303 research outputs found

    fabrication and analysis study

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2022. 8. ์•ˆ์„ฑํ›ˆ.Azobenzene incorporated liquid crystalline elastomers (azo-LCEs) is contains azobenzene in there molecule network, and it occur photo-isomerization when PRP-LCEs irradiated UV-light. Azo-LCEs can potentially be used in diverse applications, such as soft robot, sensors, and actuators, because of their reversibility, remote-controllability, and immediateness of the response. However, real world applications of azo-LCEs are lacking because of the strains generated by irradiation of light are not so large, and the work capacity is not suitable to apply. Here, we report an azo-LCEs constructed with thiol-click Michael addition reaction. Azo LCEs shows dual stimuli shape memory cycle triggered by force/heat and light. In particular during photo deformation process, azo LCEs shows not only huge actuation (up to 26%) under the stress condition but also shows the higher work capacity than mammalian muscle (up to 77J/Kg). To better understand, we control the molecule structure system by using change of crosslinker concentration and sequential polymerization process. When azobenzene in the molecules network occur photo-isomerization, not only the isomerization effect of the azobenzene itself but also influence of tuned nematic-isotropic transition temperature of azo-LCEs molecule network contribute to make immediately huge actuation. Since the photo-isomerization of azobenzene and the external loading force applied to azo-LCEs have a complex effect on this transition temperature shifting, we constructed an in-situ experimental system to better understand this phenomenon. Our azo-LCE has not only shown that it has conditions that can be used in various applications including artificial muscles, but is also expected to be used importantly in various fields for future actuators and their mechanism studies.๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์‘ ํƒ„์„ฑ์ฒด ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์— ๊ฐ€๊ต๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์กฐ๋ฒค์  ์€ ํŠน์ • ํŒŒ์žฅ๋Œ€์˜ ๋น›์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ด‘ ์ด์„ฑ์งˆํ™”๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ด‘ ์ด์„ฑ์งˆํ™”๋Š” ์•„์กฐ๋ฒค์   ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋ถ„์ž๋ฐฐ์—ด ์ „์ฒด์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์‘ ํƒ„์„ฑ์ฒด ์†Œ์žฌ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์—ญ์„ฑ, ์›๊ฒฉ์ œ์–ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์‘๋‹ต์ด ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์†Œํ”„ํŠธ๋กœ๋ด‡, ์ •๋ฐ€ ์„ผ์„œ ๋ฐ ์•ก์ธ„์—์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์‘ ํƒ„์„ฑ์ฒด์˜ ๊ด‘๋ณ€ํ˜• ๊ฑฐ๋™ ์‹œ ๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ํ™œ์šฉ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” Michael addition thiol-click ๊ฐ€๊ต๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ก์ • ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด, ์•„์กฐ๋ฒค์   ๋‹จ๋Ÿ‰์ฒด, thiol ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ฐ€๊ต์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์‘ ํƒ„์„ฑ์ฒด ์†Œ์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฐํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์—ด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋น›์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ํ˜•์ƒ๊ธฐ์–ต์‚ฌ์ดํด์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์‘ ํƒ„์„ฑ์ฒด๋Š” ์™ธ๋ ฅํ•˜์—์„œ 26% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜๊ทผ์œก์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ผ๋ฅ ์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ํ›„ ๊ฐ€๊ต์ œ์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ด‰๋งค์™€ ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์  ์ค‘ํ•ฉ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ต๊ณผ์ • ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊ต์œจ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ฐ€๊ต์œจ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์‘ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ฐ ๋ฌผ์„ฑ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ ๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์‘ ํƒ„์„ฑ์ฒด ์†Œ์žฌ๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต๊ทผ์œก์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‘์šฉ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ํ–ฅํ›„ ์•ก์ธ„์—์ดํ„ฐ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Multi-functional polymer-based smart actuator 1 1.2 Liquid crystalline polymer 3 1.3 Azobenzene incorporated liquid crystalline elastomers 8 1.4 Polymer alignment under the preloading force 14 1.5 Sequential polymerization 17 1.6 Scope and aim 21 1.7 Outline of dissertation 22 Chapter 2. Synthesis and characterization 24 2.1 Synthesis of bi-acrylic azobenzene monomer 24 2.2 Synthesis of unsymetric-functionalized azobenzene monomer 28 2.3 Synthesis of azobenzene incorporated liquid crystalline elastomers (Azo-LCEs) 40 2.4 Onepot method based on two-step sequential thiol-ene reaction 44 Chapter 3. Methodology and sample properties 49 3.1 Experimental method for photo-actuation test of the azo-LCEs actuator 49 3.2 Experimental method for in-situ test of the azo-LCEs actuator 53 3.3 Mechanical/ thermal properties of the azo-LCEs actuator 55 3.4 Controlled polymerization effect on properties of azo-LCEs 59 Chapter 4. Photo-triggered actuation of the azo-LCEs based actuator 64 4.1 Characteristics of the actuation 64 4.2 Effect of crosslinking density under the loading condition change 66 4.3 Effect of the sequential polymerization 73 4.4 Azo-LCEs actuator as an artificial muscle 77 Chapter 5. Actuation mechanism 79 5.1 Study of the catalyst 79 5.2 Real time in-situ test to know the thermal properties change under the photo-isomerization 94 Chapter 6. Conclusion 97 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์š”์•ฝ 98 Bibliography 101๋ฐ•

    ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ํŽธ์ง‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ GAN ๋‚ด ์ž ์žฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ฐจ์› ํ™œ์šฉ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2021. 2. ์œ ์Šน์ฃผ.Generative adversarial networks (GANs) have been successful in synthesizing and manipulating synthetic but realistic images from latent vectors. However, it is still challenging for GANs to manipulate real images, especially in real-time. State-of-the-art GAN-based methods for editing real images suffer from time-consuming operations in projecting real images to latent vectors. Alternatively, an encoder can be trained to embed real images to the latent space instantly, but it loses details drastically. We propose StyleMapGAN, which adopts a novel representation of latent space, called stylemap, incorporating spatial dimension into embedding. Because each spatial location in the stylemap contributes to its corresponding region of the generated images, the real-time projection through the encoder becomes accurate as well as editing real images becomes spatially controllable. Experimental results demonstrate that our method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art models in various image manipulation tasks such as local editing and image interpolation. Especially, detailed comparisons show that our local editing method successfully reflects not only the color and texture but also the shape of a reference image while preserving untargeted regions.์ ๋Œ€์  ์ƒ์„ฑ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๋ง(GAN)์€ ์‹ค์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์„ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๊ฐ€์งœ(์‹ค์กดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”) ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋“ค์„ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์งœ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ , ํŠนํžˆ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. GAN์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ํŽธ์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž ์žฌ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋กœ ํˆฌ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ ํ–‰๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์†Œ์š”๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ฝ”๋”๋ฅผ ํ•™์Šตํ•ด์„œ ์‹ค์ œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž ์žฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์ž„๋ฒ ๋”ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž ์žฌ ๋ฒกํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ๋ณต์› ์‹œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋””ํ…Œ์ผ๋“ค์„ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ธ stylemap์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” StyleMapGAN์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, stylemap์€ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฒกํ„ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ž ์žฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. Stylemap์˜ ๊ฐ ์œ„์น˜๋Š” ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ํ•ด๋‹น ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€์‘๋˜์–ด, ์ธ์ฝ”๋”๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ํˆฌ์˜์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์งˆ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์‹ค์ œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ์ง‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ํŽธ์ง‘ ์ž‘์—…๋“ค(์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ๊ตญ์†Œ์ ์ธ ํŽธ์ง‘ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๋ณด๊ฐ„)์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ์›”๋“ฑํžˆ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋น„๊ต ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๊ตญ์†Œ์ ์ธ ํŽธ์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ž„์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ํƒ€๊ฒŸํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š” ์ž˜ ์œ ์ง€๋˜๊ณ , ํƒ€๊ฒŸํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฐธ์กฐ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์ƒ‰๊ณผ ์งˆ๊ฐ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ชจ์–‘๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž˜ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ด์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Abstract i Contents iii List of Tables v List of Figures vii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Related Work 3 Chapter 3 StyleMapGAN 5 3.1 Stylemap-based generator 7 3.2 Training procedure and losses 10 3.3 Local editing 10 Chapter 4 Experiments 12 4.1 Experimental Setup 12 4.2 Evaluation metrics 13 4.3 Effects of stylemap resolution 17 4.4 Real Image Projection 19 4.5 Local Editing 19 4.6 Unaligned Transplantation 20 Chapter 5 Discussion and Conclusion 24 References 25 Appendix 31 A Local editing in w+ space 31 B Additional results 33 B.1 Random generation 33 B.2 Image projection & Interpolation 34 B.3 Local editing 34 B.4 Unaligned transplantation 39 B.5 Style mixing 39 B.6 Semantic manipulation 39 B.7 Failure cases 40 C Implementation details 46 D Loss details 49 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 51Maste

