271 research outputs found

    the theological background behind the modern self

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ •์น˜์™ธ๊ตํ•™๋ถ€(์™ธ๊ตํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2021.8. ๊น€์ง€ํ›ˆ.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทธ ์ฒ ํ•™์  ์ „์ œ๋ฅผ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ‰๋“ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ๊ฐœ์ฒ™ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ์กด์žฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์„ธ์†์  ๊ด€๋…์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ๋Š”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํƒ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์ •์น˜์ฒ ํ•™์ž์ธ ํ™‰์Šค, ์นธํŠธ, ๋‹ˆ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋ค„์ง„๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š” ์„ธ์†์ ์ธ ์ •์น˜ ์งˆ์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ์„ ์ €์„œ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ธ ์ •์น˜์ฒ ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์ข…๊ต์  ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ™‰์Šค๋Š” ๋ฆฌ๋ฐ”์ด์–ด๋˜ 3๋ถ€์™€ 4๋ถ€์—์„œ ์„ฑ์„œํ•ด์„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ˆ๋Œ€์  ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์ž๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋‚ด์  ์‹ ๋…๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ •์น˜ ์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์นธํŠธ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ถœํŒ ์ €์„œ๋กœ ์ข…๊ต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ €์ž‘์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ ๊ณผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฐฝ๋ฐœ์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ˆ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์œ ์™€ ์ด์„ฑ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ˆ์ฒด๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฌด์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋ฅด์ƒ๋ ๋ง์„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์‹œํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ค˜๋˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์—์„œ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๊ด€, ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ”ํžˆ ์ข…๊ต๊ฐ€ ์ด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ฒ™์ ์— ์ž๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ์ง„๋ณด ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘๋Š” ์ •์น˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ†ต๋…์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์ •์น˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๋‚จ๊ธด ์œ ์‚ฐ์„ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ •์น˜์‚ฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ์ •ํ• ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๋…ผ์˜์— ์ข€ ๋” ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ์ž์›์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.This dissertation investigates the philosophical origins of conceiving both individual and state in early modern political thought. The chief aim of the study is to reconstruct and trace the reception and use of (secular) ideas of the modern self, such as equality, rationality, and authenticity, in crafting the notion that these ideas were ideologically formed on the theological background. In particular, this project examines a tradition of political philosophers โ€“ Thomas Hobbes, Immanuel Kant, Frederick Nietzsche - who sought to understand and further replace the place of traditional authority in politics, and who had specific interests in treating religious one in their efforts. If those philosophers have long been celebrated for making reasoned argument the foundation of philosophy, this dissertation recovers a neglected anthropological as well as theological assumption in their arguments. Religion is often construed as the opposite of reason, and is thought to be alternately irrelevant to, or undesirable in, a politics committed to ideals of rational progress. This project challenges this prevailing bias: for Hobbes, he found no other means to impute natural laws to the citizens; for Kant, the exalted place reason enjoys cannot be firmly established; for Nietzsche, the โ€œend of historyโ€ cannot be revolted. It then shows how some of the most pivotal figures in the history of political thought have perennially raised the question of whether there might be a more nuanced role for traditions to play in political theory. Furthermore, a revised understanding of their legacy on these terms opens up a broader theoretical discourse concerning the place of individual in contemporary political thought.Ch.