271 research outputs found
the theological background behind the modern self
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ์ฌํ๊ณผํ๋ํ ์ ์น์ธ๊ตํ๋ถ(์ธ๊ตํ์ ๊ณต), 2021.8. ๊น์งํ.๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๊ทผ๋ ์ ์น์ฌ์์์ ๊ฐ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋ด๋์ง ๊ทธ ์ฒ ํ์ ์ ์ ๋ฅผ ํ๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์ ํ๋ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋ด์ธ์ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก, ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋ชจ๋ ํ๋ฑํ๋ฉฐ, ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์์ ์ ์ง์ ํ ์ถ์ ๊ฐ์ฒํด ๋๊ฐ๋ ์กด์ฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ๋ ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฐ์ธ๋ค๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋๋ค๋ ๊ทผ๋ ์ธ์์ ๊ด๋
์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ํ์ฑ๋์๋์ง ๊ท๋ช
ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฃผ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ผ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ํ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ทผ๋ ์ ์น์ฒ ํ์์ธ ํ์ค, ์นธํธ, ๋์ฒด๊ฐ ์ ์ํ ์ฃผ์ฅ์ ๊ฒํ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ด๋ค์ง๋ค. ํนํ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ๋ ๋ฐ๋ ์ธ์์ ์ธ ์ ์น ์ง์ ํ์ฑ์ ์ ์์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ด์ธ์ฐ๊ณ ์๋ ์ธ ์ ์น์ฒ ํ์๊ฐ ์ข
๊ต์ ๋
ผ์๋ฅผ ์๋น ๋ถ๋ถ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ๊ณ ํ์ฉํ๊ณ ์๋ค๋ ์ ์ ์๋ค. ํ์ค๋ ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ์ด์ด๋ 3๋ถ์ 4๋ถ์์ ์ฑ์ํด์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ค๋ฃจ๊ณ ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ๋์ ์ฃผ๊ถ์๊ฐ ์๋ฏผ์ ๋ด์ ์ ๋
๊น์ง ์ง๋ํ ์ ์์ด์ผ ์์ ์ ์ธ ์ ์น ์ง์๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ ์๋ค๊ณ ์ฃผ์ฅํ๋ค. ์นธํธ๋ ๋ง์ง๋ง ์ถํ ์ ์๋ก ์ข
๊ต์ ๊ดํ ์ ์์ ๋จ๊ฒผ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ์ด ๋๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฐฝ๋ฐ์ฑ์ ๋น๊ตํ๋ฉฐ ์ธ๊ฐ์ด ๋๋ฆฌ๋ ์์ ์ ์ด์ฑ์ ํ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๋ช
ํํ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๋์ฒด๋ ํ๋ฌด์ฃผ์์ ๋ฅด์๋ ๋ง์ ๋ฌธ์ ์ํ๋ ์ฌ์๊ฐ๋ก ์๋ ค์ ธ ์์ง๋ง, ์ค์ ๋ก ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ค์ ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ค๋ค๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ ๊ณ๋ชฝ์ฃผ์์ ๊ธฐ๋
๊ต์์ ๋ด์ธ์ฐ๋ ๋จ์ผํ ์ญ์ฌ๊ด, ์ธ๊ณ๊ด์ด์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฒํ ๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ํํ ์ข
๊ต๊ฐ ์ด์ฑ๊ณผ ๋์ฒ์ ์ ์๋ฆฌํ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ง๋ณด ๊ฐ๋
์ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ์ ๋๋ ์ ์น ์์ญ์์ ๋ฐฐ์ ๋์ด์ผ ํ๋ค๋ ํต๋
์ ์๋ก์ด ์๊ฐ์ ์ ํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ๊ทผ๋ ์ ์น ์ฌ์๊ฐ๋ค์ด ๋จ๊ธด ์ ์ฐ์ ์ฌ๊ฒํ ํ๋ฉด์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ํ๋ ์ ์น์ฌ์์์ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๊ท์ ํ ์ง๋ฅผ ๋๊ณ ๋ฒ์ด์ง๋ ๋
ผ์์ ์ข ๋ ํ๋ถํ ์ด๋ก ์ ์์์ ์ ๊ณตํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.This dissertation investigates the philosophical origins of conceiving both individual and state in early modern political thought. The chief aim of the study is to reconstruct and trace the reception and use of (secular) ideas of the modern self, such as equality, rationality, and authenticity, in crafting the notion that these ideas were ideologically formed on the theological background. In particular, this project examines a tradition of political philosophers โ Thomas Hobbes, Immanuel Kant, Frederick Nietzsche - who sought to understand and further replace the place of traditional authority in politics, and who had specific interests in treating religious one in their efforts. If those philosophers have long been celebrated for making reasoned argument the foundation of philosophy, this dissertation recovers a neglected anthropological as well as theological assumption in their arguments. Religion is often construed as the opposite of reason, and is thought to be alternately irrelevant to, or undesirable in, a politics committed to ideals of rational progress. This project challenges this prevailing bias: for Hobbes, he found no other means to impute natural laws to the citizens; for Kant, the exalted place reason enjoys cannot be firmly established; for Nietzsche, the โend of historyโ cannot be revolted. It then shows how some of the most pivotal figures in the history of political thought have perennially raised the question of whether there might be a more nuanced role for traditions to play in political theory. Furthermore, a revised understanding of their legacy on these terms opens up a broader theoretical discourse concerning the place of individual in contemporary political thought.Ch.1 Introduction 1
1.1 Examining the Post-secular Return of Religion: reevaluation of "secularization theory" 8
1.2 Recasting the Old Questions: Theological Reliance and Renunciation in the Political Thought of Modern Philosophers 12
1.3 Plan of dissertation 15
Ch.2 Thomas Hobbes's Use of Religious Doctrine 18
2.1 Why Part 3,4 of Leviathan 22
2.1.1 Changes over Hobbes's political works 22
2.1.2 Why Part 3,4 of Leviathan: the importance of the last half of the text 29
2.1.3 Scripture as a hermeneutical guide 34
2.1.4 Erecting Supreme Governors on the earth of Christian commonwealth 38
2.2 Hobbes's Use of Religious Doctrine: Undermining Obligations to God 46
2.2.1 Mimicking the Imagery of Creation: the Use and Abuse of the Theological-Political idea of Covenant 46
2.2.2 Political Philosophy of Hobbes: an insufficient blueprint to build Leviathan 54
2.3 Conclusion 60
Ch.3 Immanuel Kant's Doctrine of Religion as Political Philosophy 67
3.1 Introduction: From Critique to Doctrine 72
3.2 Interpretations of Kant's Political Thought in Relation to his Metaphysical Underpinnings 77
3.2.1 Kant's early writings: foundation for metaphysics 77
3.2.2 Kant's later writings: political thought to situate the fallen men in the ordered world 80
3.3 Room for faith: Epistemology, Morality and the Religion 89
3.3.1 Metaphysical difficulty: the possibility of human spontaneity in relation to the will of God 89
3.3.2 Moral/Political difficulty: the prevalent evils in relation to human spontaneity 96
3.3.3 Theological difficulty: the possible way to understand God 104
3.4 Conclusion: The relation of Reason to Miracle and Mystery 107
Ch.4 Nietzsche's Critique of Christianity as an embracing of chance 116
4.1 Introduction: Thoughts on/of Untimely Meditations 116
4.2 Putting Nietzsche in Context: literature review 122
4.3 Two Ethics, Two Pathos: Nihilism and Ressentiment 126
4.3.1 Nihilism: the aftereffect of Enlightenment tradition 126
4.3.2 Ressentiment: the effect of Christianity 130
4.4 Nietzsche's Dionysian Philosophy: Nietzsche's thoughts on great individuals 133
4.4.1 The initial period 135
4.4.2 The middle period 136
4.4.3 The final period 138
4.5 Nietzsche's Anthro-culturalism: The Revaluation of All Values 140
4.5.1 Nietzsche's Realistic Vision for the Great Politics of Cultural Renewal: Thoughts on Socio-Political arrangements 140
