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    ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์กฐ์ง ์œ ๋ž˜ miRNA๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ์œก์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๋ฐ ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ˆ˜์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ˆ˜์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2022.2. ์„ฑ์ œ๊ฒฝ.Adipose tissue is a major site for energy storage and plays a key role in the regulation of metabolism through the release of miRNA. It is well known about the effects of adipose tissue-derived miRNA on adipose tissue itself. However, they circulate and allow distant organs to communicate with each other. It has not been studied well about the effects of miRNA from adipose tissue on other tissues. Here we showed the effects on skeletal muscle with mice, an adipose tissue-specific knockout of the microRNA-processing enzyme Dicer (ADicer-KO). There were significant differences in skeletal muscles between WT and ADicer-KO mice in 9 weeks old, not in postnatal 10 days. ADicer-KO mice had smaller skeletal muscles and decreased expression level of myogenesis-related genes in TA muscle. Also, ADicer-KO mice showed lower expression levels of myogenic regulatory factors followed by deficient regeneration capacity after chemical-induced skeletal muscle injury. Thus, these findings indicated that adipose tissue-derived miRNA can regulate the development and regeneration of skeletal muscle.์ง€๋ฐฉ ์กฐ์ง์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ €์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด๋ฉฐ ์‹ ์ง„ ๋Œ€์‚ฌ, ๋ฉด์—ญ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ ์œ ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ๋Š” exosome์— ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์—ฌ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ miRNA๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋“ค์€ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ˆœํ™˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ „์‹  ๋Œ€์‚ฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์กฐ์ง์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ๋œ miRNA๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์กฐ์ง ์ž์ฒด์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์กฐ์ง ํŠน์ด์  Dicer ๊ฒฐํ• (Adipose tissue-specific Dicer-knockout) ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์กฐ์ง ์œ ๋ž˜ miRNA๊ฐ€ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ฒด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์ธก์ •๊ณผ ๊ทผ์œก ๋‹จ๋ฉด์  ์ธก์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 9์ฃผ๋ น์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์กฐ์ง ํŠน์ด์  Dicer ๊ฒฐํ• ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋” ์ž‘์€ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , TA ๊ทผ์œก์—์„œ ๊ทผ์ƒ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. BaCl2๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด TA ๊ทผ์œก ๋ถ€์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•œ ํ›„ ์žฌ์ƒ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์กฐ์ง ํŠน์ด์  Dicer ๊ฒฐํ• ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ์ •์ƒ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ทผ์›์„ฑ ์กฐ์ ˆ ์ธ์ž๋“ค (Myogenic regulatory factors)์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์กฐ์ง ํŠน์ด์  Dicer ๊ฒฐํ• ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ๋” ์ž‘์€ ๊ทผ์„ฌ์œ ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ๊ทผ์œก ์žฌ์ƒ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์กฐ์ง ์œ ๋ž˜ miRNA๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ ์ง€๋ฐฉ ์กฐ์ง๊ณผ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ๊ทผ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค.Abstract 1 List of Figures 3 List of Table 4 1. Introduction 5 2. Materials and Methods 8 3. Results 13 4. Discussion 30 5. References 34 Abstract in Korean 40์„