    ์•„์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ ๋ฐ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”๊ทœ์†Œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ํ™˜์›์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™์  / ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ์ ‘๊ทผ

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2022. 8. ๊น€์žฌ์ •.์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ์„ ํ™˜์›์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํ™˜์› ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ด์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํ™˜์› ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์ƒ์˜จ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณต์ • ์˜จ๋„์—์„œ ์ „๊ทน, ์ด‰๋งค, ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ, ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต์ • ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์†๋„์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ํšจ์œจ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ํ™˜์› ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํ™˜์› ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ํŠนํžˆ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฐ˜์‘, ์‚ฐ์†Œ ํ™˜์› ๋ฐ˜์‘, ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ ํ™˜์› ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ํ™˜์›๊ณผ ๊ธˆ์† ๋„๊ธˆ, ๊ณ ์ฒด ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ณ ์ฒด ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ ํ™˜์› ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ๋„๋ฆฌ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™์ , ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํ™˜์› ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์†๋„์™€ ํšจ์œจ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ๊ธฐ์ฒด ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ์ธ ์•„์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™” ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด 310๋ฐฐ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์˜จ์‹ค ๊ธฐ์ฒด์ด๋‹ค. ๋†๊ฒฝ ์‚ฐ์—…๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ข… ์‚ฐ์—… ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ์•„์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ค‘ ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ค‘์—์„œ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ž”๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ถ„ํ•ด์™€ ์ €๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํ™˜์›์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, ์ฟ ์—ํŠธ-ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์œ ๋™ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์ฒด์—ญํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํ™˜์›์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘ ์†๋„์™€ ์•„์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ ํ™˜์› ์ „ํ™˜์œจ์„ ์ฆ๋Œ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํ™˜์›์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์•ž์„œ, ์ฟ ์—ํŠธ-ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์œ ๋™ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์•„์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์•ก์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์šฉํ•ด ์†๋„์™€ ์šฉํ•ด๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•ด ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์œ ๋™์ด ์•„์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ์˜ ์šฉํ•ด์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์œ ๋™์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์•„์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ์˜ ์šฉํ•ด๋„์™€ ์šฉํ•ด ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ํ™•์—ฐํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์œ ๋™์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ์— ์šฉํ•ด ์†๋„ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ˆˆ์— ๋„๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์•„์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํ™˜์› ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ฟ ์—ํŠธ-ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์œ ๋™ ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ธฐ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ์šฉํ•ด ๊ฑฐ๋™์ด ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•„์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์œจ์€ ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์œ ๋™์ด ์—†์„ ๋•Œ์— ๋น„ํ•ด 2.7๋ฐฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์œ ๋™์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ ์ „๋‹ฌ ์†๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ ์•„์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ์˜ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์šฉํ•ด ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์œ„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „ํ™˜์œจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ์•„์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ์˜ ์ž…๊ตฌ ์œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „ํ™˜์œจ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์ธ๊ฐ€ ์ „๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „ํ™˜์œจ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ๊ณต์ •๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ™˜์œจ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํ™˜์›์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ์— ์ด์˜จ์„ฑ ์•ก์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉ์‹œ์ผœ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ์ด์˜จ์„ฑ ์•ก์ฒด๋Š” 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [BMIM][BF4] ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์œ ๊ธฐ ์šฉ๋งค์ธ ํ”„๋กœํ•„๋ Œ ์นด๋ณด๋„ค์ดํŠธ์™€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์˜จ์„ฑ ์•ก์ฒด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์•ก ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ถ€๋ฐ˜์‘์ธ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํ™˜์› ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์ฆ๋Œ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. [BMIM][BF4]์€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์•ก์— ๋น„ํ•ด 90๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋†’์€ ์•„์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ ์šฉํ•ด๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์•„์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํ™˜์›์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ด์˜จ์„ฑ ์•ก์ฒด๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์˜จ์„ฑ ์•ก์ฒด์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ „๋„์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋†’์€ ์ ๋„๋Š” ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ์šฉ๋งค์ธ ํ”„๋กœํ•„๋ Œ ์นด๋ณด๋„ค์ดํŠธ์™€์˜ ๋น„์œจ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋œ ์ด์˜จ์„ฑ ์•ก์ฒด ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ๋‚ด์—์„œ์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ํŽ˜๋Ÿฌ๋ฐ์ด ํšจ์œจ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 95%, 90% ์ด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ฐ˜์‘์ธ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์ „๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์•„์‚ฐํ™”์งˆ์†Œ ํ™˜์›์— ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ๋˜๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ณ ์ฒด ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ์ธ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”๊ทœ์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์‚ฐํ™”๊ทœ์†Œ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํ†ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ถ€๋„์ฒด์ด๋‚˜, ์ „๊ทน์— ์ง์ ‘ ๋‹ฟ์€ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”๊ทœ์†Œ์— ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ํ˜๋ ค ์ฃผ์–ด ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํ™˜์› ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์ด์‚ฐํ™”๊ทœ์†Œ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํ™˜์› ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ๋ถ€์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ธ ์‚ฐํ™” ์ด์˜จ์„ ์ž˜ ์šฉํ•ด์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” 850ยฐC ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์—ผํ™”์นผ์Š˜ ์šฉ์œต์—ผ์„ ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด์‚ฐํ™”๊ทœ์†Œ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํ™˜์› ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ๊ธˆ์†์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„-์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ์•ก์ฒด ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์ ‘์ด‰์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ํ™˜์›๋œ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„ ๊ธˆ์† ๋„๊ธˆ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํŽ„์Šค ๋„๊ธˆ์„ ์‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ์ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„-์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ์•ก์ฒด ํ•ฉ๊ธˆ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์‚ฐํ™” ์ด์˜จ์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•ด ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ ํ™” ๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”๊ทœ์†Œ ํ™˜์› ์‹œ ์˜ค๋žœ ํ™˜์› ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚œ ํ™˜์› ์ „ํ•˜๋Ÿ‰, ๋‘๊บผ์›Œ์ง„ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ๋‘๊ป˜๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์˜ SEM ๋ฐ EDS ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ํ‰ํ‰ํ•œ ํ•„๋ฆ„ ํ‘œ๋ฉด๊ณผ 96% ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.Nitrous oxide, a gaseous oxide studied in this research, is a powerful greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 310 times that of carbon dioxide. Electrochemical reduction was used as reducing method of N2O. Two approaches using electrochemical reduction were mainly applied for the effective electrochemical reduction of nitrous oxide. First, by applying a Couette-Taylor vortex reactor to an electrochemical system, it was attempted to increase the reaction rate of electrochemical reduction and the conversion rate of nitrous oxide through a hydrodynamic method. The solubility and dissolution rate of nitrous oxide showed a clear difference depending on the presence or absence of Taylor flow. Thereafter, the electrochemical reduction reaction of nitrous oxide was carried out in a Couette-Taylor vortex reactor to confirm the effect of the increased dissolution behavior on the electrochemical decomposition reaction. The conversion of nitrous oxide increased by 2.7 times compared to the absence of Taylor flow. Another approach to improve the electrochemical reduction of nitrous oxide was to apply an ionic liquid to the electrolyte. The ionic liquid used in this study was 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [BMIM][BF4] as an electrolyte. The ionic liquid was used to exclude the hydrogen evolution reaction, which is a major side reaction in the aqueous solution, and was mainly used as an electrolyte to increase the efficiency of the electrochemical reduction reaction. The low electrical conductivity and high viscosity of the ionic liquid act as disadvantages as an electrolyte, which could be minimized with the propylene carbonate. The current efficiency and the Faraday efficiency in the optimized ionic liquid electrolyte were 95% and 90%, respectively. Another oxide studied in this research is SiO2, a solid oxide. The electrochemical reduction reaction of silicon dioxide is possible by using 850ยฐC CaCl2 molten salt as an electrolyte. In addition, it was possible to improve the electrical contact through the formation of an Al-Si liquid alloy using Al metal and to make the reduced silicon form into a film form. Afterwards, optimization was performed by applying pulse reduction, which is used in the metal plating field. When reducing SiO2 at the optimized time, a long reduction time, increased charge amount, and a thicker film were obtained. SEM and EDS analysis of the sample confirmed a flat film surface and more than 96% silicon component.Abstract i List of Figures iii List of Tables v Chapter I. Introduction 1 1.1. Electrochemical reduction of oxide 1 1.2. Electrochemical reduction of N2O with hydrodynamic approach 5 1.3. Electrochemical reduction of N2O with ionic liquid 11 1.4. Direct electrochemical reduction of SiO2 in CaCl2 molten salt 14 1.5. Purpose of this study 21 Chapter II. Experimental 25 2.1. Measurement of N2O dissolution 25 2.2. Electrochemical analysis 26 2.3. Optimization of experimental conditions and electrolyte 29 2.4. Properties and performance 31 Chapter III. Results and Discussion 38 3.1. Electrochemical reduction of N2O in CTVR 38 3.1.1. The effect of the CTVR on N2O dissolution 38 3.1.2. Conversion of N2O with CTVR system 40 3.2. Electrochemical reduction of N2O with ionic liquid 51 3.2.1. Optimization of [BMIM][BF4] / PC electrolyte 51 3.2.2. Current efficiency and Faradaic efficiency of N2O reduction 54 3.3. Direct electrochemical reduction of SiO2 in CaCl2 molten salt 60 3.3.1. Electrochemical analysis of SiO2 reduction 60 3.3.2. Properties of reduced Si with Al 63 3.3.3. On off time optimization and Si film 65 Chapter IV. Conclusion 74 References 77 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 83 List of Tables Table 1.1. Various Methods for N2O Decomposition (Ref. 12, 13) 8 Table 1.2 Solubility of N2O in Various Ionic Liquids (Ref. 46) 23 Table 3.1 The Saturation Time and Solubility of N2O at 0 rpm Batch System Condition and 1000 rpm CTVR Condition 44 Table 3.2 N2O Conversion with Various Reduction Conditions 50๋ฐ•