4.5.2 Nietzsche's "Aristocratic Agonism": Thoughts on the Disciples of Dionysus as Agents of Revitalization 145
4.5.2.1 Recent efforts to Democratize Nietzsche: Previous literature 145
4.5.2.2 The Myth of the 'Eternal Recurrence' out of the Reality of Becoming 148
4.5.2.3 'Philosophy of Life' of Zarathustra: Nietzsche's positive innovations 153
4.6 Conclusion 160
Ch.5 Conclusion: The Dialectic of the Modern principles and Contemporary discourses 163
5.1 Legacy of Hobbes, Kant, and Nietzsche 163
5.2 Concluding Remarks 173
Bibliography 180
Abstract in Korean 205๋ฐ
์ํ ํผ ํผ๋ถ์ผ ํ์์ ์ ์ฉํ Ascorbyl Propyl Hyaluronate ์ ์์ ์ฑ ๋ฐ ์ ํจ์ฑ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ์๊ณผ๋ํ ์ํ๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ๋ฐฑ๋กฑ๋ฏผ.Atopic dermatitis (AD) is chronic relapsing inflammation of the skin
associated with severe itching. It is results in structural and
functional damage of skin. Recently, ascorbic acid (AA) wa s reported
to plays an important role i n AD. The AD symptom was alleviated,
when the decreased AA was supplemented in the sk in. Ascorbyl
propyl hyaluronate (APH), a hyaluronate ascorbic acid derivative, is
a cosmetic ingredient improved stability and skin permeability. In this
study, we aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of APH in AD
patients. W e demonstrated that APH is improved thermal stability
compar ed with ascorbic acid. APH treatment did not affect cell
morphology and viability of immortalized human keratinocytes
HaCaT and human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). Moreover, APH had
free radical scavenging effect and reduced inflammatory cytokine
such as TNF ฮฑ and IL 1 ฮฑ . Risk assessment of APH were
evaluated by skin irritation and sensitization test. There was no
adverse effect. We observed that topical application of APH improved
EASI eczema area and severity index )), skin hydration, trans
epi dermal water loss and pruritu s of AD patients. These findings
suggest that APH can be used as an active ingredient to a lleviate AD
symptoms.์ํ ํผ ํผ๋ถ์ผ(AD)์ ์ฌํ ๊ฐ๋ ค์์ฆ์ ๋๋ฐํ๋ ๋ง์ฑ ์ฌ๋ฐ์ฑ ์ผ์ฆ์ฑ
ํผ๋ถ์งํ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ ํผ๋ถ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์์์ ์ด๋ํ๋ค. ์ต๊ทผ ์
์ค์ฝ๋ฅด๋ธ์ฐ(AA)์ด ์ํ ํผ ํผ๋ถ์ผ์์ ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ ค
์ก๋ค. ํผ๋ถ์์ ๊ฐ์๋ AA๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ถฉํ๋ฉด ์ํ ํผ ํผ๋ถ์ผ ์ฆ์์ด ์ํ๋์
๋ค. ํ์๋ฃจ๋ก ์ฐ-์์ค์ฝ๋ฅด๋น์ฐ ์ ๋์ฒด์ธ ์์ค์ฝ๋ฅด๋น ํ๋กํ ํ์๋ฃจ๋ก ์ฐ
(APH)์ ์์ ์ฑ๊ณผ ํผ๋ถ ํฌ๊ณผ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ ํ ํ์ฅํ ์ฑ๋ถ์ด๋ค. ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์
์๋ ์ํ ํผ ํผ๋ถ์ผ ํ์์๊ฒ์ APH์ ์์ ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ ํจ์ฑ์ ํ๊ฐํ๊ณ ์
ํ์๋ค. ์ ์๋ APH๊ฐ ์์ค์ฝ๋ฅด๋ธ์ฐ์ ๋นํด ์ด์์ ์ฑ์ด ํฅ์๋ ๊ฒ์
์
์ฆํ๋ค. APH ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ HaCaT ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ฐ ์งํผ ์ฌ์ ์์ธํฌ(HDF)์ ์ธํฌ
ํํ์ ์์กด๋ ฅ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น์ง ์์๋ค. ๋ํ, APH๋ ์์ -๋ผ๋์นผ ์ ๊ฑฐ
ํจ๊ณผ๊ฐ ์์๊ณ TNF-ฮฑ ๋ฐ IL-1ฮฑ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ผ์ฆ์ฑ ์ฌ์ดํ ์นด์ธ์ ๊ฐ์
์์ผฐ๋ค. APH์ ์ํด์ฑ ํ๊ฐ๋ ํผ๋ถ ์๊ทน ๋ฐ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ์ฑ ์ํ์ผ๋ก ํ๊ฐํ์
์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ์์ฉ์ ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์ง ์์๋ค. ์ ์๋ APH์ ๊ตญ์ ์ ์ฉ์ด ์ํ ํผ ํผ
๋ถ์ผ ํ์์ ์ต์ง ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐ ์ค์ฆ๋ ์ง์, ํผ๋ถ ๋ณด์ต, ๊ฒฝํผ ์๋ถ ์์ค ๋ฐ
๊ฐ๋ ค์์ฆ์ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ธ์จ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ด์ฐฐํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋
APH๊ฐ ์ํ ํผ ํผ๋ถ์ผ ์ฆ์์ ์ํ์ํค๋ ํ์ฑ ์ฑ๋ถ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋ ์ ์
์์ ์์ฌํ๋ค.Introduction 1
Material and Methods 5
Results 20
Discussion 28
References 70
Abstract in Korean 74
LIST OF FIGURES 35
Figure 1. Chemical structure and thermal stability of APH 35
Figure 2. Free radical scavenging activity of APH 36
Figure 3. Permeability of APH through artificial membranes 37
Figure 4. The effect of APH on the cell viability and morphology 38-40
Figure 5. Anti inflammatory effect of APH 41-45
Figure 6. Assessment of the skin sensitization study schedule 46
Figure 7. Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) score assessment 47
Figure 8. Skin hydration assessment 48
Figure 9. Trans epidermal water loss (TEWL) assessment 49
Figure 10. Pruritus assessment 50
Figure 11. Clinical photography 51
LIST OF TABLES 52
Table 1. Measurement of flux and permeability coefficient (Kp) 52
Table 2. Skin characteristics of skin irritation subject(n=31) 53
Table 3. Change of Eczema area and severity index (EASI) Score 54
Table 4. Change of skin hydration 55
Table 5. Change of Trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) 56
Table 6. Change of pruritus 57
Table 7. Q. 1) How satisfied are you with your product overall ? 58
Table 8. Q. 2 1) Are you satisfied with the overall a topic dermatitis
improvement after using the test product ? 59
Table 9. Q. 2 2) Have you notice d an improvement in your skin's
dryness after using the test product ? 60
Table 10. Q. 2 3) Are you satisfied with improvement in pruritus
after using the test product ? 61
Table 11. Q. 2 4) Did your skin become smooth after using the test
product ? 62
Table 12. Q. 2 5) Is the test product more effective than the one
you used recently ? 63
Table 13. Q. 2 6) Will you recommend this product to people
around you ? 64
Table 14. Q. 3) Have you experienced any discomfort or adverse
reactions while using the test product 65
Supplementary Table 1 66
Supplementary Table 2 67
Supplementary Table 3 68
Supplementary Table 4 69๋ฐ
๋น๋ฉดํ๋์ญ ์ ๋ฃฐ๋ผ ํต์ ์ ์ํ ์ฑ๋ฅ ํฅ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ์ ๊ธฐยท์ ๋ณด๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2021.8. ๋ฐ์ธ์
.The 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) has standardized long-term evolution (LTE) licensed-assisted access (LTE-LAA) that uses a wide unlicensed band as an alternative solution to the insufficient bandwidth problem of the existing LTE. 3GPP cellular communications in unlicensed spectrum allow transmission only after completing listen-before-talk (LBT) operation. For downlink, the LBT operation helps cellular traffic to coexist well with Wi-Fi traffic. However, cellular uplink transmission is attempted only at the time specifically determined by the base station after having a successful LBT and the user equipment (UE) may suffer transmission failure and delayed transmission due to Wi-Fi interference. As a result, cellular uplink traffic does not coexist well with Wi-Fi traffic. NR-U suffers from the collision issue because its channel access mechanism is similar to that of Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi solves the collision problem through the request-to-send/clear-to-send (RTS/CTS) mechanism. However, NR-U has no way of solving the collision problem. As a result, NR-U suffers severe performance degradation due to collisions as the number of contending nodes increases.
