439 research outputs found

    Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Post-stroke Patients with Severe Upper-Limb Motor Impairment

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    Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been known to improve the motor function through modulation of excitability in the cerebral cortex. However, most studies with rTMS were limited to post-stroke patients with mild to moderate motor impairments. The effect of rTMS on severe upper-limb motor impairment remains unclear. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of rTMS on the upper extremity function in post-stroke patients with severe upper-limb motor impairment. Subjects were divided into 3 groups, low-, high-frequency rTMS and control group were received stimulation 10 times for 2 weeks. The motor scale of Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and cortical excitability on the unaffected hemisphere were measured before and after performing 10 rTMS sessions. The motor scale of upper extremity FMA (UE-FMA) and shoulder component of the UE-FMA were significantly improved in both low- and high-frequency rTMS groups. However, no significant improvement was observed in the wrist and hand components. No significant differences were noted in low- and high-frequency rTMS groups. The amplitude of motor evoked potential on the unaffected hemisphere showed a significant decrease in the low- and high-frequency stimulation groups. rTMS may be helpful in improving upper extremity motor function even in post-stroke patients with severe upper-limb motor impairment.ope

    Characteristics and Risk Factors of Aspiration in Lateral Medullary Infarction

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    Objective: To evaluate the characteristics of dysphagia and identify the risk factors of bolus aspiration in patientspresenting with pure lateral medullary infarction (LMI). Methods: Between January 2014 and January 2019, 51 post-stroke patients with LMI who underwent a videofluoroscopicswallowing study (VFSS) were enrolled retrospectively, and their medical records and brain magnetic resonanceimaging results were reviewed. The VFSS results were evaluated to analyze the swallowing function using thepenetration-aspiration scale, functional dysphagia scale, and imaging analysis software. Results: Bolus aspiration was detected in 21 patients (41.2%). The common abnormal VFSS findings were residue invalleculae (74.5%), delayed triggering of pharyngeal swallow (72.5%), residue in pyriform sinuses (62.7%), delayed pharyngealtransit time (56.9%), reduced laryngeal elevation (51.0%), and coating of the pharyngeal wall (49.0%). Theincidence of aspiration was significantly higher in the typical lesions (including the diagonal band-shaped lesions)and the large type lesions extending ventrally or dorsally, as compared to other lesion types (P๏ผœ0.05). Logistic regressionanalyses revealed that the residue in pyriform sinuses is a significant independent risk factor of aspirationin the puree trial, and prolonged pharyngeal delay time (PDT) and residue in valleculae are significant risk factorsin the thin liquid trial (P๏ผœ0.05). Conclusion: Considering all clinical factors, lesion locations, and swallowing processes, results of the current studyindicate that residue in pyriform sinuses is an independent risk factor of aspiration in the swallowing puree technique,whereas prolonged PDT and residue in valleculae are independent risk factors of aspiration in the swallowingliquid technique.ope

    Analysis on Children's Playground from the View Point of Risk-taking

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2014. 8. ์กฐ๊ฒฝ์ง„.21์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ์ƒ์ƒ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์„ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐฝ์กฐ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ํŠธ๋ Œ๋“œ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋„ ์ฐฝ์˜์ธ์žฌ ์œก์„ฑ์— ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์˜ ๋†€์ด ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋†€์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ž‰์—ฌ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ํ•™์Šตํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋†€์ด ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์ปค์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ๋ฐœ์ƒ์  ๋†€์ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ํ•™์Šต์ด ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋œ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋†€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด€์ ์€ ์‹ค์™ธ ๋†€์ดํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์–‘์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฆ๋Œ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๋†€์ด์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์™ธํ˜•์  ๋””์ž์ธ๋งŒ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ ๋น„์Šท๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ทœ์ •๋œ ๋†€์ด๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์„ค๋“ค๋กœ ์กฐํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด, ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋†€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง„์งœ ๋†€์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ๊ฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์ œ๋„ ์šด์˜์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋”์šฑ ํš์ผํ™”๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์ „์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฌ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ณ , ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋†€์ดํ–‰ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ฐœ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์˜ ์•ˆ์ „๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์ , ์ •์„œ์  ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจํ—˜์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋†€์ด์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋กœ์„œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋†€์ด์˜ ๋ชจํ—˜์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋†€์ด์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋กœ์„œ ๋ชจํ—˜์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์‚ฌยท๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ํ˜„์žฌ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ชจํ—˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๋†€์ดํ–‰ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ชจํ—˜์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž ๋ฐ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌยท๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ชจํ—˜์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ชจํ—˜์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจํ—˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ น๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ชจํ—˜์„ฑ์˜ ํ–‰ํƒœ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์€ ๋ฏธ์ทจํ•™ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋ณด๋‹ค ์ทจํ•™ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์˜ ๋†€์ดํ–‰ํƒœ์—์„œ ๋” ์ž์ฃผ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ„์„ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ–‰ํƒœ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ๋†€์ด ์‹œ์„ค์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ์„œ๊ธฐ, ์˜ฌ๋ผ์•‰๊ธฐ, ์˜ฌ๋ผ ๊ท ํ˜•์žก๊ธฐ์™€ ๋งค๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋†€์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ด์šฉํ–‰ํƒœ๋กœ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ˆจ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์œ„์š”๋œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋…น์ง€๋Œ€ ์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ™, ์•”์„, ๋‚˜๋ญ‡๊ฐ€์ง€, ๋‚˜๋ญ‡์žŽ, ๊ณค์ถฉ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ๋†€์ด๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ์ธก๋ฉด๊ณผ ํ–‰ํƒœ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ์ƒ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ๋ชจํ—˜์„ฑ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์†์„ฑ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ณด๋‹ค ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจํ—˜์ ์ธ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์•ˆ์ „๊ณผ ๋ชจํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์€, ๋ชจํ—˜์ ์ธ ๋†€์ด์—๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „๋ณด์žฅ์ด ์ „์ œ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋™๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ถฉ์กฑ๋˜๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์  ์ž…์žฅ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์žฌ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์˜ ๊ด€์ ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์˜๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ชจํ—˜์ ์ธ ๋†€์ดํ–‰ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ž์ฃผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์žฌ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจํ—˜์„ฑ์€ ๋†€์ด์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋กœ์„œ, ํš์ผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๋ฉฐ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง€๋ฃจํ•œ ๋†€์ด์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์กฐ์„ฑ ์‹œ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด ์žฌ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจํ—˜์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  01 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 01 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  03 2์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 04 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 04 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 05 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 1์ ˆ. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 07 1. ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ด์šฉ์‹คํƒœ ๋ฐ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 08 2. ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ด์šฉํ–‰ํƒœ ๋ฐ ๋†€์ดํ–‰ํƒœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 09 3. ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ „์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 10 4. ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋ชจํ—˜์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 11 2์ ˆ. ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ดํ•ด 12 1. ๋†€์ด์˜ ์ดํ•ด 12 2. ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ดํ•ด 17 3. ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ „๋ฌธ์ œ 27 3์ ˆ. ๋†€์ด์—์„œ ๋ชจํ—˜์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 33 1. ๋†€์ด์˜ ๋ชจํ—˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ—˜์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด 33 2. ๋†€์ด์—์„œ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ฐ์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ๋ชจํ—˜์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ 36 3. ๋ชจํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ๋†€์ด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 43 4์ ˆ. ๋ชจํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ด์žฌ๋œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 49 ์ œ3์žฅ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์š” 55 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ์„ ์ • 55 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ์š” 57 2์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 68 1. ์ด์šฉํ–‰ํƒœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ์กฐ์‚ฌ 68 2. ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ์กฐ์‚ฌ 70 3์ ˆ. ๋ถ„์„ํ•ญ๋ชฉ ์„ค์ • 72 ์ œ4์žฅ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋†€์ด๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1์ ˆ. ๋ถ„์„ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ 80 1. ์ƒ๊ณ„์ฃผ๊ณต๋†€์ดํ„ฐ 80 2. ์†Œ๋ง์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๊ณต์› 92 3. ์‹ ์ฐฝ์ƒ์ƒ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๊ณต์› 106 2์ ˆ. ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ 119 1. ์ด์šฉ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ 119 2. ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ 137 3์ ˆ. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 145 1. ๋ถ„์„ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 145 2. ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 151 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  1์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  155 2์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 157 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 158 Abstract 163Maste

    Chemopreventive and Anticancer Activities of Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum Extracts

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    BACKGROUND: Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum is an edible perennial herb and has been used as a vegetable or as a Korean traditional medicine. Allium species have received much attention owing to their diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. However, A. victorialis var. platyphyllum needs more study. METHODS: The chemopreventive potential of A. victorialis var. platyphyllum methanol extracts was examined by measuring 12-O-tetra-decanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-induced superoxide anion production in the differentiated HL-60 cells, TPA-induced mouse ear edema, and Ames/Salmonella mutagenicity. The apoptosis-inducing capabilities of the extracts were evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, and the DNA fragmentation assay in human colon cancer HT-29 cells. Antimetastatic activities of the extracts were also investigated in an experimental mouse lung metastasis model. RESULTS: The methanol extracts of A. victorialis var. platyphyllum rhizome (AVP-R) and A. victorialis var. platyphyllum stem (AVP-S) dose-dependently inhibited the TPA-induced generation of superoxide anion in HL-60 cells and TPA-induced ear edema in mice, as well as 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH) -induced bacterial mutagenesis. AVP-R and AVP-S reduced cell viability in a dose-related manner and induced apoptotic morphological changes and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation in HT-29 cells. In the experimental mouse lung metastasis model, the formation of tumor nodules in lung tissue was significantly inhibited by the treatment of the extracts. CONCLUSIONS: AVP-R and AVP-S possess antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, proapoptotic, and antimetastatic activities. Therefore, these extracts can serve as a beneficial supplement for the prevention and treatment of cancer.ope

    ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ์Œ์•… ์ˆ˜์šฉ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ง€๋Šฅ์ •๋ณด์œตํ•ฉํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์ด๊ต๊ตฌ.There is a gap between the accuracy of the recommendation system and the users' satisfaction with the music recommendation. This is because the accuracy of the recommendation system is an indicator of how well the recommendation system predicts the information that it wants to see, while the users' satisfaction in the real user experience is a comprehensive reflection of the more diverse information the recommendation system has not considered. On the other hand, there is still a demand for music recommendations through people, as illustrated by this gap in user satisfaction. Interpersonal recommendations, which is made through communication between the recommender (the person who gives recommendation) and recommendee (the person who receives recommendation), exhibit very different characteristics from system recommendations and provide different user experiences, but not many studies have provided an understanding of it. Therefore, in Study 1, we investigated the user evaluation and usage behavior of system recommendations and interpersonal recommendations through a survey to understand their characteristics. As a result, system recommendations were not only frequently used and highly evaluated for convenience compared to interpersonal recommendations, but also the adoption rate, which is the ratio that is actually put on the playlist, was high. On the other hand, it was confirmed that interpersonal recommendations were highly valued for their diversity and serendipity compared to system recommendations. Next, Study 2 sought to deepen understanding of interpersonal and system recommendations by observing the process of accepting recommended music through interpersonal and system recommendations. As a result, the central phenomenon was presented as `the pursuit of novelty based on familiarity' in the process of exploring and accepting new music. This means that system recommendations will find new music based on familiar musical elements and themes, but interpersonal recommendations will be able to try relatively new styles of music because they are familiar with specific situations where recommendations have been made.์ถ”์ฒœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„์™€ ์Œ์•… ์ถ”์ฒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ๊ฐ„๊ทน์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”์ฒœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋Š” ๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ฒœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ์ธ ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜์—์„œ์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋Š” ์ถ”์ฒœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ฏธ์ฒ˜ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋”์šฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์ด ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์˜ ๊ณต๋ฐฑ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋“ฏ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Œ์•…์„ ์ถ”์ฒœ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”์ฒœ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์Œ์•… ์ถ”์ฒœ์ธ ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์ถ”์ฒœ์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ถ”์ฒœ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•จ์—๋„ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1์—์„œ๋Š” ์„ค๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ถ”์ฒœ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์ถ”์ฒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ํ‰๊ฐ€์™€ ์ด์šฉ ํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ถ”์ฒœ์€ ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์ถ”์ฒœ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ด์šฉ ๋นˆ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žฆ๊ณ  ํŽธ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์„๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒ๋ชฉ๋ก์— ๋„ฃ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์ธ ์ฑ„ํƒ๋ฅ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์ถ”์ฒœ์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ถ”์ฒœ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜์™ธ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์ถ”์ฒœ๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ถ”์ฒœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถ”์ฒœ๋ฐ›์€ ์Œ์•…์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์ถ”์ฒœ๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ถ”์ฒœ์— ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์‹ฌํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Œ์•…์„ ์ถ”์ฒœ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ โ€˜์ต์ˆ™ํ•จ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์›€์˜ ์ถ”๊ตฌโ€™๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์‹ฌ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋จ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ถ”์ฒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ต์ˆ™ํ•œ ์Œ์•…์  ์š”์†Œ์™€ ํ…Œ๋งˆ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Œ์•…์„ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์ถ”์ฒœ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ถ”์ฒœํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ์ถ”์ฒœ์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ต์ˆ™ํ•จ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋น„๊ต์  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์˜ ์Œ์•…์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  5 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 5 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์งˆ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉํ‘œ 7 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 9 2.1 ์Œ์•… ์ถ”์ฒœ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ 9 2.2 ์Œ์•… ์ถ”์ฒœ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„ 10 2.3 ์Œ์•… ์ถ”์ฒœ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 12 ์ œ3์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ1: ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์ถ”์ฒœ๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ถ”์ฒœ์˜ ๋น„๊ต 15 3.1 ์„ธ๋ถ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์งˆ๋ฌธ 15 3.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 16 3.2.1 ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ ์„ค๊ณ„ 16 3.2.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ์„ ์ •๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์ง‘ 17 3.2.3 ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 18 3.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 18 3.3.1 ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์ถ”์ฒœ๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ถ”์ฒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 18 3.3.2 ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์ถ”์ฒœ๊ณผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์ถ”์ฒœ์˜ ์ด์šฉ ํ–‰ํƒœ 21 3.4 ์†Œ๊ฒฐ๋ก  22 ์ œ4์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2: ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Œ์•…์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์ดํ•ด 24 4.1 ์„ธ๋ถ€์—ฐ๊ตฌ์งˆ๋ฌธ 24 4.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 24 4.2.1 ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ์กฐํ™” ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ 24 4.2.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ์„ ์ •๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์ง‘ 25 4.2.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์œค๋ฆฌ ์ค€์ˆ˜ 27 4.2.4 ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 27 4.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 29 4.3.1 ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 29 4.3.2 ์ถ• ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๋ฐ ์„ ํƒ ์ฝ”๋”ฉ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 29 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  47 5.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ์  47 5.2 ํ•œ๊ณ„์  ๋ฐ ์ถ”ํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 49 ABSTRACT 57์„

    Manuel de Falla์˜ Siete Canciones Populares Espaรฑolas ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์Œ์•…๊ณผ(์„ฑ์•…์ „๊ณต), 2014. 2. ์œคํ˜„์ฃผ.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์Œ์•…์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง€๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณตํ—Œํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€ Falla์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ, '์ผ๊ณฑ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๋ฏผ์†๊ฐ€๊ณก'(Siete Canciones Populares Espaรฑolas)'์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. Falla๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ํž˜์ผ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฅด๋„ค์ƒ์Šค ์ดํ›„ ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. '์ผ๊ณฑ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๋ฏผ์†๊ฐ€๊ณก'(Siete Canciones Populares Espaรฑolas)์€ Falla์˜ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ์œ ํ•™๊ธฐ ๋ง๋…„์ธ 1914๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1915๋…„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง„ ๊ณก์œผ๋กœ, ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ณก์˜ ์ •์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ณก์ด๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด 3๋ฐ•์ž๊ณ„์˜ ์ถค๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ ๊ณก๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ๋งŒ์˜ ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์„ฑ์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์„ ์œจ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ™”์„ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋ฏผ์†์Œ์•…์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ Falla๋Š” ๋ฏผ์†์Œ์•…์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ๊ณกํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์„œ์  ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ์ž˜ ์‚ด๋ ค๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋“œ๋ท”์‹œ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์ฃผ์˜ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์‹ ๋น„๋กญ๊ณ  ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ์Œ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ์• ๋งคํ•œ ์กฐ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์Œ์•…์˜ ํŠน์ง•๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๊ณก์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ์Œ์•… ์—ญ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ํ›„, Falla์˜ ์ƒ์• ์™€ ์Œ์•…์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ '์ผ๊ณฑ๊ฐœ์˜ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ๋ฏผ์†๊ฐ€๊ณก'(Siete Cancio cdnes Populares Espaรฑolas)'์˜ ์ž‘๊ณก๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณก์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์ง„ ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ๋ฆฌ๋“ฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์„ ๋ฒ•, ์„ ์œจ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์Œ์•…์  ํ‘œํ˜„๋ฒ•์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค.- ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ - ์„œ ๋ก  ๋ณธ ๋ก  โ… . ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์Œ์•… : ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 1. ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 2. ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์Œ์•…์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ 3. ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์Œ์•…์˜ ํŠน์ง• 4. ์ŠคํŽ˜์ธ ์Œ์•…์˜ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ โ…ก. Manuel de Falla์˜ ์ƒ์• ์™€ ์ฃผ์š”์ž‘ํ’ˆ\ 1. Manuel de Falla์˜ ์ƒ์•  2. Manuel de Falla์˜ ์Œ์•… โ…ข. Siete Canciones Populares Espaรฑolas์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฒ• 1. ์ž‘๊ณก ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 2. ์•…๊ณก๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์ฃผ๋ฒ• (1) El paรฑo moruno (2) Seguidilla murciana (3) Asturiana (4) Jota (5) Nana (6) Canciรณn (7) Polo ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ AbstractMaste

    ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ์‹œ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์€ํ–‰์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ์›์ธ ๋ถ„์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™๋ถ€, 2013. 2. ์–‘๋™ํœด.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์€ํ–‰์€ ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•œ ์ž์‚ฐ ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ, ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ž๊ธˆ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ, ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ž๋ณธ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ 2008๋…„๋„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ฐœ ๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ์—์„œ G7 ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ์ œ๊ธˆ์œต ์กฐ์น˜ ์—†์ด ๊ฒฌ์‹คํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฌด๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–‘ํ˜ธํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์˜์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ ๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ์›”ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ๊ธˆ๋ฒˆ ๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ง์ ‘์  ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋˜๋Š” ์„œ๋ธŒํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์ง€๋Œ€์ถœ์ด๋‚˜ ์œ ๋™ํ™”์ฆ๊ถŒ ๋“ฑ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž ๊ธˆ์œต ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋™ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์€ํ–‰๋„ ๊ธˆ๋ฒˆ ๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ด์ „์— ๊ธˆ์œต๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ ˆ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ถœ์ด ์ง€์† ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜์—ฌ ์™”๊ณ , ๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ทผ์›์ง€์ธ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์™”์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์€ํ–‰์ด ๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ธ ์›์ธ์„ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ž์‚ฐ ์šด์šฉ๊ณผ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ž๊ธˆ ์กฐ๋‹ฌ์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์€ํ–‰์ด ๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ์›์ธ์ธ๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์€ํ–‰ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ณผ์ ์  ์€ํ–‰ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณผ ์ง€์ ๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†Œ๋งค ๊ธˆ์œต์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•ด์˜จ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ž์‚ฐ ์šด์šฉ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „์„ฑ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผํƒ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๊ฑด์ „์„ฑ ๊ฐ๋…์€ ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ๋ ˆ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์œ ๋™ํ™” ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ €์‹ ์šฉ์ž ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณ„ ๋ถ€์‹คํ™”์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž ๊ธˆ์œต ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ž๋ณธ ๊ทœ์ œ๋Š” ์€ํ–‰์ด ๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ž๋ณธ์ ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์žฅ ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์€ํ–‰ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์€ํ–‰์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์€ํ–‰ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š”์–ด: ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์€ํ–‰, ๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ, ์ž๋ณธ ๊ทœ์ œ, ๊ฐ๋… ์ฒด๊ณ„, ์ฃผํƒ ์ •์ฑ… ํ•™ ๋ฒˆ: 97212-505Abstract Analysis on the Resilience of Canadian Banks during the Global Financial Crisis of 2008-10 Kim, Hyun Jung Department of Economics The Graduate School Seoul National University The stability of Canadian banking system set Canada apart from other G7 countries that had to bail out their banks during the global financial crisis of 2008-10 started in the United States. Canadian banks have maintained financial soundness and robust performance thanks to the above-satisfactory asset quality, stable funding sources and sufficient capital base. Especially, compared to the US banks, they were less involved in originating and/or securitizing sub-prime mortgage loans and in shadow banking activities, which were accused of causing the crisis. The resilience appears particularly striking given the close economic and financial links between the two countries and the circumstantial similarity before the crisis including the increase of financial leverage and consumer debt. This paper suggests three key factors that attributed to the relative soundness of Canadian banks. First, conservative asset management practices and stable funding sources, resulting from the combination of the oligopolistic bank-based financial system with the traditional focus on retail banking based on the nationwide branch network, prevented Canadian banks from accumulating excessive risks. Second, effective housing policy to resolve market incompleteness and consolidated prudential supervision on financial system restrained the excessive increase of leverage and securitization, and thus precluded household over-indebtedness and the development of shadow banking. Third, the relatively strong regulatory regime on bank capital helped Canadian banks build a sufficient capital buffer to cope with a financial crisis. In conclusion, this paper argues that it is the constructive interaction between the successful governmental policies to correct market failures and the development of banking system to the direction of enhancing financial stability of banks that has led to the resilient banking system in Canada. Keywords : Canadian banks, financial crisis, capital regulation, financial supervision, housing policy Student number : 97212-505๋ชฉ ์ฐจ โ… . ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ง 1 1. ๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ „ํŒŒ 3 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 6 โ…ก. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์€ํ–‰ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ง• 8 1. ์€ํ–‰ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 8 2. ์€ํ–‰์˜ ์ž์‚ฐ ์šด์šฉ์ƒ์˜ ํŠน์ง• 11 3. ์€ํ–‰์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ์žฌ๋ฌด ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 14 โ…ข. ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์€ํ–‰์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ์›์ธ 17 1. branch banking์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ๊ณผ์ ์  ์€ํ–‰ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 17 2. ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „์„ฑ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผํƒ ์ •์ฑ… 25 3. ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ๋…์ฒด๊ณ„ 30 โ…ฃ. ๋งบ์Œ๋ง 38 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 41 Abstract 47 ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ํ‘œ 1 ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ๊ธˆ์œต์œ„๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋…„๋„(1870~2008) 2 ํ‘œ 2 ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๊ธˆ์œต์—…์ข…๋ณ„ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 11 ํ‘œ 3 ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค 5๋Œ€ ์€ํ–‰์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณ„๋Œ€์ถœ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 12 ํ‘œ 4 ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค 6๋Œ€ ์€ํ–‰์˜ ์ด์ž์ด์ต ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ถœ์ž์‚ฐ ๋น„์ค‘ ์ถ”์ด 13 ํ‘œ 5 ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ฃผ์š” ์€ํ–‰์˜ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ์ด์ž์‚ฐ ๋น„์ค‘(FY2008) 14 ํ‘œ 6 ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์€ํ–‰์˜ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ต์Šคํฌ์ ธ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ(2010.6์›”๋ง) 14 ํ‘œ 7 ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ฃผ์š” 6๋Œ€ ์€ํ–‰์˜ ์žฌ๋ฌด์ƒํ™ฉ 15 ํ‘œ 8 ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ฃผ์š” ์€ํ–‰์˜ ์ž๋ณธ์ ์ •์„ฑ ๋น„์œจ(FY2008) 15 ํ‘œ 9 2007๋…„๋„ ์ดํ›„ ์„œ๋ธŒํ”„๋ผ์ž„ ์‚ฌํƒœ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์ž์‚ฐ ์†์‹ค ๊ทœ๋ชจ 18 ํ‘œ 10 ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ฃผ์š” 6๋Œ€ ์€ํ–‰์˜ ์ž๊ธˆ์กฐ๋‹ฌ ๋ฐ ์šด์šฉ 20 ํ‘œ 11 ์ฃผ์š”๊ตญ ์€ํ–‰์˜ ์˜ˆ๊ธˆ๋น„์œจ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ(2006๋…„๋ง) 20 ํ‘œ 12 G7๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ตœ์†Œ Tier 1 ๋น„์œจ ๋ฐ BIS๋น„์œจ ๊ทœ์ œ์ˆ˜์ค€ 35 ํ‘œ 13 ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ๋ ˆ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋น„์œจ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋น„๊ต 38 ํ‘œ 14 ์ฃผ์š”๊ตญ ๊ธˆ์œตํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋ ˆ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋น„์œจ 38 ๊ทธ ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1-1 ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๊ธˆ๋ฆฌ ์ถ”์ด 4 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 1-2 ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์šฉ ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ํ‰๊ท  ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์ถ”์ด ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์ฒ˜๋ถ„์†Œ๋“ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๊ฐ€๊ณ„๋Œ€์ถœ ๋น„์ค‘ 4 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 2 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž ๊ธˆ์œต ๋ฐ ์ „ํ†ต ์€ํ–‰์˜ ๋ถ€์ฑ„ ์ถ”์ด 7 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 3 ๋ ˆ๋นˆ ์ง€์ˆ˜(์‹œ์žฅ์ค‘์‹ฌ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ฐ ์€ํ–‰์ค‘์‹ฌ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ) 10 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 4 ์ด๊ธˆ์œต์ž์‚ฐ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๊ธˆ์œต์—…์ข…๋ณ„ ์ž์‚ฐ ๋น„์ค‘(%) ์ถ”์ด 11 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 5 ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์€ํ–‰์˜ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ๋ณ„ ๋Œ€์ถœ ๋น„์ค‘ ์ถ”์ด 12 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 6 ์ด์ž์‚ฐ ๋Œ€๋น„ ๊ฐ€๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ถœ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—…์ต์Šคํฌ์ ธ ๋น„์ค‘ ์ถ”์ด 13 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 7 ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ์ˆ˜์ต๋ฅ (ROE) 16 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 8 ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฌด์ˆ˜์ต ์—ฌ์‹  ๋น„์œจ ์ถ”์ด 16 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 9 ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋Œ€์ถœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋น„์œจ ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์—ฐ์ฒด์œจ ์ถ”์ด 17 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 10 ์˜ˆ๋Œ€์œจ ์ง€ํ‘œ ๋น„๊ต(14๊ฐœ๊ตญ) 20 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 11 ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์˜ ์ƒ์œ„ 4๊ฐœ ์€ํ–‰์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘๋„ 22 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 12 ์˜ˆ๊ธˆ ๋Œ€๋น„ MMF ๋น„์ค‘ 23 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 13 ์ „์ฒด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์ง€๋Œ€์ถœ ์ค‘ ์œ ๋™ํ™” ๋น„์œจ 26 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 14 ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ NHA-MBS ์œ ๋™ํ™” ๊ณผ์ • 27 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 15 ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์˜ ๊ธˆ์œต๊ฐ๋…์ฒด๊ณ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 32 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 16 ๋ ˆ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€(์ด์ž์‚ฐ/์ž๋ณธ) ๋น„์œจ ์ถ”์ด 34 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 17 ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ž ๊ธˆ์œต ๋ถ„ํฌ 34 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 18 ์ฃผ์š”๊ตญ์˜ Tier 1 ๋น„์œจ 36 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 19 ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์€ํ–‰์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ์ž๋ณธ๋น„์œจ 36 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ 20 ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค ์€ํ–‰์˜ ๋ ˆ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋น„์œจ ์ถ”์ด 37Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2014. 2. ์•ˆ์ค‘ํ˜ธ.์ง€์‹์€ ๊ธฐ์—…์ด๋‚˜ ์กฐ์ง์˜ ํ™œ๋™์— ์—†์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋  ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ž์›์œผ๋กœ, ์ง€์‹์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•ด๋‹น ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์ด๋‹ค. ์ •๋ณด๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ง€์‹๊ด€๋ฆฌ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ €์žฅ์†Œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹๊ด€๋ฆฌ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค(Gold, Malhotra, and Segars, 2001). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ด์ ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๊ฐ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—…๋ฌด์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์กฐ์ง์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์œ ์ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ํ™•์‹ ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๊บผ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์˜์ •๋ณด ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ(Compeau and Higgins, 1995), ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์˜ ์„ฑ์ทจ, ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ์–ธ์–ด์  ์„ค๋“์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค(Bandura, 1977a). ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๊ณผ ์• ํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ณผ์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์ด๋ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์—๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์ด ๋™์‹œ์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์งโ€ค๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด๋‚˜ ํƒ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฉ๋ ค์™€ ์ง€์ง€๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์ง๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์ด ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์€ ๋น„๊ต์  ๋‚ฎ์€ ํŽธ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ทธ ์ •๋ณด์›๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ์ธ์ง€๋œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์šฉ์ด์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ์„ ํ–‰์š”์ธ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด์›์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์˜ ์„ฑ์ทจ, ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ์–ธ์–ด์  ์„ค๋“์„ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์„ ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์ด ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ์ธ์ง€๋œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์šฉ์ด์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ง€์‹๊ด€๋ฆฌ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์šด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ตฐ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ฌธ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 339๋ถ€์˜ ์„ค๋ฌธ์„ ํšŒ์ˆ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ SmartPLS๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ • ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ชจํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด PLS ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ •๋ณด์›์ธ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์˜ ์„ฑ์ทจ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์–ธ์–ด์  ์„ค๋“์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์€ ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ์ธ์ง€๋œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์šฉ์ด์„ฑ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์งโ€ค๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ํƒ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฉ๋ ค๋‚˜ ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ, ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๋„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ํ‰์†Œ์— ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์งโ€ค๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฉ๋ ค์™€ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์ด ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€๋œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์šฉ์ด์„ฑ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์ด ๋”์šฑ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ(Bandura, 1977b) ์ด๋ฏธ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์ด ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์ด ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ์ธ์ง€๋œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์šฉ์ด์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นจ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›๋“ค์ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋ฏฟ๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํƒ€๊ตฐ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์กฐ์ง์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•™๋ฌธ์ , ์‹ค๋ฌด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์ธ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด์›์ด ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋”์šฑ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 1.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 5 1.3 ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 6 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 7 2.1 ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 7 1. ๊ธฐ์—…์—์„œ์˜ ์ง€์‹ 7 2. ์ง€์‹๊ด€๋ฆฌ 11 3. ์ง€์‹๊ด€๋ฆฌ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ 15 4. ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ 17 2.2 ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๋ชจํ˜•์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 19 2.3 ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 22 1. ์‚ฌํšŒ์ธ์ง€์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ 22 2. ๋ฒ”์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ 27 3. ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ์˜ ์ •๋ณด์› 29 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค ์„ค์ • 34 3.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• ์„ค๊ณ„ 34 3.2 ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ์„ค์ • 36 1. ์ •๋ณด์›๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ 36 2. ์ •๋ณด์›๊ณผ ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ 38 3. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ 39 4. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์ž๊ธฐํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์šฉ์ด์„ฑ 40 5. ์ง€์‹์ €์žฅ์†Œ ํšจ๋Šฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์šฉ์ด์„ฑ 41 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 43 4.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 43 4.2 ์ธก์ • ๋„๊ตฌ 44 1. ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜ 44 2. ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 45 3. ์„ค๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 47 4.3 ํ‘œ๋ณธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 48 4.4 ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 50 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์‹ค์ฆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 52 5.1 ์ธก์ •๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 52 1. ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 52 2. ํƒ€๋‹น๋„ ๋ถ„์„ 54 3. ๋™์ผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ํŽธ์ฐจ 58 5.2 ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ 59 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 62 6.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ 62 6.2 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  65 6.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ 70 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 72 ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ 94 Abstract 98Maste

    ์ฒญ ํƒœ์ข…์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    The purpose of this study is to examine the significance of the revision of Man-wen yuan-dang into Man-wen lao-dang which covers the reign of Qing Taizu (Nurhaci) to the first year of the Chongde reign of Qing Taizong (Hong Taiji). Specifically, this study intensively examines the significance of the revisions in the Joseon-related texts. We first examine the characteristics of the letter and phonological phenomena and secondly analyze the historical significance derived from it. In particular, the revisions show the tendency of Hong Taiji to centralize power to rule the country and to rebuild Qingโ€™s position in relation with neighbouring countries such as Ming and Joseon. Linguistically, Man-wen yuan-dang is suitable for studying the changes in Manchu script because it is a mixture of old Manchu script, new Manchu script and transitional Manchu script. This study suggests the advanced principles of transcription of old Manchu script based on the previous studies. Phonologically, Man-wen yuan-dang includes the vowel replacement, deletion and addition, monophthongization, mixture of b and f, palatalization, deletion of the final โ€˜nโ€™, assimilation. The consonants of words borrowed from Chinese in Man-wen yuan-dang largely reflect pronunciations without retroflex and pronunciations in the process of palatalization. Regarding palatalization, Man-wen yuan-dang shows the completion or the ongoing process of palatalization, but Man-wen lao-dang shows non-palatalized form. Man-wen lao-dang seems to be more conservative about the notation of borrowing Chinese words. Morphologically, participle tense endings and negation marker in Man-wen lao-dang have been merged into single words. Syntactically, phrases in Man-wen lao-dang are