    Sphingosine kinase 1 is a reliable prognostic factor and a novel therapeutic target for uterine cervical cancer

    Get PDF
    Sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1), an oncogenic kinase, has previously been found to be upregulated in various types of human malignancy and to play a crucial role in tumor development and progression. Although SPHK1 has gained increasing prominence as an important enzyme in cancer biology, its potential as a predictive biomarker and a therapeutic target in cervical cancer remains unknown. SPHK1 expression was examined in 287 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cervical cancer tissues using immunohistochemistry, and its clinical implications and prognostic significance were analyzed. Cervical cancer cell lines including HeLa and SiHa were treated with the SPHK inhibitors SKI-II or FTY720, and effects on cell survival, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and invasion were examined. Moreover, the effects of FTY720 on tumor growth were evaluated using a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of cervical cancer. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that expression of SPHK1 was significantly increased in cervical cancer compared with normal tissues. SPHK1 expression was significantly associated with tumor size, invasion depth, FIGO stage, lymph node metastasis, and lymphovascular invasion. Patients with high SPHK1 expression had lower overall survival and recurrence-free survival rates than those with low expression. Treatment with SPHK inhibitors significantly reduced viability and increased apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. Furthermore, FTY720 significantly decreased in vivo tumor weight in the PDX model of cervical cancer. We provide the first convincing evidence that SPHK1 is involved in tumor development and progression of cervical cancer. Our data suggest that SPHK1 might be a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target for the treatment of cervical cancer.ope

    Primary ovarian carcinoid tumor showing unusual histology and nuclear accumulation of ฮฒ-catenin