In this dissertation, we consider the following two enhancements to cellular communication in the unlicensed spectrum: (i) Uplink channel access enhancement for solving poor uplink performance and (ii) collision minimization for efficient channel utilization.
First, we mathematically analyze the problem of unfairness between cellular and Wi-Fi for uplink channel access.
To address the coexistence problem in unlicensed spectrum, we propose a standard-compliant approach, termed UpChance, which allows the UE to use a minimum length of uplink reservation signal (RS) and the base station to determine the optimal timing for the UE's uplink transmission. Through ns-3 simulation, we verify that UpChance improves the performance of fairness and random access completion time by up to 88% and 99%, respectively.
Second, we propose to extend an RS duration and use a split RS for reservation in NR-U that consists of front RS and rear RS and design a new collision minimization scheme, termed R-SplitC, that contains two components: new split RS operation and contention window size (CWS) control. New split RS operation helps to minimize collisions in NR-U transmissions, and CWS control works to protect the performance of other communication technologies such as Wi-Fi. We mathematically analyze and evaluate the performance of our scheme and confirm that R-SplitC improves network throughput by up to 100.6% compared to the baseline RS scheme without degrading Wi-Fi performance.
In summary, we propose standard-compliant uplink channel access enhancement scheme and collision minimization scheme for cellular communication in unlicensed spectrum. Through this research, we achieve enhancements of network performance such as throughput and fairness.3์ธ๋ ํํธ๋์ญ ํ๋ก์ ํธ๋ ๊ธฐ์กด LTE์ ๋ถ์กฑํ ๋์ญํญ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๋ํ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๋์ ๋น๋ฉดํ ๋์ญ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๋ผ์ด์ ์ค ์ง์ ์ ์์ ํ์คํํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋น๋ฉดํ ๋์ญ์์ 3GPP ์
๋ฃฐ๋ฌ ํต์ ์ LBT ๋์์ ์๋ฃํ ํ์๋ง ์ ์ก์ ํ์ฉํ๋ค. ๋ค์ด๋งํฌ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ LBT ์์
์ ํตํด ์
๋ฃฐ๋ฌ ํธ๋ํฝ์ด ์์ดํ์ด ํธ๋ํฝ๊ณผ ์ ๊ณต์กดํ ์ ์์ต๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋, ์
๋ฃฐ๋ฌ ์
๋งํฌ ์ ์ก์ LBT ์ฑ๊ณต ํ ๊ธฐ์ง๊ตญ์ ์ํด ํน๋ณํ ๊ฒฐ์ ๋ ์๊ฐ์๋ง ์๋๋๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์ฅ๋น๋ ์์ดํ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ญ์ผ๋ก ์ธํด ์ ์ก ์คํจ์ ์ ์ก ์ง์ฐ์ ๊ฒช์ ํ๋ฅ ์ด ๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์
๋ฃฐ๋ฌ ์
๋งํฌ ํธ๋ํฝ์ด ์์ดํ์ด ํธ๋ํฝ๊ณผ ์ ๊ณต์กดํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค. ๋ผ์ด์ ์ค ์ง์ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ํ ์ฑ๋ ์ก์ธ์ค ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ด ์์ดํ์ด์ ์ฑ๋ ์ก์ธ์ค ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ๊ณผ ์ ์ฌํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋์ ์ ์ก์ผ๋ก ์ถฉ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ ์๋ค. ์์ดํ์ด๋ RTS/CTS ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ํตํด ์ถฉ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ํ์ฌ ๋ผ์ด์ ์ค ์ง์ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ถฉ๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ์กด์ฌํ์ง ์๋๋ค.
๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ผ์ด์ ์ค ์ง์ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ฒฝํฉ ๋
ธ๋ ์๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐํจ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ถฉ๋๋ก ์ธํด ์ฌ๊ฐํ ์ฑ๋ฅ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๋๋ค.
๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ๋น๋ฉดํ ๋์ญ์์ ์
๋ฃฐ๋ฌ ํต์ ์ ๋ํ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ค. (i) ์
๋งํฌ ์ฑ๋ฅ ์ ํ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์
๋งํฌ ์ฑ๋ ์ก์ธ์ค ํฅ์ ๋ฐ (ii) ํจ์จ์ ์ธ ์ฑ๋ ํ์ฉ์ ์ํ ์ถฉ๋ ์ต์ํ.
์ฒซ์งธ, ์
๋งํฌ ์ฑ๋ ์ก์ธ์ค๋ฅผ ์ํ ์
๋ฃฐ๋ฌ์ ์์ดํ์ด ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ถ๊ณต์ ์ฑ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ์ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ๋ค. ๋น๋ฉดํ ๋์ญ์์์ ๊ณต์กด ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํด๊ฒฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋จ๋ง์ด ์ต์ ๊ธธ์ด์ ์
๋งํฌ ์์ฝ ์ ํธ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ณ ๊ธฐ์ง๊ตญ์ด ๋จ๋ง์ ์
๋งํฌ ์ ์ก์ ๋ํ ์ต์ ์ ํ์ด๋ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ์ ํ ์ ์๋ UpChance๋ผ๋ ํ์ค์ ๋ง์กฑํ๋ ์ํฅ ๋งํฌ ์ฑ๋ ์ ๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ns-3 ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์ ํตํด UpChance๊ฐ ๊ณต์ ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋๋ค ์ก์ธ์ค ์๋ฃ ์๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ต๋ 88%, 99% ํฅ์์ํค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค.
๋์งธ, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ ๋ฐฉ ์์ฝ์ ํธ์ ํ๋ฐฉ ์์ฝ์ ํธ๋ก ๊ตฌ์ฑ๋ ๋ถํ ์์ฝ ์ ํธ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ๊ณ ๊ฒฝํฉ ์ฐฝ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ๊ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ดํ๋ R-SplitC๋ผ๋ ์๋ก์ด ์ถฉ๋ ์ต์ํ ์ฒด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ์๋ก์ด ๋ถํ ์์ฝ ์ ํธ๋ ๋ผ์ด์ ์ค ์ง์ ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ ์ก๊ฐ์ ์ถฉ๋์ ์ต์ํํ๋ ๋ฐ ๋์์ ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝํฉ ์ฐฝ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์ ์ด๋ ์์ดํ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ค๋ฅธ ํต์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ๋ณดํธํ๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ์ํ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ๊ณ ํ๊ฐํ์ฌ R-SplitC๊ฐ ์์ดํ์ด ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ์ ํ์ํค์ง ์๊ณ ๊ธฐ์กด์ ์์ฝ ์ ํธ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ๋นํด ๋คํธ์ํฌ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋์ ์ต๋ 100.6% ํฅ์์ํค๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ๋ค.