    ๋™์•„์ผ๋ณด์™€ ์กฐ์„ ์ผ๋ณด์˜ ๋‹จ๋…์ •๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๊ณผ์ • ๋ณด๋„ํƒœ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์–ธ๋ก ์ •๋ณดํ•™๊ณผ, 2016. 2. ๊ฐ•๋‚จ์ค€.์ผ์ œ ๋ง ํ๊ฐ„๋œ ์™€ ๋Š” ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ํ›„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‘ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ถœ์‹ ๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ์ถ•์ด ๋ผ ๋ฐœํ–‰๋๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์• ๊ตญ์  ์ „ํ†ต ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœํ–‰์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ๋‹ฌ๋ž๋‹ค. ์˜ ๋ฐœํ–‰์ฃผ์ฒด๋Š” ์šฐ์ต์ง„์˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์ ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ชจ์ธ ํ˜•๊ตญ์ด์–ด์„œ ํŠน์ •์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ”ํžˆ ๋ฐœํ–‰์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ๋ณด๋„ํƒœ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ •์น˜๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ด ์ฐฝ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ–‰์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ๋Š” ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ2์ฐจ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต๋™์œ„์›ํšŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‘ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋‘ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ผ์ •๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต์œ„๊ฐ€ ์„œ์šธ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ ธ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด์™ธ ๋‰ด์Šคํ†ต์‹ ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ฒŒ์žฌํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ทจ์žฌ์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€ ์†์—์„œ ์ •๋ณด์ œ๊ณต์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต์œ„ ๊ฐœ์ตœ ์ „ํ›„๋กœ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต์œ„ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๊ฒŒ์žฌํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต์œ„๊ฐ€ ์ˆœ์กฐ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋ผ ํƒ€๊ฒฐ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€์ž ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ์ทจ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฒŒ์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋ฐฉ์„ ๋ฒŒ์ด๋ฉด์„œ ์„ฑ๋ช… ๋ฐœํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์ง€์ž ๋Š” ๋ฐœํ‘œ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๋น„์ค‘์„ ๋Š˜๋ ธ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋Š” ์ทจ์žฌ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ์‹ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Š” ์šฐ์ต์ง„์˜ ๋‚ด ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต์œ„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํŒŒ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณต์œ„ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋„ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์šฐ์ต์ง„์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ค๋ค˜๋‹ค. ๋Š” ์šฐ์ต์ง„์˜ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ขŒ์ต์ง„์˜์ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ํŒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ง€๋ฉด์„ ํ• ์• ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต์œ„ ์ „๊ฐœ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์†Œ๋ จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์šฐํ˜ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์†Œ๋ จ์ด ์šฐ์ต์ง„์˜์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ•˜์ž ๋‹ค์‹œ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ” ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ขŒ์ต์ง„์˜์ด๋‚˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„ํŒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๋‚œ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๊ด€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต์œ„๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์†Œ๋ จ์ด๋‚˜ ์ขŒ์šฐ์ต์ง„์˜, ์ค‘๊ฐ„ํŒŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์ง€ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต์œ„๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๊ตญ์˜ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์ง€์ง€ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋…ธ๊ณจํ™”ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋Š” ํ˜•์‹์ ์ธ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š๋ผ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๋Š” ์–ธ๋ก ์ž์œ ์™€ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์†Œ๋ จ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ๋„ ๊ท ํ˜• ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋„ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Š” ์ฐฝ๊ฐ„์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ฐฝํ•œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋ก ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ์• ์“ด ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ๋Š” ๋ถˆํŽธ๋ถ€๋‹น์˜ ์‚ฌ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ •๋ณด์ œ๊ณต์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ์ถฉ์‹คํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋“ฏ์ด ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋‚ ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์™œ๊ณก๋ณด๋„๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ ์€ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋…์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์€ ์šฐ์ต์ง„์˜์— ๊ฒฝ๋„๋ผ ์ •ํŒŒ์„ฑ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ์ •ํŒŒ์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚ฌ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋ก ์„ ์ด๋Œ๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ2์žฅ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 5 1. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •๊ธฐ ์–ธ๋ก ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  5 2. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •๊ธฐ ์–ธ๋ก ๋งค์ฒด ์ƒํ™ฉ 6 3. ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๋ฐœํ–‰์ฃผ์ฒด์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ 9 1) ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ์ •๋ก ์ง€ 9 2) ๋‘ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์˜ ๋ฐœํ–‰์ฃผ์ฒด ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋‹น์‹œ ์–ธ๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ 11 4. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •๊ธฐ ์ œ2์ฐจ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต๋™์œ„์›ํšŒ์™€ ์ •๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๊ณผ์ • 15 1) ์ œ2์ฐจ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต๋™์œ„์›ํšŒ ํ™œ๋™ 15 2) ๊ตญ๋‚ด์„ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„ 17 ์ œ3์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 18 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 18 2. ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ 19 3. ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 20 4. ๋ถ„์„์œ ๋ชฉ์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ์ธก์ • 21 5. ๋ถ„์„ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 22 ์ œ4์žฅ ์–‘์  ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 23 1) ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ถ„์„ 23 2) ์ทจ์žฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋ถ„์„ 28 ์ œ5์žฅ ์งˆ์  ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 36 1. ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต๋™์œ„์›ํšŒ ์ทจ์žฌ 36 1) ์ „๊ธฐ-๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต์œ„ ์žฌ๊ฐœ ์ „ํ›„ 36 2) ์ค‘๊ธฐ-ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ 41 3) ํ›„๊ธฐ-๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต์œ„ ํŒŒ๊ตญ 46 2. ๊ฐ ์ •์น˜์„ธ๋ ฅ ๋ณด๋„ 57 1) ์ „๊ธฐ-๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต์œ„ ์žฌ๊ฐœ ์ „ํ›„ 57 2) ์ค‘๊ธฐ-ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ 66 3) ํ›„๊ธฐ-๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต์œ„ ํŒŒ๊ตญ 73 3. ํ•ด์™ธํ†ต์‹ ๊ณผ ์˜๊ฒฌ๋ณด๋„ 76 1) ์ „๊ธฐ-๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต์œ„ ์žฌ๊ฐœ ์ „ํ›„ 76 2) ์ค‘๊ธฐ-ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ 79 3) ํ›„๊ธฐ-๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต์œ„ ํŒŒ๊ตญ 80 ์ œ6์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  83 1. ์š”์•ฝ 83 2. ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  88 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 90 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 92 Abstract 97Maste