    Get PDF
    Carcinoid tumor of the ovary is uncommon. We herein report a very rare case of primary ovarian carcinoid tumor with aggressive histology and an unusual immunophenotype. A 21-year-old woman presented with a palpable abdominal mass. Computed tomographic scan revealed a large, extensively necrotic solid mass in the left ovary. The patient underwent a left salpingo-oophorectomy. Grossly, the left adnexa showed a large, vaguely lobulated ovarian tumor measuring 22ร—15ร—13 cm. Histologically, the tumor had a readily identifiable neuroendocrine growth pattern, but some areas showed solid growth pattern associated with mild nuclear pleomorphism and multiple foci of punctate necrosis. Furthermore, mitotic figures were recognized in 8 per 10 high-power fields, and a few foci of large coagulative tumor necrosis were also noted. In addition, the tumor tissue exhibited uniform, strong nuclear ฮฒ-catenin immunoreactivity, indicating the nuclear accumulation of ฮฒ-catenin in the individual tumor cells. In summary, we described the first case of primary ovarian carcinoid tumor with loss of neuroendocrine growth pattern, increased mitotic activity and large areas of coagulative tumor necrosis. According to the WHO classification of pulmonary carcinoid tumor, this case may be classified as "atypical" carcinoid. However, currently, no primary ovarian atypical carcinoid exists in the classification system. Due to its rarity, there are no established diagnostic criteria and clinical data on patient outcomes for ovarian carcinoid tumors with aggressive histology. Additional reports are clearly necessary. We also showed for the first time the nuclear accumulation of ฮฒ-catenin in carcinoid tumor cells, suggestive of a role for ฮฒ-catenin in the tumorigenesis of ovarian atypical carcinoid tumor or its aggressive histology.ope

    ๊ตญํ† ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํš์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ(A study on the linkage of spatial planning and environmental planning system toward sustainable development)

    Get PDF
    ๋…ธํŠธ : ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๊ตญํ† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›์˜ ์ž์ฒด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์™€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

    Stromal p16 expression is significantly increased in endometrial carcinoma

    Get PDF
    p16 is a negative regulator of cell proliferation and is considered a tumor suppressor protein. Alterations in p16 protein expression are associated with tumor development and progression. However, the p16 expression status in the peritumoral stroma has not been investigated in the endometrium. Therefore, we evaluated stromal p16 expression in different types of endometrial lesions using immunohistochemistry. Differences in the p16 expression status according to the degree of malignancy and histological type were analyzed. This study included 62, 26, and 36 cases of benign, precancerous, and malignant endometrial lesions, respectively. Most benign lesions showed negative or weak expression, whereas precancerous lesions showed a variable degree of staining proportion and intensity. Atypical hyperplasia/endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (AH/EIN) and serous endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma (SEIC) had significantly higher stromal p16 expression levels than benign lesions. Endometrioid carcinoma (EC), serous carcinoma (SC), and carcinosarcoma showed significantly elevated stromal p16 expression levels compared with benign and precancerous lesions. In addition, there were significant differences in stromal p16 expression between AH/EIN and SEIC and between EC and SC. In contrast, differences in stromal p16 expression among nonpathological endometrium, atrophic endometrium, endometrial polyp, and hyperplasia without atypia were not statistically significant. Our observations suggest that stromal p16 expression is involved in the development and progression of endometrial carcinoma, and raise the possibility that p16 overexpression in the peritumoral stroma is associated with aggressive oncogenic behavior of endometrial SC.ope

    Acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia upregulates the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1ฮฑ and vascular endothelial growth factor

    Get PDF
    Hypoxia is a stress factor frequently encountered during flight and a common cause of tissue and cell injury experienced by in-flight crew. Effects of hypoxia on the body can vary depending on the duration and severity of hypoxic exposure. As symptoms can differ among individuals, the measures taken to address hypoxia can be greatly improved by understanding its effects. It is critically important for pilots, cabin crew, and in-flight medical professionals to familiarize themselves with hypoxia and the factors that affect its presentation. In this study, we investigated the effect of hypoxia on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in mice using a hypoxic-exposure model. Experimental animals were placed in a hypobaric chamber at 8,000 ft for 1 h (n=5), 3 h (n=5), or 6 h (n=5). Immediately after hypoxic exposure, protein concentration of VEGF and mRNA levels of hypoxiainducible factor-1ฮฑ (HIF-1ฮฑ) and VEGF were analyzed in serum and liver tissue homogenates. Exposure to hypobaric hypoxia significantly upregulated the expression of both HIF-1ฮฑ and VEGF mRNA, but not hepatic VEGF mRNA. Our data indicate that acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia upregulates serum mRNA levels of HIF-1ฮฑ and VEGF in mice, and that the liver is less likely to be the source of elevated serum VEGF mRNA. In contrast, serum VEGF protein level may be regulated by other factors. Further investigations to confirm or disprove our preliminary results are required.ope

    Chemotherapy-induced endometrial pathology: mimicry of malignancy and viral endometritis.