์์ฝํ๋ฉด, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋น๋ฉดํ ๋์ญ์์ ์
๋ฃฐ๋ฌ ํต์ ์ ์ํ ์
๋งํฌ ์ฑ๋ ์ก์ธ์ค ํฅ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ ๋ฐ ์ถฉ๋ ์ต์ํ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด, ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ต์ฒจ๋จ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋นํด ์ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ ์ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋คํธ์ํฌ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ํฅ์์ ๋ฌ์ฑํ๋ค.1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Main Contributions 2
1.2.1 Uplink Channel Access Enhancement for Cellular Communication in Unlicensed Spectrum 2
1.2.2 R-SplitC: Collision Minimization for Cellular Communication in Unlicensed Spectrum 3
1.3 Organization of the Dissertation 4
2 Uplink Channel Access Enhancement for Cellular Communication in Unlicensed Spectrum 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Related Work and Preliminaries 7
2.2.1 Related Work 7
2.2.2 Preliminaries 8
2.3 Mathematical Analysis for Unfairness between Uplink Cellular and Wi-Fi 10
2.3.1 PRACH scenario 10
2.3.2 UL data scenario 13
2.4 Proposed Scheme 17
2.4.1 UE Operation 18
2.4.2 eNB Operation 19
2.5 Performance Evaluation 24
2.5.1 Simulation Environments 24
2.5.2 UL data transmission 25
2.5.3 Random access 27
2.6 Summary 29
3 R-SplitC: Collision Minimization for Cellular Communication in Unlicensed Spectrum 37
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Related Work and Preliminaries 39
3.2.1 Related Work 39
3.2.2 NR-U 40
3.2.3 listen-before-talk (LBT) 41
3.2.4 reservation signal and mini-slot 41
3.2.5 Wi-Fi 42
3.3 Proposed Scheme 44
3.3.1 New RS structure 46
3.3.2 CWS control 48
3.4 Performance Analysis 49
3.4.1 Throughput Analysis for R-Split 49
3.4.2 Throughput Analysis for R-SplitC 55
3.5 Performance Evaluation 57
3.5.1 Performance Evaluation for an NR-U only Network 58
3.5.2 Performance Evaluation for an NR-U/Wi-Fi Network 61
3.6 Summary 65
4 Concluding Remarks 67
4.1 Research Contributions 67
4.2Future Work 68
Abstract (In Korean) 75
๊ฐ์ฌ์๊ธ 78๋ฐ
1,2-๋ํด๋ก๋กํ๋กํ์ ์ทจ๊ธ ๊ณต์ ๋ณ ๋ ธ์ถ ์์ค์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
์ฐ์
๋ณด๊ฑด์ ๊ณต/์์ฌ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ : ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ ์ฅ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ๋ฐ ์ค์ถ์ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ์ ์ต์ ์์ฉ ๋ฑ์ ์ฆ์์ ์ ๋ฐํ๊ณ ์ต๊ทผ ๋ด๊ด์ ๋ฐ์ ์ถ์ ๋ฌผ์ง๋ก ์๋ ค์ง 1,2-๋ํด๋ก๋กํ๋กํ์ ๋ํ ์ทจ๊ธ๊ณต์ ๋ณ ์ฌ์ฉ์คํ ๋ฐ ๋
ธ์ถ์์ค์ ํ์
ํ์ฌ ํฅํ ๋ฒ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์์ค ๋ณ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ํ ๊ธฐ์ด์๋ฃ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ค.์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ: ๊ตญ๋ด์์ 1,2-๋ํด๋ก๋กํ๋กํ์ ์ทจ๊ธํ๋ 13๊ฐ์ ์ฌ์
์ฅ์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๊ณต์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ์ธ์๋ฃ 24๊ฐ์ ์ง์ญ์๋ฃ 102๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฑ์ทจํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทผ๋ก์๋ค์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ์ธํฐ๋ทฐ์ ์ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค์ํ์๋ค. ์๋ฃ์ฑ์ทจ ๋ฐ ๋ถ์๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ OSHA์์ ๊ถ๊ณ ํ๋ ๊ณต์ ์ํ๋ฒ 7์ ์คํ์ฌ ์ค์ํ์๋ค.์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: 1,2-๋ํด๋ก๋กํ๋กํ ์ทจ๊ธ ๊ทผ๋ก์๋ค์ ๊ฐ์ธ๋
ธ์ถ์์ค์ ๊ธฐํํ๊ท 2.192ยฑ3.656 ppm์ด๊ณ ๊ณต์ ๋ณ๋ก๋ ๋๋ผํต ํฌ์ฅ์์
์ ํ๋ ๊ทผ๋ก์๋ค์ด 16.656ยฑ1.225 ppm์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๋ค์์ ์ธ์์
2.947ยฑ1.547 ppm, ์ง์ ์ธ์ฒ 2.428ยฑ6.996 ppm, ์คํ๋ ์ด์ธ์ฒ 2.148ยฑ8.329 ppm, ์ด์ํ์ธ์ฒ 1.446ยฑ1.847 ppm, ์ ์กฐ 1.218ยฑ1.975 ppm, ๊ธฐ๊ณ์๋์ธ์ฒ 1.140ยฑ1.281 ppm์์ด์๋ค. ์ง์ญ์๋ฃ ๋๋๋ ๊ธฐํํ๊ท 1.793ยฑ7.047 ppm์ผ๋ก ์ธ์๊ณต์ ๋๋๊ฐ 5.743ยฑ3.047 ppm์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ฅ ๋์๋ค. ์ข
ํฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธก์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์๋ฃ๊ฐ ์ง์ญ์๋ฃ๋ณด๋ค ๋์์ผ๋ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ์ง๋ ์์์ผ(p<0.676), ๊ณต์ ๊ฐ๋ฉฐ ์๊ด์ฑ์ ๋ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ํ๋๋ค(p<0.003). ๋
ธ์ถ๊ธฐ์ค ์ด๊ณผ์จ์ ๊ตญ๋ด๊ธฐ์ค(75 ppm) ๋๋น 4.2 %, ACGIH ๋ฐ ํ์๋
ธ๋์ฑ๊ธฐ์ค(10 ppm) ๋๋น 12.5 %, JSOH๊ธฐ์ค(1 ppm) ๋๋น 62.5%์ด์๋ค. ๊ตญ์๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๋ ์ด์ํ์ธ์ฒ๊ณผ ์ ์กฐ๊ณต์ ์๋ง ์ค์น๋์ด ์์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์ํ์ธ์ฒ๊ณต์ ์ฌ์
์ฅ 2๊ฐ์๋ง์ด ์ฉ๋์ ์ ํฉํ ๊ฐ์ธ๋ณดํธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉ ํ๊ณ ์์๋ค.๊ฒฐ๋ก :
1.2-๋ํด๋ก๋กํ๋กํ์ ์ธก์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ด ๋
ธ์ถ๊ธฐ์ค ์ด๊ณผ๋ 1๊ฑด์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ต๊ทผ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ ์ธ๊ตญ์ ๋
ธ์ถ๊ธฐ์ค ๋๋น ์ด๊ณผ์จ์ ๋์๋ค. ๋ํ ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ทจ๊ธ์ฌ์
์ฅ์ ํํ๋ฌผ์ง๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๊ณ ์์ง ์์ ๋
ธ์ถ๊ธฐ์ค ๊ฐ์ ๊ณผ ์ฐ์
์์ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ฒ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌ์์ค์ ๊ฐํ๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค.ope
The effect of paramedicโs emergency patient simulation training - course using standardized communication tools and simulation
Background : Since primary emergency treatment should be performed appropriately and promptly, efficient and accurate communication between paramedics and medical staff is paramount to a successful primary emergency treatment and patient handover. The problem of the training program in Korea is that it concentrates more on in-class lectures, often delivered by non-medical specialists, who may lack in practical experience and without proper communication training. To solve this problem, we have devised a simulation based training that focuses on event debriefings and two-way communication.