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Examining the Post-secular Return of Religion: reevaluation of "secularization theory" 8 1.2 Recasting the Old Questions: Theological Reliance and Renunciation in the Political Thought of Modern Philosophers 12 1.3 Plan of dissertation 15 Ch.2 Thomas Hobbes's Use of Religious Doctrine 18 2.1 Why Part 3,4 of Leviathan 22 2.1.1 Changes over Hobbes's political works 22 2.1.2 Why Part 3,4 of Leviathan: the importance of the last half of the text 29 2.1.3 Scripture as a hermeneutical guide 34 2.1.4 Erecting Supreme Governors on the earth of Christian commonwealth 38 2.2 Hobbes's Use of Religious Doctrine: Undermining Obligations to God 46 2.2.1 Mimicking the Imagery of Creation: the Use and Abuse of the Theological-Political idea of Covenant 46 2.2.2 Political Philosophy of Hobbes: an insufficient blueprint to build Leviathan 54 2.3 Conclusion 60 Ch.3 Immanuel Kant's Doctrine of Religion as Political Philosophy 67 3.1 Introduction: From Critique to Doctrine 72 3.2 Interpretations of Kant's Political Thought in Relation to his Metaphysical Underpinnings 77 3.2.1 Kant's early writings: foundation for metaphysics 77 3.2.2 Kant's later writings: political thought to situate the fallen men in the ordered world 80 3.3 Room for faith: Epistemology, Morality and the Religion 89 3.3.1 Metaphysical difficulty: the possibility of human spontaneity in relation to the will of God 89 3.3.2 Moral/Political difficulty: the prevalent evils in relation to human spontaneity 96 3.3.3 Theological difficulty: the possible way to understand God 104 3.4 Conclusion: The relation of Reason to Miracle and Mystery 107 Ch.4 Nietzsche's Critique of Christianity as an embracing of chance 116 4.1 Introduction: Thoughts on/of Untimely Meditations 116 4.2 Putting Nietzsche in Context: literature review 122 4.3 Two Ethics, Two Pathos: Nihilism and Ressentiment 126 4.3.1 Nihilism: the aftereffect of Enlightenment tradition 126 4.3.2 Ressentiment: the effect of Christianity 130 4.4 Nietzsche's Dionysian Philosophy: Nietzsche's thoughts on great individuals 133 4.4.1 The initial period 135 4.4.2 The middle period 136 4.4.3 The final period 138 4.5 Nietzsche's Anthro-culturalism: The Revaluation of All Values 140 4.5.1 Nietzsche's Realistic Vision for the Great Politics of Cultural Renewal: Thoughts on Socio-Political arrangements 140 4.5.2 Nietzsche's "Aristocratic Agonism": Thoughts on the Disciples of Dionysus as Agents of Revitalization 145 4.5.2.1 Recent efforts to Democratize Nietzsche: Previous literature 145 4.5.2.2 The Myth of the 'Eternal Recurrence' out of the Reality of Becoming 148 4.5.2.3 'Philosophy of Life' of Zarathustra: Nietzsche's positive innovations 153 4.6 Conclusion 160 Ch.5 Conclusion: The Dialectic of the Modern principles and Contemporary discourses 163 5.1 Legacy of Hobbes, Kant, and Nietzsche 163 5.2 Concluding Remarks 173 Bibliography 180 Abstract in Korean 205๋ฐ•

    ์•„ํ† ํ”ผ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—ผ ํ™˜์ž์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ Ascorbyl Propyl Hyaluronate ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2022. 8. ๋ฐฑ๋กฑ๋ฏผ.Atopic dermatitis (AD) is chronic relapsing inflammation of the skin associated with severe itching. It is results in structural and functional damage of skin. Recently, ascorbic acid (AA) wa s reported to plays an important role i n AD. The AD symptom was alleviated, when the decreased AA was supplemented in the sk in. Ascorbyl propyl hyaluronate (APH), a hyaluronate ascorbic acid derivative, is a cosmetic ingredient improved stability and skin permeability. In this study, we aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of APH in AD patients. W e demonstrated that APH is improved thermal stability compar ed with ascorbic acid. APH treatment did not affect cell morphology and viability of immortalized human keratinocytes HaCaT and human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). Moreover, APH had free radical scavenging effect and reduced inflammatory cytokine such as TNF ฮฑ and IL 1 ฮฑ . Risk assessment of APH were evaluated by skin irritation and sensitization test. There was no adverse effect. We observed that topical application of APH improved EASI eczema area and severity index )), skin hydration, trans epi dermal water loss and pruritu s of AD patients. These findings suggest that APH can be used as an active ingredient to a lleviate AD symptoms.