    Get PDF
    Chemotherapy is a common type of preoperative neoadjuvant treatment and postoperative adjuvant or palliative therapy for many different types of malignancies. Certain chemotherapeutic agents can induce bizarre epithelial atypia that mimics malignancy. Unfamiliarity with these changes could potentially cause confusion with a neoplastic or infectious process. The endometrium is one of the few sites where chemotherapy-induced epithelial atypia has not been appreciated. We identified four patients with marked cytologic atypia of the endometrial glandular epithelium from the surgical pathology files of Severance Hospital. The histopathologic features, immunostaining results and medical records of these patients were reviewed. All patients underwent hysteroscopic examination with endometrial curettage for investigation of vaginal bleeding. They had previously undergone chemotherapy for uterine cervical cancer (n=1), rectal cancer (n=2) and myelodysplastic syndrome (n=1). The chemotherapy regimens included alkylating agents (busulfan, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, cisplatin, and oxaliplatin), pyrimidine antagonists (capecitabine, decitabine, and 5-fluorouracil), taxanes (paclitaxel), and topoisomerase inhibitors (irinotecan and etoposide). On histopathological examination, the atypical epithelial changes included marked nuclear enlargement and pleomorphism, a degenerative-looking chromatin pattern, abundant microvacuolated cytoplasm, and preservation of the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. This study demonstrates that certain chemotherapeutic agents may cause bizarre, reactive atypia of the endometrial glandular epithelium. These changes should not be interpreted as neoplastic or infectious in nature. An awareness of prior exposure to cytotoxic agents and a familiarity with the nature and distribution of these bizarre alterations is essential to avoid misinterpretation of the morphologic features and prevent unnecessary treatment.ope

    A Study on the Value of Energy Storage System as Reserve Options to Distribution System Operators