    ้ญๆ™‰ ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ่ชช์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ค‘์–ด์ค‘๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ๋ฅ˜์ค€ํ•„.20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ „๊ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •์€ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์ด์ž 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋น„ํ‰์‚ฌ, ๋ฌธํ•™์‚ฌ ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์„œ์ˆ  ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋ฉฐ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณ ์ „ ๋ฌธํ•™ ํ•ด์„์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์  ์ „๊ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋‹ค. 1910๋…„๋Œ€ ์ผ๋ณธ ํ•œํ•™์ž ้ˆดๆœจ่™Ž้›„(์Šค์ฆˆํ‚ค ํ† ๋ผ์˜ค)์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋œ ้ญๆ™‰ ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ่ชช(์ดํ•˜ ้ญๆ™‰่ชช)์€ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ 21์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ˜„์žฌ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํŠนํžˆ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ํ•™๊ณ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ ๋‹ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ้ญๆ™‰ๅ—ๅŒ—ๆœ ๋ฌธํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š” ํ•™์ˆ ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ้ญๆ™‰ๅ—ๅŒ—ๆœ ๋ฌธํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‹ค๊ธฐํ•œ ๋ฉด๋ชจ์™€ ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ้ญๆ™‰่ชช์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ „๊ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ต์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  ้ญๆ™‰่ชช ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ•ด์„์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์  ์ „๊ฐœ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์ œ๊ธฐ, ํ™•๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ํ™•์žฅ, ๋ถ„ํ™”์™€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ต์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ์˜ ํ•จ์˜, ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ์ , ๊ณ„์†์„ฑ, ํ‘œ์ง€ ์–‘์ƒ, ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋“ฑ์„ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ์„ค์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ้ˆดๆœจ่™Ž้›„, ้ญฏ่ฟ…, ๆ–นๅญๅฒณ, ้ƒญ็ดน่™ž, ็พ…ๆ นๆพค, ๅŠ‰ๅคงๆฐ, ็Ž‹็‘ค, ๆธธๅœ‹ๆฉ, ๆŽๆพคๅŽš, ่ข่กŒ้œˆ ๋“ฑ ํ•™์ž 10์ธ์˜ ้ญๆ™‰่ชช์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ้ญๆ™‰่ชช์€ ๆ›นไธ•์˜ ๅ…ธ่ซ– ๏ฝข๏ฅๆ–‡๏ฝฃ์„ ์ฃผ๋œ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ้ญ, ๆ™‰ ํ˜น์€ ้ญๆ™‰์„ ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ๊ฐ€์˜ ํšจ์šฉ๋ก ์  ๋ฌธํ•™๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ์ข…์†์„ฑ ํƒˆํ”ผ, ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ธ์ • ๋“ฑ ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ์™ธ๋ฉด์  ๋…๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฏธํ™”, ๊ฐœ์„ฑํ™”, ์„œ์ •ํ™”, ๋ฌธํ•™ ๋น„ํ‰ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „, ๋ฌธํ•™ ๊ด€๋…์˜ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ™” ๋“ฑ ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์  ์ž๋ฆฝ์„ ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ํ•จ์˜๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ้ˆดๆœจ่™Ž้›„, ็พ…ๆ นๆพค, ๅŠ‰ๅคงๆฐ, ็Ž‹็‘ค, ๆŽๆพคๅŽš, ่ข่กŒ้œˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ์„ ์œ„์ง„๋‚จ๋ถ์กฐ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ•™์‚ฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ้ญฏ่ฟ…, ๆ–นๅญๅฒณ, ้ƒญ็ดน่™ž, ๆธธๅœ‹ๆฉ์€ ์œ„์ง„ ๋ฌธํ•™์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์–ด๋กœ ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ๊ณ„์†์„ฑ ํ˜น์€ ํ›„๋Œ€์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 1980๋…„๋Œ€์— ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ•™์„ค์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ้ญๆ™‰่ชช์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๋˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด ๋ถ„ํ™”๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ํ•™์„ค๋กœ๋Š” ๆผขไปฃ ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ่ชช ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ้ญๆ™‰่ชช์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ž์ฒด์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ็„กๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ่ชช ๋˜ํ•œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ้ญๆ™‰่ชช ํ˜น์€ ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ์„ค์ด ํ˜•์‹์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์œ ๋ฏธ์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ์ ˆํ•˜๋˜๋˜ ๅ…ญๆœ ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•ด์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„ ์•„๋ž˜ ๋ฌธํ•™์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ, ์ •์น˜, ์—ญ์‚ฌ, ๋ฌธํ™”, ์‚ฌ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ , ๅ…ญๆœ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๅ…ˆ็งฆ, ๅ…ฉๆผข ๋“ฑ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ณ ๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๋ณ„ ํŠน์ง•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ดํ•ด์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ์„ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ํ•™์ˆ ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ด์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ้ญๆ™‰ ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๆ›นไธ•์˜ ๅ…ธ่ซ– ๏ฝข่ซ–ๆ–‡๏ฝฃ, ้™ธๆฉŸ์˜ ๏ฝขๆ–‡่ณฆ๏ฝฃ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ้ญๆ™‰่ชช ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ•ด์„์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์  ์ „๊ฐœ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๅ…ธ่ซ– ๏ฝข่ซ–ๆ–‡๏ฝฃ์€ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ์˜๋„, ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ํ‰๋ก , ๆ–‡้ซ”่ซ–, ๆ–‡ๆฐฃ่ซ–, ไธๆœฝ่ชช ๋“ฑ์ด ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์ค‘์‹œ, ๋ฌธํ•™ ํ‰๋ก ์˜ ์„ฑํ–‰, ๋ฌธํ•™์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฏธ์„ฑ ์ถ”๊ตฌ, ๊ฐœ์ฒด ์˜์‹์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„, ๋ฌธํ•™ ์œ„์ƒ์˜ ์ƒ์Šน์„ ํ‘œ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„๋˜์–ด ้ญๆ™‰่ชช์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๏ฝขๆ–‡่ณฆ๏ฝฃ๋Š” ๅ‰ตไฝœ่ซ–, ๆ–‡้ซ”่ซ–, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฏธ๊ฐ์˜ ์ œ์‹œ ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฌธํ•™ ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ, ๋ฌธํ•™ ์ธ์‹์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€, ๋ฌธํ•™ ์‹ฌ๋ฏธ ๊ด€๋…์˜ ํ™•์žฅ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ‘œ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„๋˜๋ฉฐ ้ญๆ™‰่ชช์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์ค‘๊ตญ ๋ฌธํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‹ค๊ธฐํ•œ ๋ฉด๋ชจ์™€ ์ „๊ฐœ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ๋งํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ๊ฐ ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ์„ค์˜ ์„ธ๋ถ€์  ๋…ผ์˜ ํ˜น์€ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ้ญๆ™‰ๅ—ๅŒ—ๆœ ๋ฌธํ•™ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋Œ€์ , ์ด๋ก ์ , ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์  ์Ÿ์ ๋“ค์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.20ไธ–็ด€ไธญๅœ‹ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ่ซ–็ˆญ็š„ๅฝขๆˆ่ˆ‡ๅฑ•้–‹้Ž็จ‹, ๆ—ขๆ˜ฏ20ไธ–็ด€ไธญๅœ‹ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ชๅพ‹ๆ€ง่ช่ญ˜็š„้Ž็จ‹, ไนŸๆ˜ฏ20ไธ–็ด€ไธญๅœ‹ๆ‰น่ฉ•ๅฒ๏ฝค ๆ–‡ๅญธๅฒไน‹่ช่ญ˜่ˆ‡ๆ•˜่ฟฐ้ซ”็ณป็š„ๅปบ็ซ‹้Ž็จ‹, ๆ›ดๆ˜ฏ20ไธ–็ด€ไธญๅœ‹ๅคไปฃๆ–‡ๅญธๅˆ†ๆž็š„็ˆญ่ซ–้Ž็จ‹๏ฝก 1910ๅนดไปฃ่ขซๆ—ฅๆœฌๆผขๅญธๅฎถ้ˆดๆœจ่™Ž้›„้ฆ–ๆฌกๆ˜Ž็ขบๆๅ‡บ็š„้ญๆ™‰ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ่ชช(ไปฅไธ‹็ฐก็จฑ้ญๆ™‰่ชช)็ถ“้Ž20ไธ–็ด€็›ดๅˆฐ21ไธ–็ด€, ๅฐคๅ…ถๅœจไธญๅœ‹ๅคง้™ธๅญธ็•Œๅ…ง่ขซ็ฉๆฅต่จŽ่ซ–, ็นผ่€Œ็™ผๅฑ•็ˆฒๅทจๅคง็š„ๆ–‡ๅญธ่ซ–็ˆญ๏ฝก ๆœฌๆ–‡้—œๆณจไธญๅœ‹ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ่ซ–็ˆญไปฅ้ญๆ™‰ๅ—ๅŒ—ๆœๆ–‡ๅญธไน‹ๅˆ†ๆžๅฒ่€Œๆ‰€ๅ…ทๆœ‰็š„ๅญธ่ก“ๅƒนๅ€ผ,..็ˆฒไบ†ๅฎ่ง€ๅœฐๅฑ•ๆœ›้ญๆ™‰ๅ—ๅŒ—ๆœๆ–‡ๅญธ็ ”็ฉถ็š„ๅคšๅฒ้ข่ฒŒ่ˆ‡็”ฑๆญคไผด้šจ็š„ๅ„็จฎ็ ”็ฉถๆ–นๆณ•่ซ–, ไปฅ้ญๆ™‰่ชช็ˆฒไธญๅฟƒ, ๆดžๅฏŸไบ†20ไธ–็ด€ไธญๅœ‹ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ่ซ–็ˆญ็š„ๅฝขๆˆ่ˆ‡ๅฑ•้–‹้Ž็จ‹, ไธฆ็ ”่จŽไบ†้ญๆ™‰่ชชไน‹ๆ นๆ“šไฝœๅ“ๅˆ†ๆž็š„็ˆญ่ซ–ๅฑ•้–‹ๅฑ€้ข๏ฝก ๆœฌๆ–‡้ฆ–ๅ…ˆๆดžๅฏŸไบ†20ไธ–็ด€ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ็š„ๆๅ‡บ๏ฝค ็ขบ็ซ‹่ˆ‡ๆ“ดๅผต, ไปฅๅŠๅˆ†ๅŒ–่ˆ‡ๅฐ็ซ‹็š„้Ž็จ‹๏ฝก ไปฅๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ็š„ๅซ็พฉ๏ฝค ็™ผ็”Ÿๆ™‚ไปฃ๏ฝค ๅปถ็บŒๆ€ง๏ฝค ๆจ™ๅฟ—ๆจฃๆ…‹๏ฝค ๆ นๆ“š่ณ‡ๆ–™็ญ‰ไฝœ็ˆฒ20ไธ–็ด€ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ่ชช็š„็ ”่จŽ้ …็›ฎ, ๅˆ†ๆžไบ†้ˆดๆœจ่™Ž้›„๏ฝค ้ญฏ่ฟ…๏ฝค ๆ–นๅญๅถฝ๏ฝค ้ƒญ็ดน่™ž๏ฝค ็พ…ๆ นๆพค๏ฝค ๅŠ‰ๅคงๅ‚‘๏ฝค ็Ž‹็‘ค๏ฝค ้Šๅœ‹ๆฉ๏ฝค ๆŽๆพคๅŽšไปฅๅŠ่ข่กŒ้œˆ็ญ‰10ไฝๅญธ่€…็š„้ญๆ™‰่ชช๏ฝก ๆœฌๆ–‡็™ผ็พ้›–็„ถๅญ˜ๅœจ็ดฐ็ฏ€ไธŠ็š„ๅทฎ็•ฐ,..ไฝ†20ไธ–็ด€้ญๆ™‰่ชชๅคง้ƒจๅˆ†ๅฐ‡ๆ›นไธ•็š„ใ€Šๅ…ธ่ซ–ยท่ซ–ๆ–‡ใ€‹ไฝœ็ˆฒไธป่ฆไพๆ“šไฝœๅ“, ๆŠŠ้ญ๏ฝค ๆ™‰ๆˆ–้ญๆ™‰่ฆ–็ˆฒๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ็š„็™ผ็”Ÿๆ™‚ไปฃ๏ฝก ไธฆไธ”็™ผ็พ้ญๆ™‰่ชชๆŠŠไปฅๆ–‡ๅญธๅฐๅ„’ๅฎถๆ•ˆ็”จ่ซ–ๆ–‡ๅญธ่ง€ไน‹ๅพžๅฑฌๆ€ง็š„ๆ“บ่„ซ๏ฝค..ๆ–‡ๅญธๅƒนๅ€ผ็š„ๆ‰ฟ่ช ๆ‰€ๆจ™ๅฟ—็š„ๆ–‡ๅญธ็š„ๅค–ๅœจ็จ็ซ‹่ˆ‡ไปฅๆ–‡ๅญธ็š„ๅฏฉ็พŽๅŒ–๏ฝค ๅ€‹ๆ€งๅŒ–๏ฝค ๆŠ’ๆƒ…ๅŒ–, ๆ–‡ๅญธๆ‰น่ฉ•็†่ซ–็š„็™ผๅฑ•, ๆ–‡ๅญธ่ง€ๅฟต็š„ๆ˜Ž็ขบๅŒ–ๆ‰€ๆจ™ๅฟ—็š„ๆ–‡ๅญธ็š„ๅ…งๅœจ่‡ช็ซ‹็†่งฃ็ˆฒๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ็š„ไธป่ฆๆถต็พฉ๏ฝก ๆœ€ๅพŒ, ้ˆดๆœจ่™Ž้›„๏ฝค ็พ…ๆ นๆพค๏ฝค ๅŠ‰ๅคงๅ‚‘๏ฝค ็Ž‹็‘ค๏ฝค ๆŽๆพคๅŽšไปฅๅŠ่ข่กŒ้œˆๅฐ‡ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ็†่งฃ็ˆฒ็ฉฟ้Žๆ•ดๅ€‹้ญๆ™‰ๅ—ๅŒ—ๆœ่€Œๅฑ•้–‹็š„ๆ–‡ๅญธๅฒ็พ่ฑก,..ไฝ†้ญฏ่ฟ…๏ฝค ๆ–นๅญๅถฝ๏ฝค ้ƒญ็ดน่™ž๏ฝค ้Šๅœ‹ๆฉๆŠŠๅฎƒ็†่งฃ็ˆฒ่ฑกๅพ้ญๆ™‰ๆ–‡ๅญธ็š„ๆฆ‚ๅฟต่ชž๏ผŒๅพž่€Œไธ่จŽ่ซ–ๅ…ถๅปถ็บŒๆ€งๆˆ–่ˆ‡ๅพŒไปฃ็š„้—œ็ณปใ€‚ๅฆไธ€ๆ–น้ข, ้šจ่‘—1980ๅนดไปฃ่ฉฆๅœ–้‡ๆ–ฐ่ฆๅฎšๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบๆ™‚ไปฃ็š„ๅคš็จฎๅญธ่ชช็š„ๅ‡บ็พ,..ๆœฌไปฅ้ญๆ™‰่ชช็ˆฒไธญๅฟƒ่จŽ่ซ–็š„ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ๏ฅ็ˆญ้–‹ๅง‹ๅˆ†ๅŒ–ใ€‚ๅ…ทๆœ‰ไปฃ่กจๆ€ง็š„ๅญธ่ชชๆœ‰ๆผขไปฃๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ชช,..