์•„ํ† ํ”ผ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—ผ(AD)์€ ์‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ ค์›€์ฆ์„ ๋™๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋งŒ์„ฑ ์žฌ๋ฐœ์„ฑ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์งˆํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์†์ƒ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์•„ ์Šค์ฝ”๋ฅด๋ธŒ์‚ฐ(AA)์ด ์•„ํ† ํ”ผ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—ผ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค ์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋œ AA๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ถฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์•„ํ† ํ”ผ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—ผ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ์™„ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ ๋‹ค. ํžˆ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ก ์‚ฐ-์•„์Šค์ฝ”๋ฅด๋นˆ์‚ฐ ์œ ๋„์ฒด์ธ ์•„์Šค์ฝ”๋ฅด๋นŒ ํ”„๋กœํ•„ ํžˆ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ก ์‚ฐ (APH)์€ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•œ ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์„œ๋Š” ์•„ํ† ํ”ผ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—ผ ํ™˜์ž์—๊ฒŒ์„œ APH์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ๊ณผ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ €์ž๋Š” APH๊ฐ€ ์•„์Šค์ฝ”๋ฅด๋ธŒ์‚ฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์—ด์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. APH ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” HaCaT ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ง„ํ”ผ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ(HDF)์˜ ์„ธํฌ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์ƒ์กด๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, APH๋Š” ์ž์œ -๋ผ๋””์นผ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  TNF-ฮฑ ๋ฐ IL-1ฮฑ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ผ์ฆ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ์ดํ† ์นด์ธ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. APH์˜ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ž๊ทน ๋ฐ ๊ณผ๋ฏผ์„ฑ ์‹œํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€ ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ถ€์ž‘์šฉ์€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ €์ž๋Š” APH์˜ ๊ตญ์†Œ ์ ์šฉ์ด ์•„ํ† ํ”ผ ํ”ผ ๋ถ€์—ผ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์Šต์ง„ ๋ฉด์  ๋ฐ ์ค‘์ฆ๋„ ์ง€์ˆ˜, ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ๋ณด์Šต, ๊ฒฝํ”ผ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ์†์‹ค ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€๋ ค์›€์ฆ์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” APH๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ† ํ”ผ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—ผ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ™œ์„ฑ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค.Introduction 1 Material and Methods 5 Results 20 Discussion 28 References 70 Abstract in Korean 74 LIST OF FIGURES 35 Figure 1. Chemical structure and thermal stability of APH 35 Figure 2. Free radical scavenging activity of APH 36 Figure 3. Permeability of APH through artificial membranes 37 Figure 4. The effect of APH on the cell viability and morphology 38-40 Figure 5. Anti inflammatory effect of APH 41-45 Figure 6. Assessment of the skin sensitization study schedule 46 Figure 7. Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) score assessment 47 Figure 8. Skin hydration assessment 48 Figure 9. Trans epidermal water loss (TEWL) assessment 49 Figure 10. Pruritus assessment 50 Figure 11. Clinical photography 51 LIST OF TABLES 52 Table 1. Measurement of flux and permeability coefficient (Kp) 52 Table 2. Skin characteristics of skin irritation subject(n=31) 53 Table 3. Change of Eczema area and severity index (EASI) Score 54 Table 4. Change of skin hydration 55 Table 5. Change of Trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) 56 Table 6. Change of pruritus 57 Table 7. Q. 1) How satisfied are you with your product overall ? 58 Table 8. Q. 2 1) Are you satisfied with the overall a topic dermatitis improvement after using the test product ? 59 Table 9. Q. 2 2) Have you notice d an improvement in your skin's dryness after using the test product ? 60 Table 10. Q. 2 3) Are you satisfied with improvement in pruritus after using the test product ? 61 Table 11. Q. 2 4) Did your skin become smooth after using the test product ? 62 Table 12. Q. 2 5) Is the test product more effective than the one you used recently ? 63 Table 13. Q. 2 6) Will you recommend this product to people around you ? 64 Table 14. Q. 3) Have you experienced any discomfort or adverse reactions while using the test product 65 Supplementary Table 1 66 Supplementary Table 2 67 Supplementary Table 3 68 Supplementary Table 4 69๋ฐ•

