ ํ˜‘์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ง€์œ„, ํ˜‘์ƒ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ, ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ œ์•ฝ, ์ƒํ˜ธ์˜์กด์„ฑ, BATNA, ํ˜‘์ƒ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์ œํ•œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ˜‘์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ฒ ๋„๊ณต์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ•๊ฒฝ์ „๋žต, ๋…ธ์กฐ๋Š” ๊ณต์„ธ์ „๋žต๋งŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ˜‘์ƒ์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํŒŒ์—…์— ๋Œ์ž…ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ๋…ธ์กฐ์˜ ํŒจ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋์ด ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋…ธ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ BATNA๋ฅผ ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜๋ชป ํŒ๋‹จํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์˜ˆ์ƒ์™ธ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅ ๋Œ€์‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋žต์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 2008๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œํ–‰๋œ ํ•„์ˆ˜์œ ์ง€์—…๋ฌด์ œ๋„๋Š” ํŒŒ์—…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ „๋ฐฉ์œ„์ ์ธ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํŒŒ์—… ์—ฌ๋ก ๋ชฐ์ด, ๊ณต์‚ฌ ์ž„์ง์›์˜ ์ž„๊ธˆ๊ณต๊ฐœ, ๊ท€์กฑ ๋…ธ์กฐํˆฌ์Ÿ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋…ธ์กฐ ํ ์ง‘๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์ž‘์ „์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋ก ์€ ์ฒ ๋„๋…ธ์กฐ์˜ ํŒŒ์—…์— ๋“ฑ์„ ๋Œ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ๋…ธ์กฐ์˜ ์žฆ์€ ํŒŒ์—…์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์กฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋†’์ธ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ˜‘์ƒ์—์„œ ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฒ ๋„ํŒŒ์—…์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฒ ๋„๋…ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋…ธ์กฐ์˜ ์ƒ๊ธ‰๋‹จ์ฒด์ธ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋…ธ์ด๊ณผ ์ด๋ช…๋ฐ• ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •๋ฉด๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋…ธ์ด์€ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๋…ธ์‚ฌ์ •์ด ์ฒจ์˜ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ•ด์™”๋˜ ๋…ธ์กฐํ™œ๋™์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋…ธ์กฐ ์ „์ž„์ž ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋…ธ์กฐ ํ—ˆ์šฉ์˜ ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •์„ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ํž˜์˜ ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋…ธ์ด ์‚ฌ์—…์žฅ์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€ํŒŒ์—…์„ ๊ฒฐ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฒ ๋„๋…ธ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์„ ๋ด‰์— ์„œ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—… ์„ ์ง„ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ดํ–‰์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธธ๋“ค์ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฒ ๋„๊ณต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์ž ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚˜์„œ์„œ ์—„์ •๋Œ€์‘์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋…ธ์ด์€ ์ฒ ๋„๋…ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ˜‘์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒ ๋„ํŒŒ์—…์€ ์‹คํŒจํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋…ธ์ด์ด ์ •๋ถ€์™€์˜ ํˆฌ์Ÿ์—์„œ ํž˜์˜ ์šฐ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋…ธ์‚ฌ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ๋…ธ์ด์ด ๋น ์ง„ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋…ธ์ด๊ณผ์˜ ํ˜‘์˜๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณผ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—… ์„ ์ง„ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…๋„ 2012๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์—†์ด ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฌธ ํ˜‘์ƒ์—์„œ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ค‘์š”์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. ํ˜‘์ƒ ์˜์ œ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Œ€์‘์ „๋žต๊นŒ์ง€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ์„ฑ์‹คํžˆ ์ดํ–‰์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ‰๊ฐ€, ์˜ˆ์‚ฐํŽธ์„ฑ์ง€์นจ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ์กฐ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ํˆฌ์Ÿ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ „๋žต์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ์—†์ด ์˜ค๋กœ์ง€ ๋‹จ๊ฒฐ๋œ ๋…ธ๋™์ž์˜ ํž˜์ธ ํˆฌ์Ÿ๋งŒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€ํ™”์™€ ํƒ€ํ˜‘์„ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๊ตญ๋…ธ์ด์‚ฌ์—…์žฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—… ์„ ์ง„ํ™” ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋ง‰์•„๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ํŒจ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์„ฑ๊ณผ์—†๋Š” ๋…ธ์กฐ์˜ ํŒŒ์—… ์ฒ ํšŒ ํ›„์—๋„ ํ—ˆ์ค€์˜ ์‚ฌ์žฅ์€ ๊ต์„ญ์„ ์žฌ๊ฐœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ง•๊ณ„์™€ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋…ธ์กฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ง๋ ฅ์„ ์•ฝํ™”์‹œํ‚จ ๋’ค ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ง€์‹œํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์•ˆ๋“ค์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ˜‘์•ฝ์ฒด๊ฒฐ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜‘์ƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ์ด ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ์‚ฌํ˜‘์ƒ์„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ ๋…ธ์‚ฌํ˜‘์ƒ์—์„œ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ฆ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์™ธ์ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋…ธ์‚ฌํ˜‘์ƒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ทœ๋ช…์— ์ง„์‹ค์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ, ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ‚ค ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ์‚ฌ ์–‘์ธก์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์ฑ…์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์™€ ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ๊ณต๋™์˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์  ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ๋…ธยท์‚ฌยท์ •์˜ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์ „์— ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ธ์‚ฌ์ •๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ „์ฒด ์‚ฐ์—…์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๊ณต๋™์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ˜‘์˜๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ฒ ๋„์ •์ฑ… ์ž…์•ˆ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋…ธ์‚ฌ์ •๊ฐ„์˜ ํ˜‘์˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ๋…ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์˜์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ธ์‚ฌ์ •๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ดํ•ด์กฐ์œจ๊ณผ ํ•ฉ์˜์ดํ–‰์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋…ธ์‚ฌ์ • ํ•ฉ์˜๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œ๋„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜‘์ƒ์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—… ๊ฒฝ์˜์ƒ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑ์€ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ๋…ธ์‚ฌ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์‘ํ•  ์œ ์ธ์ฑ…์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒ ๋„๊ณต์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๊ฒฝ์˜์ž๋Š” ํ˜‘์ƒ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ˆˆ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ๋…ธ์‚ฌ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ผ๋™์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜‘์ƒ์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด๋Š” ์ธ์‚ฌ, ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ๊ณผ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š”์–ด : ๊ณต๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฌธ ๋…ธ์‚ฌํ˜‘์ƒ, ํ˜‘์ƒ๋ ฅ, ํ˜‘์ƒ์ „๋žต, ํŒŒ์—…Abstract A study on the process of employer-employee Negotiation -The case of the Korea railroad corporation- This study analyzes the process of public corporation labor-management negotiation. Currently, the conflicts between labor and management have been a regular occurrence in the public sector. The labor relations in the public sector are greatly affecting the economy, politics and society in the country. Considering the impact throughout the country, the instability of labor-management relationship should not be overlooked. It need to be established the stable and collaborative relationship between labor and management. The labor-management relationships in the public sector are strongly associated with the political and economic situation. These factors have affected the government's policy, public opinion, labor relations including the revision of law, the decision of union umbrella's policy management's labor policy and etc. Firstly, this study has numerous factors influencing the interaction of the negotiations and approaches to more comprehensive aspects through systematic methods. Secondly, this study has overcome the limitations of the external validity of laboratory studies through the actual empirical studies on peoples who participated in labor negotiations. Thirdly, this study has measured in terms of both sides to find out the causes and effects of the relationships between labor and management to secure the credibility, reliability and generality. In conclusion, there are two important factors related to the process of public corporation labor-management negotiation. There needs to be established an organization to develop a social agenda and to achieve the coordination and implementation of practical understanding between labor, management and government in the process of making railway policy. It is also very important to have autonomy of the negotiations. The lack of managerial autonomy could weaken the responsibility of management and the incentives actively to respond for labor-management relationships. In case of KORAIL, the executives had been very passive to solve the problem because of the government's intervention. The first things to have autonomy of the negotiations are to reduce the government's interference and control. keywords : labor-management negotiation, negotiation strategy bargaining power, strikes ์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 2 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 3 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 3 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  5 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 5 1. ๋…ธ์‚ฌํ˜‘์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์  ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง• 5 2. ๋…ธ์‚ฌํ˜‘์ƒ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ 7 3. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋…ธ์‚ฌ๋ถ„์Ÿ๊ณผ ํ˜‘์ƒ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 15 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ๋ฐ ๋น„ํŒ 18 ์ œ3์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ 23 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 23 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ ์„ค๋ช… 25 1. ์™ธ๋ถ€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ 25 2. ์‚ฌ์ธก ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ 28 3. ๋…ธ์กฐ์ธก ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ 34 4. ํ˜‘์ƒ๋ ฅ ์ธก์ •์ง€ํ‘œ 37 5. ๋…ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ˜‘์ƒ์ „๋žต 39 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 41 1. ์‚ฌ๋ก€์™€ ์„ ์ •์ด์œ  42 2. ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 42 ์ œ4์žฅ 08~09๋…„ ๋‹จ์ฒดํ˜‘์•ฝ ๋…ธ์‚ฌํ˜‘์ƒ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 44 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ณผ์ • 44 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์•ˆ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๋…ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ 48 1. ํ•ด๊ณ ์ž ๋ณต์ง 48 2. ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—… ์„ ์ง„ํ™” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€(์ธ๋ ฅ๊ฐ์ถ•์ฒ ํšŒ) 49 3. ๋‹จ์ฒดํ˜‘์•ฝ ๊ฐœ์•…๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ 50 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 51 1. ์กฐํ•ฉํ™œ๋™๊ด€๋ จ ์กฐํ•ญ 52 2. ์ธ์‚ฌ๊ฒฝ์˜๊ถŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์กฐํ•ญ 53 3. ๊ทผ๋กœ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ฐ ๋ณต์ง€ํ›„์ƒ๊ด€๋ จ์กฐํ•ญ 54 4. ๋…ธ๋™์กฐํ•ฉ์˜ ์ •์น˜ํ™œ๋™ ๊ด€๋ จ ์กฐํ•ญ 55 ์ œ5์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ถ„์„ 57 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋…ธ์‚ฌ ํ˜‘์ƒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ ๋ถ„์„ 57 1. ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”์ธ 57 2. ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์ธก ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ 63 3. ๋…ธ์กฐ์ธก ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ 73 ์ œ2์ ˆ ํ˜‘์ƒ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ๋…ธ์‚ฌํ˜‘์ƒ์ „๋žต ๋ถ„์„ 84 1. ํ˜‘์ƒ์˜์ œ 84 2. ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๊ณต์‚ฌ์˜ ์›์น™์œ„์ฃผ ํ˜‘์ƒ์ „๋žต & ์••๋ฐ•์ „๋žต 86 3. ๋…ธ์กฐ์˜ ๊ณต์„ธ์ „๋žต ๋ฐ ๋ฌด(็„ก)์ „๋žต 90 6์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  92 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 92 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•จ์˜ 94 1. ์ด๋ก ์  ์ธก๋ฉด 94 2. ์ •์ฑ…์  ์ธก๋ฉด 96 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ์ œ 97 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 97 2. ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ์ œ 98 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 99 Abstract 105Maste
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