ไธฆไธ”ๅฆๅฎš้ญๆ™‰่ชชๆˆ–ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบๆœฌ่บซๆฆ‚ๅฟต็š„็„กๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ่ชชไนŸ้šจ่‘—ไธ€่ตท็™ปๅ ดใ€‚ไฝ†ๆ˜ฏๅพžๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ่ชชไฝฟๅ…ญๆœๆ–‡ๅญธ่„ซ้›ขๅฝขๅผไธป็พฉ่ˆ‡ๅ”ฏ็พŽไธป็พฉๅ…ง็š„่ฉ•ๅƒน๏ผ›ไธฆไธ”ๅœจๆ˜Ž็ขบ่ฆๅฎšๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ็š„ๅ˜—่ฉฆไธ‹,..ไธๅƒ…ไฟƒ้€ฒๅฐๆ–‡ๅญธ็š„็ ”็ฉถ,..้‚„ไฟƒ้€ฒๅฐไธญๅœ‹็คพๆœƒใ€ๆ”ฟๆฒปใ€ๆ›†ๅฒใ€ๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใ€ๆ€ๆƒณ็š„็ ”็ฉถ๏ผ›ๆœ€ๅพŒๅฐๅŒ…ๆ‹ฌๅ…ญๆœๅœจๅ…ง็š„ๅ…ˆ็งฆใ€ๅ…ฉๆผข็ญ‰ไธญๅœ‹ๅคไปฃๆ–‡ๅญธไน‹ๅ„ๆ™‚ไปฃ็‰นๅพ็š„ๆญฃ็ขบ็†่งฃๅšๅ‡บ่ฒข็ป็š„้ปžไพ†็œ‹, ๅพˆ้›ฃๅฆๅฎšๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ่ชช็š„ๅญธ่ก“ๅƒนๅ€ผ, ๆœ€ๅพŒ,..ๆœฌๆ–‡ไปฅๆญค็ˆฒๅŸบ็คŽ,..ๆŠŠไฝœ็ˆฒ้ญๆ™‰ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ็™ผ็”Ÿ็š„ๆ ธๅฟƒไพๆ“šไฝœๅ“็š„ๆ›นไธ•็š„ใ€Šๅ…ธ่ซ–ยท่ซ–ๆ–‡ใ€‹่ˆ‡้™ธๆฉŸ็š„๏ผœๆ–‡่ณฆ๏ผžไฝœ็ˆฒไธป่ฆ็ ”็ฉถๅฐ่ฑก,..็ ”่จŽไบ†้ญๆ™‰่ชชๆ นๆ“šไฝœๅ“ๅˆ†ๆž็š„็ˆญ่ซ–ๅฑ•้–‹ๅฑ€้ขใ€‚ใ€Šๅ…ธ่ซ–ยท่ซ–ๆ–‡ใ€‹ไธญๅ‰ตไฝœๆ„ๅœ–ใ€ไฝœๅฎถ่ฉ•่ซ–ใ€ๆ–‡้ซ”่ซ–ใ€ๆ–‡ๆฐฃ่ซ–ใ€ไธ่ชชๆœฝ็ญ‰,..่ขซๅˆ†ๆž็ˆฒๅฐๆ–‡ๅญธๅƒนๅ€ผ็š„้‡่ฆ–ใ€ๆ–‡ๅญธ่ฉ•่ซ–็š„็››่กŒใ€ๆ–‡ๅญธ็š„ๅฏฉ็พŽๆ€ง่ฟฝๆฑ‚ใ€ๅ€‹้ซ”ๆ„่ญ˜็š„่กจ็พใ€ๆ–‡ๅญธๅœฐไฝ็š„ๆๅ‡็ญ‰ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ็š„ๆจ™ๅฟ—ๆจฃๆ…‹,..ๆˆ็ˆฒ้ญๆ™‰่ชช็š„ไธป่ฆไพๆ“šใ€‚๏ผœๆ–‡่ณฆ๏ผžๅ…งๅ‰ตไฝœ่ซ–ใ€ๆ–‡้ซ”่ซ–ใ€ๆ–ฐ็พŽๆ„Ÿ็š„ๆๅ‡บ็ญ‰่ขซๅˆ†ๆž็ˆฒๆ–‡ๅญธๅ‰ตไฝœ็†่ซ–็š„็™ผๅฑ•ใ€ๆ–‡ๅญธ่ช่ญ˜็š„ๆ“ดๅคงใ€ๆ–‡ๅญธๅฏฉ็พŽ่ง€ๅฟต็š„ๆ“ดๅผต็ญ‰ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ็š„ๆจ™ๅฟ—ๆจฃๆ…‹่€Œๆˆ็ˆฒ้ญๆ™‰่ชช็š„ไธป่ฆไพๆ“šใ€‚ ๆœฌๆ–‡ๅฎ่ง€ๅœฐๅฑ•ๆœ›ไบ†่ฟ‘ไปฃไปฅๅพŒไธญๅœ‹ๆ–‡ๅญธ็ ”็ฉถ็š„ๅคšๅฒ้ข่ฒŒ่ˆ‡ๅฑ•้–‹้Ž็จ‹,..ไธฆๆๅ‡บไบ†ๅฏไปฅๅœจๅฐๅ€‹ๅˆฅๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ่ชช็š„่ฉณ็ดฐ่จŽ่ซ–ๆˆ–ๅฐ้ญๆ™‰ๅ—ๅŒ—ๆœๆ–‡ๅญธไฝœๅ“็š„ๅ…ท้ซ”ๅˆ†ๆžๅˆฉ็”จ็š„็ˆญ่ซ–็„ฆ้ปž๏ผŒๅ› ่€Œๅ…ทๆœ‰็ ”็ฉถๅƒนๅ€ผ่ˆ‡ๅˆฉ็”จ็š„ๅฏ่ƒฝๆ€งใ€‚1. ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 1.2 ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 4 1.3 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ˆœ์„œ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 11 2. ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์ œ๊ธฐ 15 2.1 ้ˆดๆœจ่™Ž้›„์˜ ้ญๆ™‰ ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ่ชช 15 2.2 ้ญฏ่ฟ…์˜ ้ญๆ™‰ ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ่ชช 21 3. ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ 28 3.1 ้ญๆ™‰ ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ่ชช์˜ ํ™•๋ฆฝ 28 3.1.1. ๋น„ํ‰์‚ฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์„œ์ˆ  ์–‘์ƒ 28 3.1.2. ๋ฌธํ•™์‚ฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์„œ์ˆ  ์–‘์ƒ 36 3.2 ้ญๆ™‰ ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ่ชช์˜ ํ™•์žฅ 46 3.2.1. ไบบ็š„่ฆบ้†’ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‘ 46 3.2.2. ้ญๆ™‰ ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ่ชช์˜ ์‹ฌํ™” 54 3.3. ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”์™€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ 56 3.3.1. ๆผขไปฃ ๋ฌธํ•™์ž๊ฐ์„ค๊ณผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ 56 3.3.2. ้ญๆ™‰ ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ่ชช์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ 62 4. ้ญๆ™‰ ๆ–‡ๅญธ่‡ช่ฆบ่ชช ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ ํ•ด์„์˜ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์  ์ „๊ฐœ ์–‘์ƒ 67 4.1. ๆ›นไธ•์˜ ๅ…ธ่ซ– ๏ฝข๏ฅๆ–‡๏ฝฃ 70 4.2. ้™ธๆฉŸ์˜ ๏ฝขๆ–‡่ณฆ๏ฝฃ 87 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  118์„