grammatically more correct than those in Man-wen yuan-dang. Man-wen yuan-dang adds peopleโ€™s names and titles in dense small letter text that records official events so that it becomes identical to Man-wen lao-dang. It appears to have supplemented accurate and specific descriptions for the compilation of Man-wen lao-dang. The historical implications found in other parts can be largely be summed up as the centralization of power, the reestablishment of relations with neighbouring countries, and the formation of Manchurian identity. First of all, Hong Taiji attempts to express himself as โ€˜bi(I)โ€™ by correcting โ€˜be(we)โ€™ so that he centralizes his authority and avoids sharing power with the other three Beiles. Secondly, the term โ€˜Solhoi Hanโ€™ is rewritten as โ€˜Solhoi Wangโ€™ which is the title used in the Chinese imperial system. While the title of emperor โ€˜Hanโ€™ is given to the Qing emperor, the lower title of king โ€˜Wangโ€™ is given to the Joseon king. Thus showing the lower status of the Joseon king in relation to the Qing emperor. Moreover, it is noteworthy that โ€˜aisin gurun or wesihun gurun (Qing)โ€™ starts to raise(ๆ“ก้ ญ: to change line and raise the word higher than usual beginning line for expressing respect) the word higher than โ€˜coohiyan gurun (Joseon)โ€™ in the 9th year of Tiancong, which was when Hong Taiji was about to become the emperor. While the raising by respect of Ming appears as early as 2nd year of Tiancong, the raising by respect of Joseon appears later. This kind of raising by respect is not found in Man-wen lao-dang. By rewriting โ€˜Aisinโ€™ or โ€˜Juลกenโ€™ to โ€˜Manjuโ€™, the concept of โ€˜Manjuโ€™ develops from a political and military group based on Qingโ€™s eight banners system to a national concept with a unique culture of its own. To sum up, Man-wen yuan-dang is presumed to be preliminary work for the compilation of later chronicles including Man-wen lao-dang through a number of revisions, and it contains the Qingโ€™s own perception of raising by respect related to Joseon and Ming, which is not found in Man-wen lao-dang.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฒญ ํƒœ์กฐ ๋ˆ„๋ฅดํ•˜์น˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฒญ ํƒœ์ข… ํ™ํƒ€์ด์ง€์˜ ์ˆญ๋• 1๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋‹ด์€ ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ์›๋‹นใ€๊ณผ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฒญ ๊ฑด๋ฅญ์ œ ๋•Œ ์ค‘์ดˆํ•ด ํŽธ์ฐฌํ•œ ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ๋…ธ๋‹นใ€์„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ทธ์ค‘์—์„œ ํ™ํƒ€์ด์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ•œ์— ์ฆ‰์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒœ์ด ์›๋…„(1627)๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ฒญ๋‚˜๋ผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ํ™ฉ์ œ๋กœ ์ฆ‰์œ„ํ•œ ์ˆญ๋• ์›๋…„(1636)์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ฒญ ํƒœ์ข…์กฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ์›๋‹นใ€์—์„œ ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ๋…ธ๋‹นใ€์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋œ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํ”ผ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์„œ์ง€ยทํ‘œ๊ธฐ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์Œ์šดยทํ˜•ํƒœยทํ†ต์‚ฌยท์–ดํœ˜ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์  ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์ด์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ์›๋‹นใ€์€ ๋งŒ์ฃผ์–ด ๋ฌธ์ž ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ์›๋‹นใ€์€ ๋ฌธ์ž์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๊ถŒ์  ๋งŒ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์œ ๊ถŒ์  ๋งŒ๋ฌธ, ๊ณผ๋„๊ธฐ์  ๋งŒ๋ฌธ์ด ํ˜ผ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ๋งŒ์ฃผ ๋ฌธ์ž์˜ ๋ณ€์ฒœ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฌด๊ถŒ์  ๋งŒ๋ฌธ์€ ๋กœ๋งˆ์ž ์†Œ๋ฌธ์ž๋กœ ์ „์žํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ๊ถŒ์  ๋งŒ๋ฌธ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ „์ž ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์–ด๋ฐ›์•„ ๋ฌด๊ถŒ์  ๋งŒ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ „์ž ์›์น™์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ยท๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์–ธ์–ด์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์Œ์šด์ , ํ˜•ํƒœยทํ†ต์‚ฌ์ , ์–ดํœ˜์  ์ธก๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์Œ์šด์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ž์Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋งŒ์ฃผ์–ด ๊ณ ์œ ์–ด๋Š” b์™€ f์˜ ํ˜ผ์šฉ, ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์Œํ™”, ์–ด๋ง n ์œ ๋™ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ์›๋‹นใ€์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ ์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด ์ฐจ์šฉ์–ด ์ž์Œ์€ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋งŒ์ฃผ์ธ์ด ์ ‘ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์–ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ถ€ ์ž์Œ์€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐœ์Œํ™”๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•œ์ฐฝ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์ค‘์ธ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ์›๋‹นใ€์˜ ๋ชจ์Œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ชจ์Œ์˜ ๊ต์ฒด์™€ ํƒˆ๋ฝ ๋ฐ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€, ๋‹จ๋ชจ์Œํ™”, ์žฅ๋ชจ์Œํ™”, ๊ฐœ์ž…์ž์Œ g์˜ ์œ ๋™ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ํ˜•ํƒœยทํ†ต์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ๋…ธ๋‹นใ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ์ œ์™€ ๋ถ€์ •์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์–ด๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํ•ฉ์ณ์ ธ ์ถ•์•ฝ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‘ ํ˜•ํƒœ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ฒฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์†Œ๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌยท์ ˆ์˜ ์–ด์ˆœ์ด ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ์›๋‹นใ€์—์„œ ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ๋…ธ๋‹นใ€์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋Š” ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ์›๋‹นใ€์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์ธ๋ช…, ์ง์œ„ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ–‰๊ฐ„์— ์ž‘์€ ๊ธ€์”จ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ˆˆ์— ๋ˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ๋…ธ๋‹นใ€ ๋“ฑ ํ›„๋Œ€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์„œ ํŽธ์ฐฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „ ์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ์›๋‹นใ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์„œ์ˆ ์„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์™ธ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์•™์ง‘๊ถŒํ™”, ์ฃผ๋ณ€๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์žฌ์ •๋ฆฝ, ๋งŒ์ฃผ์กฑ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ ํ˜•์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ํ™ํƒ€์ด์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ์ด ์›๋…„์— ์ถœ๋ณ‘ํ•œ ๋ฒ„์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ต์‹ ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ โ€˜์šฐ๋ฆฌ(be)โ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ์ผ๋˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ์›๋‹นใ€์—์„œ ์ง€์šฐ๊ณ  โ€˜๋‚˜(bi)โ€™๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ณ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ๋…ธ๋‹นใ€์— ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜๋๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” โ€˜์‚ฌ์™•๋ถ„๊ถŒโ€™์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ ๋ฒ„์ผ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ํ†ต์น˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋˜ ํ™ํƒ€์ด์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ธฐ ์žฅ์œ ์˜ ์„œ์—ด์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™ฉ๊ถŒ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์กฐ์„ ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € โ€˜์กฐ์„ ์˜ ํ•œ(solhoi han)โ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œํ˜„์„ โ€˜์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์™•(solhoi wang)โ€™์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ณ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” โ€˜ํ™ฉ์ œโ€•์™•โ€™์˜ ์ค‘๊ตญ์‹ ํ™ฉ์ œ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ฒญ์˜ โ€˜ํ•œโ€•๋ฒ„์ผ๋Ÿฌโ€™ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ ์€ ์ฒญ๊ณผ ๋™๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ โ€˜ํ•œโ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์€ โ€˜์™•โ€™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์™€๋Š” ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ํ™ํƒ€์ด์ง€์˜ ํ™ฉ์ œ ๋“ฑ๊ทน์„ ์•ž๋‘” ์ฒœ์ด 9๋…„์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ โ€˜ํ›„๊ธˆ(aisin gurun)โ€™์„ โ€˜์กฐ์„ ๊ตญ(coohiyan gurun)โ€™๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์—ฌ ์“ฐ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ตญ(wesihun gurun)์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์นญํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์กฐ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์—ฌ์“ฐ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‘ ๊ด€๋…์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์ ๋„ ๋ˆˆ์—ฌ๊ฒจ๋ณผ ๋งŒํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ผ์ฐ์ด ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋Œ€๋‘ ๊ด€๋…์ด ์กฐ์„ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฒœ์ด ๋ง๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ™”์นœ ๋“ฑ ๊ธ€์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋Œ€๋‘์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์œจํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ๋…ธ๋‹นใ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ์ฃผ์กฑ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ๋‹ค. ๊ธˆ(aisin)๊ณผ ์—ฌ์ง„(juลกen)์„ ๋งŒ์ฃผ(manju)๋กœ ๊ณ ์ณ ์”€์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฒญ์˜ ํŒ”๊ธฐ ์ฒด์ œ์— ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ์ •์น˜ยท๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๋˜ โ€˜๋งŒ์ฃผ์ธโ€™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ด€๋…์„ ํ•œ์กฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ์›๋‹นใ€์€ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถ”ํ›„ ํŽธ์ฐฌ๋˜๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ก์˜ ์‚ฌ์ „์ž‘์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ๋…ธ๋‹นใ€์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‘ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ์›๋‹นใ€์—๋Š” ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ๋…ธ๋‹นใ€์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ฒญ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ ์ •์„ธ ์ธ์‹์ด ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ƒ 1 1.2. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 7 1.2.1. ์„œ์ง€ํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 8 1.2.2. ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 11 1.2.3. ๋ฒˆ์—ญ ์ž‘์—… 12 1.2.4. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 14 1.3. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 23 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์„œ์ง€์™€ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ 25 2.1. ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ์›๋‹นใ€์˜ ํ‘œ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๋ณ€์ฒœ 25 2.2. ๋ฌด๊ถŒ์ ์ž ์ „์ž ์›์น™ 30 2.2.1. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ „์ž ์›์น™ 30 2.2.2. ๋ณธ๊ณ ์˜ ์ „์ž ์›์น™ 35 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์–ธ์–ดํ•™์  ํŠน์ง• 51 3.1. ์Œ์šด๋ก ์  ํŠน์ง• 51 3.1.1. ์ž์Œ 52 3.1.2. ๋ชจ์Œ 95 3.2. ํ˜•ํƒœยทํ†ต์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง• 122 3.2.1. ํ˜•ํƒœ์  ํŠน์ง• 123 3.2.2. ํ†ต์‚ฌ์  ํŠน์ง• 134 3.3. ์–ดํœ˜์  ํŠน์ง• 143 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์กฐ์„  ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„ 149 4.1. ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‹œ์  149 4.2. ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‹ค์ œ 154 4.2.1. ์„œ์ˆ  ์‹œ์  ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ 154 4.2.2. ๊ตญํ˜ธ ์ˆ˜์ • 159 4.2.3. ์ •๋ณด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ 160 4.2.4. ์œค๋ฌธ 172 4.2.5. ์‚ญ์ œ 174 4.2.6. ๋Œ€๋‘(ๆ“ก้ ญ) 177 4.2.7. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 185 4.3. ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„ 186 4.3.1. ์ค‘์•™์ง‘๊ถŒํ™” 186 4.3.2. ์ฃผ๋ณ€๊ตญ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์žฌ์ •๋ฆฝ 196 4.3.3. ๋งŒ์ฃผ์กฑ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ ํ™•๋ฆฝ 210 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  213 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 217 Abstract 225 [๋ถ€๋ก 1] ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ์›๋‹นใ€์—์„œ ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ๋…ธ๋‹นใ€์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜ 230 [๋ถ€๋ก 2] ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ์›๋‹นใ€๊ณผ ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ๋…ธ๋‹นใ€์˜ ๋Œ€์กฐํ‘œ: ์ฒญ ํƒœ์ข…์กฐ 289 [๋ถ€๋ก 3] ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ๋…ธ๋‹นใ€์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ: ์ฒญ ํƒœ์ข…์กฐ 361 [๋ถ€๋ก 4] ใ€Ž๋งŒ๋ฌธ์›๋‹นใ€์˜ ์ค‘๋ณต ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ: ์ฒญ ํƒœ์ข…์กฐ 362 [๋ถ€๋ก 5] ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ํ…์ŠคํŠธํ™” (์ผ๋ถ€ ์˜ˆ) 363๋ฐ•

    Evaluation of Oclacitinib on Skin Barrier Function in Dogs with Allergic Dermatitis

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์ˆ˜์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ํ™ฉ์ฒ ์šฉ.Pruritus is one of the main factors in the progression of canine allergic dermatitis. Pruritus-inducing behaviors, such as scratching and rubbing, impair the skin barrier. Consequently, the damaged skin barrier aggravates the severity of allergic dermatitis by enhancing penetration of allergens. Oclacitinib is a janus kinase 1 (JAK-1) inhibitor that blocks the signals of IL-31, a pruritogenic cytokine. Because of the mechanism, oclacitinib has been used to reduce pruritus in dogs with allergic dermatitis. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of oclacitinib on skin barrier function in dogs with allergic dermatitis by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL), while assessing its efficacy and safety. Oclacitinib was administered for 84 daystwice a day for the first 2 weeks and then once a day for the remaining period (day 0-28: n=22, day 29-84: n=8). In addition to TEWL, the canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index-4 (CADESI-4), pruritus visual analog scale (PVAS) and owner satisfaction were measured to evaluate the efficacy of oclacitinib on days 0, 14, 28, 56, and 84. Any abnormal health conditions during the experimental period were recorded and blood samples were collected on days 0, 28, and 84 to evaluate the safety of the medication. The administration of oclacitinib decreased both CADESI-4 and PVAS values significantly from baseline at all assessment points, regardless of the daily dosage (p<0.05). Unlike CADESI-4 and PVAS, TEWL values decreased significantly from baseline only on day 14 for the total TEWL value, including ventral neck and axilla-specific TEWL values (p<0.05). In conclusion, oclacitinib was found to exert a remarkable effect on skin barrier function when the drug was administered twice daily. Although the skin barrier function seemed to be aggravated with the reduction in daily dosage, the changes did not markedly affect visible skin condition or the severity of pruritus. Most owners were content with the oclacitinib treatment for their dogs and the medication was used safely in most patients without causing any significant adverse events. Therefore, this study showed that oclacitinib was effective and safe treatment for the control of canine allergic dermatitis.Introduction 1 Materials and Methods 3 1.Study design 3 2.Animals and management 3 3.Drug administration 4 4.Evaluation Procedure 4 5.Statistical analyses 7 Results 8 1.Demographics 8 2.Study completion 8 3.Clinical evaluation 9 4.Safety evaluation 10 Discussion 12 References 21 Supplement 25 Abstract in Korean 26Maste
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