Methods : 62 paramedics from 3 stations enrolled in the study. 4 different courses with different emergency situations were created and each course was taken twice resulting in a total of 8 classes. All courses were based on actual cases. The curriculum consisted of subject lectures with guidelines, skill practice courses, and simulation courses based on hands-on method. In simulation courses, paramedics use standardized check list to communicate with medical specialists. All curriculums except subject lectures include debriefing, which allows free talking with educators comprised of medical specialists. In order to measure the educational impact, all students performed self-assessment through a structured questionnaire before and after the training.
Results : Regardless different situations and paramedicsโ education level, their performance and communication skills have improved after simulation training course. Paramedics mentioned learning skills in simulation course through communication with medical staffs as the biggest advantage.
Conclusion : Receiving the simulation training with standardized communication tools is effective at enhancing the communication between the paramedics and medical staff.ope
Dual Echo Trajectory for Novel Fast Acquisition
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ ๊ธฐยท์ ๋ณด๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2017. 2. ์ด์ข
ํธ.์๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช
์์๋ฒ์ ๋ฐ๋ช
์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ฒด์ ํด๋ก์ด ๋ฐฉ์ฌ์ ํผํญ์ ์ํ ์ํ์ด ์์ด ๋์ ์์์ ์ป์ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช
์์์ ๋์์ผ๋ก ๋ง์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์๋ ๋์ ๋น๋ฐ์ ๋ํ ์๋ฌธ์ ๋ค์ ํด๊ฒฐํด ๋๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช
์์์ ๊ฐ์ฅ ํฐ ์ฅ์ ์ ๋ค์ํ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ํน์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๋ ์์๋ค์ ์ป๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก, ํนํ ์คํ์์ฝ ์์๊ธฐ๋ฒ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ T1, T2 ๊ฐ์กฐ์์ ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ค์ํ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ ์์์ ์์ฅ๋ถ๊ท ์ง์ฑ์ ์ํ ์์ ์์ค์ด ์์ด ์ป์ด๋ผ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์์๋ ์ด ์คํ์์ฝ ์์์ ๋ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ป์ ์ ์๋ ์๋ก์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ ์ํ์๋ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์์๋ ์๋ก์ด ํ์ค์ด์ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ์๋ค. ์๋ ์คํ์์ฝ ํ๋๋ฅผ ์ป๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์์ ์คํ์์ฝ ์ฃผ์๋ก ๋ ๊ฐ์ ๋ถ๋ถ์์ฝ๋ฅผ ์ป์ด์ ์์ํ๋ ์๋๋ฅผ 2๋ฐฐ๋ก ํฅ์์ํค๊ณ , ์ป์ง ์์ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋ถ๋ถ ํธ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฌ๊ตฌ์ฑ์ฐ์ฐ์ ํตํด ์ป๊ฒ ๋๋ค. ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํตํ์ฌ ์๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช
์์์ ์์ ์์ค์ ์ต์ํํ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ์ํํ ์ ์๋ค.The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allowed the exploration of human brain without exposure to dangerous radiation. With the aid of this wonderful technique, researchers and clinicians have pushed forward the frontiers of knowledge. Among the various methods used in MRI, the spin echo imaging produces valuable T1, T2 weighted images while reducing the image loss caused by the B0 field inhomogeneity. This dissertation introduces a novel method to accelerate the acquisition of the spin echo image. The method consists of a new pulse sequence and corresponding correction and reconstruction method.Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 MRI Basics 1
1.1.1 Signal Source 1
1.1.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 2
1.1.3 Bloch Equation 5
1.1.4 Image Formation 7
1.2 Spin Echo Imaging 12
1.2.1 Theory 12
1.2.2 Pulse Sequence Diagram 15
1.2.3 Partial Fourier Reconstruction 17
1.2.4 Gradient and Spin Echo Imaging (GRASE) 19
Chapter 2. Dual Echo Trajectory 22
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Methods 24
2.2.1 Pulse Sequence Diagram 24
2.2.2 Echo Timing Correction 27
2.2.3. Projection Onto Convex Sets (POCS) 28
2.2.4. Parameter Optimization 30
2.2.5. Phantom Study 31
2.2.6. In Vivo Study 31
2.3 Results 32
2.3.1 Parameter Optimization 32
2.3.2 Phantom Study 35
2.3.3 In Vivo Study 36
2.4 Discussion and Conclusion 40
References 42
๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋ก 44Maste
Numerical analysis to evaluate the performance of laser ablation of Al thin film layer
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๊ณตํ์ ๋ฌธ๋ํ์ ์์ฉ๊ณตํ๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ๊ณ ์นํ.๋ ์ด์ ๋ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด ์ฐ์
์ ๋ค์ํ ๋ถ์ผ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ค. ํจ๋ ์ปคํ
, ํ๋ฆ ์ปคํ
๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ญ ๊ณต์ ๊ณผ ์
์ค๋ง, ๋งํน ๋ฑ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๊ณต์ ์ ํญ ๋๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋์คํ๋ ์ด ํจ๋์ ๋ฐ์ํ ๋ถ๋์ ์๋ฆฌํ๋ ๋ฆฌํ์ด ๊ณต์ ์์๋, ์์ ์ด๊ฑฐํ ๊ณต์ ๋ค๋ณด๋ค ๋ ์ ๋ฐํ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๊ณต ํญ๊ณผ ๊น์ด๋ฅผ ์ ์ดํด์ผ ํ๋ค. ๊ฒฐํจ๋ง ์ ๊ฑฐํ๊ณ ์ ์ ํ๋ก์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ผ์น์ง ์์์ผ ํ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ๊ฐ๊ณต ๋์ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ์์ ํ๊ฒ ์ ๊ฑฐํ๋ฉด์ ๋์์ ์ฃผ๋ณ๋ถ ํน์ ํ๋ถ๋ง์ ์์์ํค์ง ์์์ผ ํ๋ค. ์ด ๋ ์ ์ญ ๋๋
ธ๋ฏธํฐ ๋จ์์ ๊น์ด ์ ์ด์ ๋ง์ดํฌ๋ก ๋ฏธํฐ ๋จ์์ ๊ฐ๊ณต ํญ ์ ์ด๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ค. ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ๋ฏธ์ธํ ์ฐจ์ด๋ก ๊ฐ๊ณต์ ์ฑ๊ณต๊ณผ ์คํจ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋๋ฏ๋ก ์ด๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ค์ , ๊ฐ๊ณต ํ์ง ๊ด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ํ์์ ์ด๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ฆฌํ์ด ๊ณต์ ์ ๊ฐ๊ณต ํ์ง ํ์ธ์ ์ก์ ๊ฒ์ฌ ๋ฐ ๋จ๋ฉด ๊ฒ์ฌ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ด๋ค์ง์ง๋ง, ์ ํ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์์์๋ ๋์คํ๋ ์ด ํ๋ก์ ํด๋น๋๋ ํฐํ๋, ์๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋ ๋ณตํฉ ๋ฐ๋ง์ ๊ทน ์ด๋จ ๋ ์ด์ ๊ฐ๊ณต ๋ฉ์ปค๋์ฆ์ ๋ํด ์์๋ณธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์์น ํด์์ ํตํด ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ๊ณต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์์ธกํด๋ณด๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํ ๊ฐ๊ณต ์ฑ๋ฅ ํฅ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ๋ํด ๋
ผ์ํด๋ณธ๋ค.