    Get PDF
    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณตํ•™์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์‘์šฉ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ, 2022.2. ์œค์šฉํƒœ.์ „๋ ฅ์‚ฐ์—…์€ ๋ง์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ ๋…์ ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์šด์˜๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…์  ์‚ฐ์—…์€ ๋ฐœ์ „, ์†กโ€ค๋ณ€์ „, ๋ฐฐ์ „, ํŒ๋งค ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๊ด„๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์งโ€คํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋…์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋„ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์˜ ํšจ์œจํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด, 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ž์œ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉํ™” ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‹œ์žฅ ์ž์œ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์™€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์†์—์„œ ์ œ๋„์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ „๋ ฅ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ถ„๊ถŒํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜•์ „์›์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜์ž๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜•์ „์›์„ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ์—ฐ๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณ„ํ†ต์€ ANM(Active Network Management)๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ANM ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ „๊ณ„ํ†ต์šด์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ "Fit and forget" ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜•์ „์›์„ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์— ํ•œ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ–์— ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜•์ „์› ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ TSO๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ, ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ DSO๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜•์ „์›์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ˆœ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๊ถŒํ™” ๋œ ๋ฐฐ์ „ ๊ณ„ํ†ต์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์ „๋ ฅ ๋„๋งค ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํŒ๋งค ์‚ฌ์—…์ž๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ „ ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์—ฌ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ž…์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐœ์ „ ์‚ฌ์—…์ž๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋งคํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์šด์˜์ž๋Š” ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜ ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณด์กฐ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ˆ๋น„๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์ „์— ํ™•๋ณดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋˜๋Š” ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ท ํ˜• ๋น„์šฉ์ด๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ท ํ˜• ๋น„์šฉ์€ ์ค‘ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ท ํ˜• ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋น„์šฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋น„์šฉ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™” ์›์น™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ BRP(Balancing Responsible Party)๊ฐ€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋งค ํ˜น์€ ๋งค์ž…ํ•œ ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํŒ๋งค ์‚ฌ์—…์ž์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์— ๋น„๋ก€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. BRP์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์œ ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๊ณ„ํ†ต๊ท ํ˜• ์œ ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ BRP์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ธ์„ผํ‹ฐ๋ธŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ PXFC ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๋น„์šฉ ์ธ๊ณผ ์›์น™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜• ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋น„์šฉ ์œ ๋ฐœ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›์น™์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์ „๋ ฅ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ PXFC ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ TSO๊ฐ€ DSO์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ท ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ๋น„์šฉ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ „๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ, TSO์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๋‹ด๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์šด์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ DSO์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. DSO๋Š” ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ท ํ˜•์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐด๋“œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„๋ ฅ์„ TSO์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋น„๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜(ESS, Energy Storage System)๋ฅผ DSO์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ท ํ˜•์˜ ์—ญํ• ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ DSO์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ท ํ˜•์ฑ… ์˜ต์…˜์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด ๋•Œ ์ด ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜ ์˜ต์…˜์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค.The power industry has been operating for a long time in the form of a network-based natural monopoly. This monopoly industry has been operated in a vertical and integrated way, in which one company manages power generation โ‡’ transmission โ‡’ distribution โ‡’ sales. However, even in this monopoly structure, energy liberalization began in earnest in the UK in the 1980s, and many countries around the world are currently operating energy market liberalization in various stages and forms. Among these institutional changes around the world, the story of decentralization of the power system is being discussed. In order to connect more distributed power sources to the grid in the future, the power system of the future will adopt the Active Network Management (ANM) method. One of the main functions of the ANM method is that the distribution system operator controls the output of renewable energy in real time. However, institutional improvement is inevitable for this. Because distributed power can only be accommodated in the distribution system with the existing "fit and forget" method, a large number of distributed power sources are not operated by TSO, but multiple DSOs control the output of individual distributed power sources. Therefore, it will have to change to the form of operating the distribution system. In the existing electricity wholesale market, the sales operator predicts the electricity demand one day in advance and bids for energy, and the power generation operator sells the energy. At this time, the system operator secures reserve power in advance by using the auxiliary service market to resolve the imbalance that may occur during system operation. The cost used in this case is the supply-demand balance cost. In the case of balanced supply and demand cost, the system operator distributes the cost in proportion to the amount of energy sold or purchased by the BRP according to the cost socialization principle. This means that the distribution is not in proportion to the disproportionate amount of the seller. Incentives to induce BRP's participation in actively maintaining systemic balance are insufficient because charges are imposed regardless of the presence or absence of imbalance in BRP or the size of the amount of imbalance. In the energy market, the PXFC market concept has been proposed as a method in which the cost inducer bears the disproportionate cost according to the cost causality principle. Unlike the existing electricity market, in the PXFC market, the TSO transfers the responsibility and cost burden for the supply-demand balance to the DSO, which has the effect of distributing the difficulty of excessive system operation borne by the TSO to a large number of DSOs. The TSO decentralizes the supply-demand balance obligation to the DSO, and the DSO must maintain the supply-demand balance by purchasing a band-type reserve from the TSO to fulfill the supply-demand balance obligation. In this study, it is assumed that an energy storage system (ESS) that can perform the same role as a reserve power is used as the role of supply-demand balance of DSO. In this study, such an energy storage device is used as an option for DSO's supply-demand balance policy, and the value of this energy storage device option is calculated at this time.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ฐœ์š” ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ „๋ ฅ ์‹œ์žฅ๊ณผ ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€์น˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฒ• 6 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ „๋ ฅ ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋™ํ–ฅ 6 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ „๋ ฅ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๊ท ํ˜• ๋น„์šฉ 9 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ํˆฌ์ž๊ฐ€์น˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฒ• 13 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ DSO์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ท ํ˜• 16 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ DSO์˜ ์˜ˆ๋น„๋ ฅ 16 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ DSO์˜ ๋น„์šฉ ํ•จ์ˆ˜ 19 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์ €์žฅ์žฅ์น˜ ์˜ต์…˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ถ„์„ 21 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ 21 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์‹œ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ์˜ค 25 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜ 32 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 37 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  50 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 52 Abstract 55์„
    • โ€ฆ
    corecore