    ๋น„๋ฉดํ—ˆ๋Œ€์—ญ ์…€๋ฃฐ๋ผ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2021.8. ๋ฐ•์„ธ์›….The 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) has standardized long-term evolution (LTE) licensed-assisted access (LTE-LAA) that uses a wide unlicensed band as an alternative solution to the insufficient bandwidth problem of the existing LTE. 3GPP cellular communications in unlicensed spectrum allow transmission only after completing listen-before-talk (LBT) operation. For downlink, the LBT operation helps cellular traffic to coexist well with Wi-Fi traffic. However, cellular uplink transmission is attempted only at the time specifically determined by the base station after having a successful LBT and the user equipment (UE) may suffer transmission failure and delayed transmission due to Wi-Fi interference. As a result, cellular uplink traffic does not coexist well with Wi-Fi traffic. NR-U suffers from the collision issue because its channel access mechanism is similar to that of Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi solves the collision problem through the request-to-send/clear-to-send (RTS/CTS) mechanism. However, NR-U has no way of solving the collision problem. As a result, NR-U suffers severe performance degradation due to collisions as the number of contending nodes increases. In this dissertation, we consider the following two enhancements to cellular communication in the unlicensed spectrum: (i) Uplink channel access enhancement for solving poor uplink performance and (ii) collision minimization for efficient channel utilization. First, we mathematically analyze the problem of unfairness between cellular and Wi-Fi for uplink channel access. To address the coexistence problem in unlicensed spectrum, we propose a standard-compliant approach, termed UpChance, which allows the UE to use a minimum length of uplink reservation signal (RS) and the base station to determine the optimal timing for the UE's uplink transmission. Through ns-3 simulation, we verify that UpChance improves the performance of fairness and random access completion time by up to 88% and 99%, respectively. Second, we propose to extend an RS duration and use a split RS for reservation in NR-U that consists of front RS and rear RS and design a new collision minimization scheme, termed R-SplitC, that contains two components: new split RS operation and contention window size (CWS) control. New split RS operation helps to minimize collisions in NR-U transmissions, and CWS control works to protect the performance of other communication technologies such as Wi-Fi. We mathematically analyze and evaluate the performance of our scheme and confirm that R-SplitC improves network throughput by up to 100.6% compared to the baseline RS scheme without degrading Wi-Fi performance. In summary, we propose standard-compliant uplink channel access enhancement scheme and collision minimization scheme for cellular communication in unlicensed spectrum. Through this research, we achieve enhancements of network performance such as throughput and fairness.3์„ธ๋Œ€ ํŒŒํŠธ๋„ˆ์‹ญ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด LTE์˜ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๋Œ€์—ญํญ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋„“์€ ๋น„๋ฉดํ—ˆ ๋Œ€์—ญ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ์ง€์› ์ ‘์†์„ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ฉดํ—ˆ ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ 3GPP ์…€๋ฃฐ๋Ÿฌ ํ†ต์‹ ์€ LBT ๋™์ž‘์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•œ ํ›„์—๋งŒ ์ „์†ก์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์šด๋งํฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ LBT ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์…€๋ฃฐ๋Ÿฌ ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์ด ์™€์ดํŒŒ์ด ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๊ณต์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์…€๋ฃฐ๋Ÿฌ ์—…๋งํฌ ์ „์†ก์€ LBT ์„ฑ๊ณต ํ›„ ๊ธฐ์ง€๊ตญ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—๋งŒ ์‹œ๋„๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ์žฅ๋น„๋Š” ์™€์ดํŒŒ์ด์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ „์†ก ์‹คํŒจ์™€ ์ „์†ก ์ง€์—ฐ์„ ๊ฒช์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์…€๋ฃฐ๋Ÿฌ ์—…๋งํฌ ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ์ด ์™€์ดํŒŒ์ด ํŠธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ๊ณผ ์ž˜ ๊ณต์กดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ์ง€์› ์ ‘์† ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฑ„๋„ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด ์™€์ดํŒŒ์ด์˜ ์ฑ„๋„ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋™์‹œ ์ „์†ก์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋Œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์™€์ดํŒŒ์ด๋Š” RTS/CTS ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ถฉ๋Œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ์ง€์› ์ ‘์† ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ์ถฉ๋Œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ์ง€์› ์ ‘์† ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ ๋…ธ๋“œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ถฉ๋Œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฉดํ—ˆ ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ ์…€๋ฃฐ๋Ÿฌ ํ†ต์‹ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐœ์„ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ๋‹ค. (i) ์—…๋งํฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ €ํ•˜๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—…๋งํฌ ์ฑ„๋„ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๋ฐ (ii) ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ฑ„๋„ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ถฉ๋Œ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์—…๋งํฌ ์ฑ„๋„ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์…€๋ฃฐ๋Ÿฌ์™€ ์™€์ดํŒŒ์ด ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ฉดํ—ˆ ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณต์กด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ง์ด ์ตœ์†Œ ๊ธธ์ด์˜ ์—…๋งํฌ ์˜ˆ์•ฝ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ง€๊ตญ์ด ๋‹จ๋ง์˜ ์—…๋งํฌ ์ „์†ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ํƒ€์ด๋ฐ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” UpChance๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€์„ ๋งŒ์กฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ–ฅ ๋งํฌ ์ฑ„๋„ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ns-3 ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด UpChance๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋žœ๋ค ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ์™„๋ฃŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 88%, 99% ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ „๋ฐฉ ์˜ˆ์•ฝ์‹ ํ˜ธ์™€ ํ›„๋ฐฉ ์˜ˆ์•ฝ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ๋ถ„ํ•  ์˜ˆ์•ฝ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ ์ฐฝ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” R-SplitC๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ถฉ๋Œ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„ํ•  ์˜ˆ์•ฝ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ๋ผ์ด์„ ์Šค ์ง€์› ์ ‘์† ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์ „์†ก๊ฐ„์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ ์ฐฝ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์ œ์–ด๋Š” ์™€์ดํŒŒ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ R-SplitC๊ฐ€ ์™€์ดํŒŒ์ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์˜ˆ์•ฝ ์‹ ํ˜ธ ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ 100.6% ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฉดํ—ˆ ๋Œ€์—ญ์—์„œ ์…€๋ฃฐ๋Ÿฌ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—…๋งํฌ ์ฑ„๋„ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ์ถฉ๋Œ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ๊ณต์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Main Contributions 2 1.2.1 Uplink Channel Access Enhancement for Cellular Communication in Unlicensed Spectrum 2 1.2.2 R-SplitC: Collision Minimization for Cellular Communication in Unlicensed Spectrum 3 1.3 Organization of the Dissertation 4 2 Uplink Channel Access Enhancement for Cellular Communication in Unlicensed Spectrum 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Related Work and Preliminaries 7 2.2.1 Related Work 7 2.2.2 Preliminaries 8 2.3 Mathematical Analysis for Unfairness between Uplink Cellular and Wi-Fi 10 2.3.1 PRACH scenario 10 2.3.2 UL data scenario 13 2.4 Proposed Scheme 17 2.4.1 UE Operation 18 2.4.2 eNB Operation 19 2.5 Performance Evaluation 24 2.5.1 Simulation Environments 24 2.5.2 UL data transmission 25 2.5.3 Random access 27 2.6 