์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์์์ ์ฃผ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๊ฐ๊ณต ๋์๋ง์ ์ ๊ฑฐ ์ฌ๋ถ์ ๋น๋์๋ง์ ์์ ๋ง์ง์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ๊ณต ๋ฒ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ๊ฐ ์ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ๊ฐ๊ณต ํ์๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ํ์ฌ ๊ฐ๊ณต์ฑ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ ๋ฆฌํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋น์ ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ์ค์บ ์๋๋ ๊ณ ์ ๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ ๋ฆฌํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ์
๋๋ค. ๋ํ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์ ํตํ ๊ฐ๊ณต ์กฐ๊ฑด์ ์ค์ , ์ ์ง ๊ด๋ฆฌ, ์ ์ ํ์์ ์ ์ฉ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ์ฟ๋ณผ ์ ์์๋ค.Lasers are used in several processes in the display industry. Cutting of panels and films, cell sealing, marking etc. One of them is to repair circuit defects through selective cutting. To repair circuits, we need to control ablation depth and width more precisely. It is easy to process a thin metal film using a laser, but thermal damage is easily generated around it. So, we need to control ablation depth by nanometer scale and width by micrometer scale. Since the success and failure of machining are divided by such a little difference, initial condition setting and quality control of machining are essential. In general, the quality of processing in the repair process is checked through visual inspection and cross-section inspection, but there are problems with accuracy and analysis time. In this report, we investigate the ultra-short laser processing mechanism of titanium and aluminum composite thin films that are applicable to display circuits. In addition, through numerical analysis, we predict the change in machining results according to conditions, and discuss the possibility of improving machining performance through this.
The main result in the simulation is that the processing range can be taken depending on whether the target film is removed and the damage margin of the non-target film. It seems advantageous to manage machinability by controlling the laser power, and it is considered advantageous to use fixed values for the size and scan speed of the beam. In addition, it was possible to see the possibility of setting and maintaining processing conditions through simulation and applying them to new products.์ 1 ์ฅ ์๋ก 1
์ 1 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1
์ 2 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ 4
์ 3 ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ์ 6
์ 2 ์ฅ ๋ ์ด์ ๋ฐ๋ง ๊ฐ๊ณต์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ ํํฉ 7
์ 1 ์ OLED ๋์คํ๋ ์ด ๋ฆฌํ์ด ๊ฐ๊ณต ํํฉ 7
์ 2 ์ ๊ทน์ด๋จ ๋ ์ด์ ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ ๊ฐ๊ณต ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์ฐ๊ตฌ 9
์ 3 ์ฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ณ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
11
์ 1 ์ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์กฐ๊ฑด 11
์ 2 ์ Case๋ณ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 19
์ 3 ์ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ 34
์ 4 ์ฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก 45
์ 1 ์ ์์ฝ 45
์ 2 ์ ์์ฌ์ 46
์ 3 ์ ํ๊ณ ๋ฐ ํ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ 47
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 48
Abstract 50Maste
์๋ฃ ์ทจ์ฝ ์ง์ญ์ ์๋ ์๊ธ ์๋ฃ ๊ธฐ๊ด์ ์ฒซ ๋๋ฉด ์์ฌ์ ์ ๊ณต๊ณผ ์๊ธ ์ ์ ์ ์ ์ฑ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ํ์ ๋ณด๊ฑดํ๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ์กฐ์ฑ์ผ.Background: Until recently, there have been few studies on the transfer of patients from emergency departments (EDs) overall, as such studies were limited primarily to trauma patients.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the specialty of the first-contact physician and the appropriateness of the emergency transfer (AET).
Methods: This was a retrospective, observational study performed at two level-3 EDs in a rural area. A transfer to a higher-level ED for the purpose of patient stabilization was defined as an emergency transfer, and transfers were classified as appropriate when the emergency status of the patient could not be resolved by the referring ED. The primary outcome was AET, which was reviewed by an expert panel for reliability. Statistically significant variables were selected as covariates based on the results of a univariate analysis, and a multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) on the AET.
Results: A total of 1325 patients underwent transfer to another hospital from the two EDs. Of these, 1003 were classified into the emergency transfer group. In both EDs, the incidence of appropriate emergency transfers was significantly higher when the first-contact physician was an emergency physician (OR, 4.00595% CI, 2.619โ6.125 and OR, 4.00695% CI, 1.696โ9.459 for each hospital, respectively).
Conclusion: There was a positive association between the specialty of the first-contact physician and the AET among EDs located in rural areas making patient transfers.I. Introduction . 1
II. Materials and Methods 2
1. Study design . 2
2. Study setting 3
3. Study population 4
4. Data collection and processing . 6
5. Outcome measures 7
6. Statistical analysis . 7
III. Results . 7
IV. Discussion 13
V. Conclusion . 17
REFERENCES . 18
ABSTRACT (IN KOREAN) 21Maste
3.1์ด๋์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์์ ์ฌ๊ณ ์ฐฐ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ ์น์ธ๊ตํ๋ถ(์ธ๊ตํ์ ๊ณต), 2013. 8. ์ต์ ์ด.๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ํ๊ตญ์์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ๋ํ ๋ด๋ก (national discourse)์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ํ์ฑ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ํ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์์ฐ์ ์ด๋ค์๋์ง ์์๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ํ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก, ์ผ์ ์๋ฏผ์งํ ์ต๋์ ํญ์ผ ๋ฏผ์กฑ ํญ์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์ธ๋์ด ์๋ 3.1์ด๋์ ๊ทธ ๊ฒํ ์ ์ถ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ผ์๋ค. ์ผ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ก 3.1์ด๋์ ์ฌํ ๊ฐ๊ณยท๊ฐ์ธต์ด ๋๋ฃจ ์ฐธ๊ฐํ์ฌ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ์์ ์ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ์ณค์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ์กฐ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์์ ์ ํ๋์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค๋ ํ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ง๋ฐฐ์ ์ด๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ๋ฌด์์ด, ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๊ทธ๋ฐ ์ธ์์ ์ผ๊นจ์ ๋๊ฐ์ ๋ํด์๋ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋
ผ์๋์ด ์ค์ง ์์๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด 3.1์ด๋ ํ์ฅ์์ ๋ฌด์์ ํ์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด์์ ์ฒดํํ๋์ง๋ฅผ ์์๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋ด๋ก ์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ํ์ฑ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ํ ๋ฐฉ์์ผ๋ก ์ฌ์์ฐ์ ์ด๋ค๋๋์ง ๊ณ ์ฐฐํด๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค.
19์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง๊ณผ 20์ธ๊ธฐ ์ด ์กฐ์ ์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ ค์๊ณผ ๋๋ถ์ด ์ฌํ์ ๋ถ๊ดด์ ๋ด๋ถ์ ๊ฐ๋ฑ์ด ๋ด์ฌํด ์์๋ค. ์ผ์ ๊ฐ์ ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋ ์กฐ์ ์ธ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์ ๋ช
ํํ ๋๋ฆฝ ๊ตฌ๋๋ ๋น์ ์กฐ์ ์ธ๋ค์๊ฒ๋ ๋ฐ์๋ค์ฌ์ง ์ ์์๋ค. ์ฒ์์์ฐฝ์๋ฅผ ๋ด์ธ์ ๋ ๋ํ ์ญ์ ์น์ผ์ ์๋ํ๋ ๋ฑ ์์ ์ ์์กด์ ์ํด ์์ (่ชๅ, autotomy)๊ณผ ์ฌ์(ๅ็)์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ํตํด ๋ณ์ (่ฎ่บซ, metamorphosis)์ ๊ฑฐ๋ญํ๋ฉฐ ์ด์๋จ์์ง๋ง, ์์ ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์์คํ ์ฑ ์ค์ ๋ก ๋๋ ๋๊ตฌ์ธ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ํด์ ๋๋ฌผ์ ์๋ฐ์ ์์๋ค.