    Application of robots in general surgery

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    Background: Application of robotic surgery in the field of general surgery has been increasing. This paper is an overview of the current uses and future perspectives of robotic surgery in four major divisionsโ€”endocrine, upper gastrointestinal, hepato-biliary-pancreatic (HBP), and colorectal surgery. Current Concepts: In endocrine surgery, cosmetic advantage is the highest priority when selecting a surgical approach for thyroidectomy. Currently, the transaxillary route is the most common approach. The introduction of the single-port system could maximize the advantages of this technique. In upper gastrointestinal surgery, the use of robots has the advantage of better retrieval of lymph nodes, less bleeding, earlier discharge, and less complications than the laparoscopic approach. However, a more prospective comparative trial is required to confirm those findings. In the HBP field, the indications of robotic surgery have expanded, starting with cholecystectomy to more challenging procedures, such as donor hepatectomy and pancreaticoduodenectomy. Meticulous dissection using robots could provide benefits to patients. In colorectal surgery, robotic surgery is an excellent technical tool for minimally invasive surgeries for rectal cancers, especially in male patients with narrow, deep pelvises. However, further studies are required to confirm the impact of robotic surgery on rectal cancers. Discussion and Conclusion: Robots are used to provide optimal surgical outcomes. Investigating new technologies and innovative surgical procedures is the highly important for a surgeon in the era of minimally invasive surgery.ope

    Predictive Factors Indicative of Hemithyroidectomy and Close Follow-Up versus Bilateral Total Thyroidectomy for Aggressive Variants of Papillary Thyroid Cancer

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    The diagnostic and treatment rates of early thyroid cancer have been increasing, including those of aggressive variants of papillary thyroid cancer (AVPTC). This study aimed to analyze the need for completion total thyroidectomy after lobectomy for clinically low-to-intermediate-risk AVPTC. Overall, 249 patients who underwent hemithyroidectomy (HT, n = 46) or bilateral total thyroidectomy (BTT, n = 203) for AVPTC between November 2005 and December 2019 at our single institution were examined. The average follow-up period was 14.9 years, with a recurrence rate of 4.3% and 10.8% in the HT and BTT groups, respectively. Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that palpable tumor on the neck during evaluation (HR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.1-6.4; p = 0.025), clinical N1b (HR, 8.3; 95% CI, 1.1-63.4; p = 0.041), tumor size (cm) (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0-1.7; p = 0.036), gross extrathyroidal extension (HR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.4-7.0; p = 0.007), and pathologic T3b (HR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.0-11.4; p = 0.045) or T4a (HR, 6.0; 95% CI, 1.9-18.8; p = 0.002) were associated with an increased risk of recurrence. Incidentalomas identified during diagnosis had a significantly lower risk of recurrence (HR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9; p = 0.033). Close follow-up may be performed without completion total thyroidectomy for AVPTC found incidentally after HT.ope

    Single-Port Transaxillary Robotic Thyroidectomy (START) for Benign Thyroid Tumors

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    Purpose Single-port transaxillary robotic thyroidectomy using the da Vinci SPยฎ system with a two-step retraction method is known to be a practical surgical method that maximizes the cosmetic and functional benefits for patients and reduces the workload fatigue of surgeons by increasing robotic dependency. This study aimed to evaluate its technical feasibility in the treatment of benign tumors. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients who were diagnosed with benign thyroid disease after undergoing single-port transaxillary robotic thyroidectomy with a two-step retraction method using the da Vinci SPยฎ robotic system at Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea, between May 2019 and May 2022. Patients with Gravesโ€™ disease were excluded from this study. Results Twenty-two patients were enrolled in this study, 21 females and one male, with a mean age of 32.7 years (range: 17โ€“52 years). The mean body mass index was 22.5ยฑ3.1 kg/m2 (range: 18.0โ€“29.7 kg/m2). The mean tumor size was 2.8ยฑ1.5 cm (range, 0.4โ€“5.9 cm), and the mean operation time was 173.4ยฑ26.8 min (range, 128โ€“226 min). There were no intraoperative complications. The mean estimated blood loss was 3.2ยฑ7.6 mL (range, 0โ€“30 mL). No serious postoperative complications occurred, except one case of seroma. Conclusion Single-port transaxillary robotic thyroidectomyโ€™s utilization of a narrow working space is useful for benign thyroid tumors. It is feasible and safe for experienced robotic surgeons treating benign thyroid tumors.ope

    Laparoscopic adrenalectomy: comparison of outcomes between posterior retroperitoneoscopic and transperitoneal adrenalectomy with 10 years' experience