Summary 29 3 R-SplitC: Collision Minimization for Cellular Communication in Unlicensed Spectrum 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Related Work and Preliminaries 39 3.2.1 Related Work 39 3.2.2 NR-U 40 3.2.3 listen-before-talk (LBT) 41 3.2.4 reservation signal and mini-slot 41 3.2.5 Wi-Fi 42 3.3 Proposed Scheme 44 3.3.1 New RS structure 46 3.3.2 CWS control 48 3.4 Performance Analysis 49 3.4.1 Throughput Analysis for R-Split 49 3.4.2 Throughput Analysis for R-SplitC 55 3.5 Performance Evaluation 57 3.5.1 Performance Evaluation for an NR-U only Network 58 3.5.2 Performance Evaluation for an NR-U/Wi-Fi Network 61 3.6 Summary 65 4 Concluding Remarks 67 4.1 Research Contributions 67 4.2Future Work 68 Abstract (In Korean) 75 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜๊ธ€ 78๋ฐ•

    1,2-๋””ํด๋กœ๋กœํ”„๋กœํŒ์˜ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ ๊ณต์ •๋ณ„ ๋…ธ์ถœ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ์‚ฐ์—…๋ณด๊ฑด์ „๊ณต/์„์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์‹ ์žฅ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ฐ ์ค‘์ถ”์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์˜ ์–ต์ œ์ž‘์šฉ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฆ์ƒ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋‹ด๊ด€์•” ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์ถ”์ •๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ 1,2-๋””ํด๋กœ๋กœํ”„๋กœํŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ทจ๊ธ‰๊ณต์ •๋ณ„ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹คํƒœ ๋ฐ ๋…ธ์ถœ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ 1,2-๋””ํด๋กœ๋กœํ”„๋กœํŒ์„ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” 13๊ฐœ์†Œ ์‚ฌ์—…์žฅ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐœ์ธ์‹œ๋ฃŒ 24๊ฐœ์™€ ์ง€์—ญ์‹œ๋ฃŒ 102๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ์™€ ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฃŒ์ฑ„์ทจ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ OSHA์—์„œ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต์ •์‹œํ—˜๋ฒ• 7์— ์ค€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: 1,2-๋””ํด๋กœ๋กœํ”„๋กœํŒ ์ทจ๊ธ‰ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋…ธ์ถœ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ‰๊ท  2.192ยฑ3.656 ppm์ด๊ณ  ๊ณต์ •๋ณ„๋กœ๋Š” ๋“œ๋Ÿผํ†ต ํฌ์žฅ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž๋“ค์ด 16.656ยฑ1.225 ppm์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์ธ์‡„์—… 2.947ยฑ1.547 ppm, ์ง์ ‘์„ธ์ฒ™ 2.428ยฑ6.996 ppm, ์Šคํ”„๋ ˆ์ด์„ธ์ฒ™ 2.148ยฑ8.329 ppm, ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ์„ธ์ฒ™ 1.446ยฑ1.847 ppm, ์ œ์กฐ 1.218ยฑ1.975 ppm, ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ž๋™์„ธ์ฒ™ 1.140ยฑ1.281 ppm์ˆœ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ์‹œ๋ฃŒ ๋†๋„๋Š” ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ‰๊ท  1.793ยฑ7.047 ppm์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‡„๊ณต์ • ๋†๋„๊ฐ€ 5.743ยฑ3.047 ppm์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์—ญ์‹œ๋ฃŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋‚˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์œผ(p<0.676), ๊ณต์ •๊ฐ„๋ฉฐ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค(p<0.003). ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์œจ์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด๊ธฐ์ค€(75 ppm) ๋Œ€๋น„ 4.2 %, ACGIH ๋ฐ ํ›„์ƒ๋…ธ๋™์„ฑ๊ธฐ์ค€(10 ppm) ๋Œ€๋น„ 12.5 %, JSOH๊ธฐ์ค€(1 ppm) ๋Œ€๋น„ 62.5%์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์†Œ๋ฐฐ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ์„ธ์ฒ™๊ณผ ์ œ์กฐ๊ณต์ •์—๋งŒ ์„ค์น˜๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ์„ธ์ฒ™๊ณต์ • ์‚ฌ์—…์žฅ 2๊ฐœ์†Œ๋งŒ์ด ์šฉ๋„์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.๊ฒฐ๋ก : 1.2-๋””ํด๋กœ๋กœํ”„๋กœํŒ์˜ ์ธก์ •๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์ดˆ๊ณผ๋Š” 1๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๊ฐœ์ •๋œ ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ดˆ๊ณผ์œจ์€ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ทจ๊ธ‰์‚ฌ์—…์žฅ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ์งˆ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๋…ธ์ถœ๊ธฐ์ค€ ๊ฐœ์ •๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์—…์•ˆ์ „๋ณด๊ฑด๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.ope

    The effect of paramedicโ€™s emergency patient simulation training - course using standardized communication tools and simulation