ํ์ง๋ง ์ผ์งํ์ ๋
ธ๊ณจ์ ์ธ ์น์ผ ํ๋๊ณผ ํ์ผํฉ๋ฐฉ์ฑ๋ช
๋ฐํ๋ ์น์ผ์ ํ๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค์กฐ์ฐจ ์์ ์ ๊ณผ์ค๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋ซ๊ฒ ํ๋ ์ค์ํ ๊ณ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ๋์๋ค. ์ง์์ธ์ธต ๋ฐ ์ฌํ ์ง๋์ธ๋ ฅ๋ค์ ์์ ์ ์กฐ์๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ, ์ฒ๋๊ต๋ ์์ ์ ์ ์ (ๅ่บซ)์ธ ๋ํ์ ํ๊ณ (ๅ้กง)ํ๋ฉฐ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ(identity)์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค. ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ์ (ๆต)์ ๋ํ ๊ท์ ๊ณผ ์(ๆ)๋ฅผ ๋์ฐพ์ผ๋ ค๋ ์๋๊ฐ ์ด๋ค์ง๋ฉฐ ์ง์์ธ์ธต์์ ์ ์ํ ์๋ ๋ฐ๋ก ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ์ง์์ธ์ธต์ ์ํด ์ ์๋ ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๊ฐ๋
์ ์ ์น ์ธ๋ ฅ๋ค์ด ๋
๋ฆฝ์ด๋์ ์ถ์งํ๋ฉด์ ์์ ์ ์ ์ํ๋ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ์ด์ ์ญ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณด๋ ๊ด์ ์ด์ ํ๋์ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ท์ ํ๋ ํ๋์ ๋ด๋ก ์ด ๋์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ด๋ ๋น์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๋ง์ ๋ด๋ก ๋ค ์ค ํ๋์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์๋ค.
์ ์ธ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์ ๋ฌธ์ ํตํด ์ ์๋ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด๋ ๊ฐ๋
์ ๋ฏผ์ค์ด ์ ํํ๊ฒ ์ดํดํ๊ธฐ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ด์๋ค. ์ค์ ๋ก ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ง์ธ์ด๋์ ๋์๋ฉฐ ํฐ์ท ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์ ๊ฐ์์ ์ธ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ๋์ง์ฑ์ ํ์ธํ๊ณ , ๋ง์ธ์ด๋์ ํ๋ฉด์ ์ฃผ๋ณ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ด ์ธ์น๋ ๊ตฌํธ์ ํ๋์ ๋
ธ์ถ๋๊ณ , ๋ง์ธ์ด๋ ํ์ฅ์์ ์์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์์ ์ท์ ์
์ ์ฃผ๋ณ ์ด๋ค์๊ฒ ๊ฐํด์ง๋ ์ผ์ ์ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ์ฒดํํ๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ด๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋ด๋ก
์ ์ฌ์์ฐํ์๊ณ , ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋ด๋ก ์ ํ๋์ ์ผ์์ ์ธ ๋ด๋ก ์ด ๋์์์ ์ฃผ์ฅํ์๋ค. ๋น์ ์์ดํ ์ ์ฒด์ฑ ๋
ผ์์ ๋ด๋ก ์ด ์กด์ฌํ์์ง๋ง 3.1์ด๋์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฌ๊ฑด์ ํตํด ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋ด๋ก ์ด ๋๋๋์๊ณ , ์ด๋ ์ผ์ ์๊ฐ ํจ๊ถ(hegemony)์ ์ง์๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์งํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
ํ๋์ ๋ด๋ก ์ด ์์ํ ์ง์๋๋ ์ง๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ธ์ฌ ์๋ ์๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์, ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋ด๋ก ์ 3.1์ด๋์ด๋ผ๋ ํ๋์ ์ฌํ์ ์น์ ์ธ ์๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋์ ํจ๊ถ์ ์ง์์์ ๋ด๋ ค์ ๋ค์ ์ฌ๋ฌ ๋ด๋ก ๋ค๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ํ๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ ๋
ผ์๋ฅผ ํตํด ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ํ๋๋ค๋ฅผ ์ธ์น๋ฉด์๋ ๊ฐ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๋๋ฆฝ์ ๋ฐ๋ณตํ๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ํผ์ฑ(hybrid)์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์ ์ดํดํ๋ ๋ฐ์ ์ผ๋ง์ ๋จ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ๊ณตํ๋ฉฐ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ์๋ฏธ๊ฐ ์ข ๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์์์ ๋
ผ์๋ ์ ์์์ ์ ์ํ๋ค.This dissertation investigates how the national discourse was constructed and reproduced. For that purpose, this dissertation analyzes the March First Movement, which has been remembered as the widest-scale act of resistance to Japanese colonial rule. In general, this uprising has been regarded to ignite a nationwide movement, in which many people took part, regardless of locality and social status, and to give rise to a sense of national identity among people. Although understanding what provoked such national consciousness and how it could happen is essential, it has attracted less interest in previous studies. This dissertations aims are twofold: (1) to answer what question, that is to know what Korean people did and experienced while participating in the movement, and (2) how the national discourse was constructed and reproduced.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Korean society was experiencing not only economic difficulties, but internal conflict and social collapse. The apparent conflict between Japanese and Koreans during the Japanese colonial era was not that clear to people at that time. In confusion, Donghak, which had flagged up Expel Westerners and Japanese, sought political relationship with Japan for the sake of its survival. It eventually survived through autotomy and regeneration, and metamorphose itself. However, it lost its original purpose and was left only with the question who
am I now?
Vicious acts of pro-Japanese collaborator, called Ilchinhoe, and proclamation of Japans annexation of the Korean Peninsula made Korean people identify who was their common enemy. Only after that, they could identify themselves as nation while scanning the page of history: intellectuals and leaders looked back on their ancestors and traditional culture, and Cheondogyo did on its predecessor, Donghak. And while they promoted independence movement, National discourse, which functioned as a frame of reference, was constructed. However, it should be noted that the national discourse was only one of many competing discourses.
The concept of nation, which was presented through independence declaration statements and newspaper, was meaningful only for intellectuals and leaders. Most people learnt it through experience: (1) seeing the white clothes wave out in the movement, (2) hearing other participants shouting and slogan, and (3) witnessing violence inflicted on the people with wearing the same color clothes. This dissertation argues that as a result, people reproduced the national discourse and at a given moment it became self-evident, universal, and necessary. Other discourses and alternative discussions about identity were also present at that time. However, through the March First Movement, the national discourse strengthens its hegemony, reproduced itself, and became implicated in our everyday experience.