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    Background: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is widely used for treating various adrenal tumors. Posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy was introduced after transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy. The comparability and superiority of posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy have been widely investigated. We aimed to compare the outcomes of posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy and transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy using 10 years' data. The changes in outcomes over time were also analyzed. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study. A total of 505 patients who underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy between 2009 and 2018 were included. The patients were divided into two groups: transperitoneal (n=114) and retroperitoneal (n=391) groups. Patients who underwent posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy were further classified into sub-groups (sub-group 1: 2009-2012; sub-group 2: 2013-2015; and sub-group 3: 2016-2018) based on time periods. Clinicopathological factors and postoperative outcomes were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. Results: The retroperitoneal group showed significantly shorter operation time, diet initiation time, and hospital stay compared to the transperitoneal group (P=0.000, 0.000 and 0.000, respectively). Analgesics were used less frequently in the retroperitoneal group than in the transperitoneal group (P=0.048). In the retroperitoneal group, the time to postoperative diet initiation shortened over time (P=0.000). Conclusions: Posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy is a favorable surgical method that results in patient outcomes that are comparable to those of conventional transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy, without compromising patient safety.ope

    Re-do Operation Using a Robotic System due to Locoregional Recurrence after Initial Thyroidectomy for Thyroid Cancer

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    Locoregional recurrent thyroid cancer is commonly treated with re-do operation. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of using robotic system for re-do operation in locoregional recurrent thyroid cancer. Sixty-five patients who underwent re-do robotic operation using trans-axillary approach for locoregional recurrent thyroid cancer from October 2007 to April 2021 at Yonsei University Hospital were analyzed. Completion total thyroidectomy (CTT) was performed in 26 cases, CTT and modified radical neck node dissection (mRND) in 16, and mRND in 23. Most of the re-do robotic operations were performed at site of previous incision. All patients were diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). CTT with central compartment neck dissection (CCND) took 117.6 ยฑ 26.3 min, CTT with mRND 255.6 ยฑ 38.6 min, and mRND, 211.7 ยฑ 52.9 min. Transient hypocalcemia occurred in 17 (26.2%) patients and permanent hypocalcemia occurred in 3 (4.6%). There was one case of recurrent laryngeal nerve(RLN) injury. One patient was diagnosed with structural recurrence after re-do robotic operation. Median follow-up duration was 50.7 ยฑ 37.1 months. Re-do robotic operation can be an alternative for patients who are diagnosed with locoregional recurrent thyroid cancer after thyroidectomy, with no increase in morbidity, similar oncologic outcomes, and superior cosmetic satisfaction.ope

    Single-Port Transaxillary Robotic Bilateral Total Thyroidectomy (START) for Gravesโ€™ Disease: First Initial 10 Cases Using da Vinci SP Robotic System

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    Purpose Gravesโ€™ disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder and the most common cause of persistent hyperthyroidism. Recently, robotic transaxillary thyroidectomy has served as a minimally invasive surgical alternative to conventional open thyroidectomy, even for patients with GD. In 2019, we first performed single-port transaxillary bilateral total thyroidectomy using the da Vinci SP robotic system (START). This study aimed to evaluate the technical feasibility of START for GD. Methods This retrospective review included 10 patients with GD who underwent START at our institution between September 2020 and January 2022 by a single surgeon. Results All 10 patients were female, and the body-mass index was 22.3ยฑ3.6 kg/m2 (range, 18.6โ€“28.9). Seven patients (70%) had thyroid carcinoma, two (20%) had persistent hyperthyroidism despite medical control, and one patient (10%) had Gravesโ€™ ophthalmopathy. The mean operation time was 173.4ยฑ26.8 min (range, 128โ€“226), and the mean estimated blood loss was 102.0ยฑ185.1 mL (range, 10โ€“600). There were no cases of conversion to open surgery. There were no intraoperative complications and six cases of postoperative complications, including transient hypocalcemia in three cases, bleeding with reoperation in two cases, and transient hoarseness in one case. Conclusions Patients with GD with large goiter and hypervascularity require delicate ligation, even of minor vessels, in a narrow space. START is feasible and safe for GD performed by high-volume expert surgeons.ope

    Posterior Retroperitoneoscopic Adrenalectomy in a Renal Agenesis Patient

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    Nowadays, laparoscopic adrenalectomy has been the gold standard treatment for benign surgical adrenal disease. Traditionally, the transperitoneal approach was most widely used for laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Recently, the posterior retroperitoneoscopic adrenalectomy (PRA) was introduced and it showed several benefits over the traditional approach, such as less complications and pain, and a shorter operative time and hospitalization. The number of surgeons capable of performing PRA is steadily increasing world-wide. The initial surgical step in this procedure is the identification and exposure of the upper part of kidney, which is the only visible landmark in the fat-abundant retroperitoneal space. Therefore, PRA in a renal agenesis (RA) patient is challenging for the surgeon due to the absence of surgical landmarks. In this article, we describe our experience of performing a PRA on the RA patient. The patient was a 62-year-old female, who had hypertension for 20 years. Blood examination revealed a high renin-aldosterone ratio, and computed tomography scan and adrenal venous sampling confirmed a 2.4 cm left adrenal aldosterone-producing adenoma. PRA was safely performed using three trochars. The total operation time was 55 minutes, and there were no complications.ope
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