A discourse is an ongoing process and not a fixed system or structure. The national discourse is not an exception. After socio-political moment of the March First Movement was gone, it stepped down from the hegemonic status and then continually resisted, altered, or challenged by other competing discourses. This discussion offers an opportunity to understand hybrid characters of the Korean society and to give an alternative perspective on the meaning of the nation.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ
โ
. ์๋ก 1
1. ๋ฌธ์ ์ ๊ธฐ 1
2. ๊ธฐ์กด ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒํ 6
1) ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์ ์ด๋ก 7
(1) ์์ด๋ก (primordialism) 7
(2) ๊ทผ๋๋ก (modernism) 8
(3) ์ข
์กฑ์ ์์ง๋ก (ethnosymbolism) 10
2) ํฌ์คํธ ์๋ฏผ ์ ๊ทผ๋ฒ(post-colonial approach) 12
3) 3.1์ด๋ ์ฐ๊ตฌ 16
3. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 22
1) 3.1์ด๋์ ๋ํ ํ์ํ์ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 23
2) ๋ฏผ์กฑ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์์ ๋ํ ์ (ๅ
) ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 24
3) ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋ด๋ก ์ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ 26
4. ์ฐ๊ตฌ ์๋ฃ 27
5. ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ 29
โ
ก. 3.1์ด๋์ ์์ 32
1. ์์ธ๋ก ๋ชจ์ฌ๋๋ ์ฌ๋๋ค 34
2. 1919๋
3์ 1์ผ 40
3. ์ผ์ ์ ๋์ 44
4. 3์ 1์ผ ์ดํ 48
5. ์ด๋์ ํ์ฐ: ๊ฐ ์ง์ญ ๋ง์ธ์ด๋์ ๋ชจ์ต 51
โ
ข. 3.1์ด๋์ ์ฐธ๊ฐ์: ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋ด๋ก ์ ๋ด์ง์๋ค 56
1. 33์ธ์ ๋ฏผ์กฑ๋ํ 56
2. ์ง์์ธ์ธต๊ณผ ํ์ 62
3. ์ฌํ์ํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ฏผ์ค 67
โ
ฃ. ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์ ๋ด๋ก ์ ํ์ฑ 71
1. 3.1์ด๋ ์ด์ ์กฐ์ ์ ํ์ค๊ณผ ์กฐ์ ์ธ 73
2. ๋ํ๊ณผ ์ผ์งํ์ ํฉ๋(ๅๅ): ๋ํ์ ๋ถ์ ์ ํตํฉ 81
1) ๋ํ์ ์ญ์ฌ์ ํ๋ณด 81
2) ๋ํ์ ๊ต์ ์ผ์น(ๆๆฟไธ่ด)์ ์ผ์งํ์์ ํฉ๋ 84
3. ์ง๋ณดํ์ ์ผ์งํ์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ: ๋ถ์ ์ ํตํฉ์ ํด์ฒด 89
4. ์ฒ๋๊ต์ ๋
๋ฆฝ์ด๋ ์ถ์ง 93
1) ์ฒ๋๊ต์ ๊ต๋จ ๋จ์๊ณผ ๋ํ์ ๋ํ ํ๊ณ (ๅ้กง) 93
2) ๋
๋ฆฝ์ด๋ ๋ถ์๊ธฐ์ ํ์ฐ 96
3) ์ฒ๋๊ต์ 3.1์ด๋ ๊ณํ๊ณผ ์ถ์ง 101
5. ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์ ๋ด๋ก ์ ํ์ฑ 102
โ
ค. ๋์ค์ 3.1์ด๋ ์ฐธ์ฌ 110
1. ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ด๋ ค์์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ๋ง์ ์ฆ๋ 110
1) ํ ์ง์กฐ์ฌ์ฌ์
110
2) ๋ฉ์ธ 114
3) ์๊ตฌ์น๋ ์๊ฐ 116
4) ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ์ํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ง์ธ์ด๋ ์ฐธ์ฌ? 119
2. ์๋ณ์ ์์ ๋ํ ๋ณต์ 120
1) ์๋ณ์ ์๊ณผ ์ ์์ (demonstrative) ํญ๋ ฅ 120
2) ์ผ์ ์ ์ ์์ ํญ๋ ฅ์ด ๋จ๊ธด ๊ธฐ์ต 123
3) ์๋ณ์ ์ ๋ณต์๋ฅผ ์ํ ๋ง์ธ์ด๋ ์ฐธ์ฌ? 125
3. ์ธ๊ฐ ์กด์์ฑ์ ํ๋ณต 126
1) ์กฐ์ ์ฌ๋๋ค์ ๋ํ๋ ์ผ์ ์ ๋ฐฉ์ 126
2) ๋ง์ธ์ด๋์ ๋ํ ํ์ 129
3) ์ธ๊ฐ ์กด์์ฑ์ ํ๋ณต์ ์ํ ๋ง์ธ์ด๋์ ์ฐธ์ฌ? 133
4. ์์น์ฌ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์์ ์๋ ฅ 135
5. ์๊ฒฐ 138
โ
ฅ. 3.1์ด๋์ ์ํฅ 141
1. ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋ด๋ก ์ ์ฌ์์ฐ 141
2. 3.1์ด๋์ด ์ผ์ ์ ๋ฏธ์น ์ํฅ 150
3. 3.1์ด๋์ด ๋จ๊ธด ๊ธฐ์ต 158
โ
ฆ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก 162
์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ 166Maste
์ฑํธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ ์ํ ์ฑ์ฒด ๊ทผ์ก ์ค๊ธฐ์ธํฌ์ ํ์ฑ์ ๊ดํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์๋ช
๊ณผํ๋ถ, 2017. 2. ๊ณต์์ค.Quiescent satellite cells, known as adult muscle stem cells, possess a remarkable ability to regenerate skeletal muscle following injury throughout life. Active proliferation and differentiation of juvenile satellite cells contribute to myonuclear accretion in the pre-existing myofiber until puberty. Meanwhile, some of juvenile satellite cells preserve their stemness in order to comprise a reservoir of adult stem cells. Although it is known that they mainly originate from multipotent stem/progenitor cells of the somite, the mechanism underlying the establishment of quiescent satellite cell populations is unknown. Stem cells interact with their specialized microenvironment which refers to a stem cell niche. Since satellite cells reside within basal lamina and sarcolemma, myofibers have been considered as a niche component of muscle stem cells. Although a plethora of studies have suggested that myofibers compose a niche of muscle stem cells, the mechanism of muscle stem cell regulation by myofiber niche is not known.
Puberty is initiated via the hypothalamus-pituitary axis by diffusion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus. The increased secretion of gonadotropins such as luteinizing and follicular stimulating hormones primarily acts on the ovary and testis to stimulate production of androgens and estrogens. The function of sex hormones is coordinated by paracrine regulatory mechanisms and essential for establishing and promoting the secondary characteristics of reproductive organs at puberty.
iii
Since the conversion of proliferating juvenile satellite cells into quiescent adult satellite cells occurs during puberty and both androgen receptor, and estrogen receptors ฮฑ/ฮฒ are highly expressed in skeletal muscles, the hypothalamicโpituitaryโgonadal (HPG) axis might be related to the establishment of satellite cell populations.
In this study, I tested whether the HPG axis is responsible for the conversion of cycling juvenile SCs into quiescent adult SCs at puberty. I investigated how the HPG axis generates quiescent SC pools by activating Notch signaling at puberty. Using mouse genetic models (Gnrh1hpg/hpg, MCK-CreArf/y (ARMF), MCK-CreArf/yEsr2โ/โ, MCK-CreMib1f/f (Mib1MF), Pax7-CreERNotch1f/f (N1SC) and Pax7-CreERRosaN1 (N1OE/SC)), surgical (orchiectomy), and pharmacological (antide treatment) approaches, I revealed a novel mechanism that pubertal sex hormones capacitate myofiber niches to activate Notch signaling in the adjacent
iv
juvenile SCs and to orchestrate the establishment of adult satellite cell populations. Myofibers under impaired HPG axis or myofibers lacking Mib1 fail to send Notch signals to juvenile satellite cells, leading to impaired cell cycle exit and depletion. Moreover, the same axis regulates the re-establishment of quiescent satellite cell populations following injury. These findings reveal an unknown link between the sex hormone and the skeletal muscle, which will provide a new insight to understand why sex hormones should be secreted at puberty and maintained throughout life.I. BACKGROUND 1
II. INTRODUCTION 18
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS 23
IV. RESULTS 45
V. DISCUSSION 131
VI. REFERENCES 136
VII. ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 147Docto
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