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    Background : Since primary emergency treatment should be performed appropriately and promptly, efficient and accurate communication between paramedics and medical staff is paramount to a successful primary emergency treatment and patient handover. The problem of the training program in Korea is that it concentrates more on in-class lectures, often delivered by non-medical specialists, who may lack in practical experience and without proper communication training. To solve this problem, we have devised a simulation based training that focuses on event debriefings and two-way communication. Methods : 62 paramedics from 3 stations enrolled in the study. 4 different courses with different emergency situations were created and each course was taken twice resulting in a total of 8 classes. All courses were based on actual cases. The curriculum consisted of subject lectures with guidelines, skill practice courses, and simulation courses based on hands-on method. In simulation courses, paramedics use standardized check list to communicate with medical specialists. All curriculums except subject lectures include debriefing, which allows free talking with educators comprised of medical specialists. In order to measure the educational impact, all students performed self-assessment through a structured questionnaire before and after the training. Results : Regardless different situations and paramedicsโ€™ education level, their performance and communication skills have improved after simulation training course. Paramedics mentioned learning skills in simulation course through communication with medical staffs as the biggest advantage. Conclusion : Receiving the simulation training with standardized communication tools is effective at enhancing the communication between the paramedics and medical staff.ope

    Dual Echo Trajectory for Novel Fast Acquisition

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 2. ์ด์ข…ํ˜ธ.์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ฒด์— ํ•ด๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ํ”ผํญ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์—†์ด ๋‡Œ์˜ ์˜์ƒ์„ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ์˜ ๋„์›€์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์ ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์žฅ์ ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์˜์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ, ํŠนํžˆ ์Šคํ•€์—์ฝ” ์˜์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ T1, T2 ๊ฐ•์กฐ์˜์ƒ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ž์žฅ๋ถˆ๊ท ์งˆ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์˜์ƒ ์†์‹ค์ด ์—†์ด ์–ป์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์Šคํ•€์—์ฝ” ์˜์ƒ์„ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŽ„์Šค์—ด์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์›๋ž˜ ์Šคํ•€์—์ฝ” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์–ป๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์—์„œ ์Šคํ•€์—์ฝ” ์ฃผ์œ„๋กœ ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์ฝ”๋ฅผ ์–ป์–ด์„œ ์˜์ƒํš๋“ ์†๋„๋ฅผ 2๋ฐฐ๋กœ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ์–ป์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ‘ธ๋ฆฌ์— ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์—ฐ์‚ฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์œ„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์˜์ƒ์„ ์˜์ƒ ์†์‹ค์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allowed the exploration of human brain without exposure to dangerous radiation. With the aid of this wonderful technique, researchers and clinicians have pushed forward the frontiers of knowledge. Among the various methods used in MRI, the spin echo imaging produces valuable T1, T2 weighted images while reducing the image loss caused by the B0 field inhomogeneity. This dissertation introduces a novel method to accelerate the acquisition of the spin echo image. The method consists of a new pulse sequence and corresponding correction and reconstruction method.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 MRI Basics 1 1.1.1 Signal Source 1 1.1.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 2 1.1.3 Bloch Equation 5 1.1.4 Image Formation 7 1.2 Spin Echo Imaging 12 1.2.1 Theory 12 1.2.2 Pulse Sequence Diagram 15 1.2.3 Partial Fourier Reconstruction 17 1.2.4 Gradient and Spin Echo Imaging (GRASE) 19 Chapter 2. Dual Echo Trajectory 22 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Methods 24 2.2.1 Pulse Sequence Diagram 24 2.2.2 Echo Timing Correction 27 2.2.3. Projection Onto Convex Sets (POCS) 28 2.2.4. Parameter Optimization 30 2.2.5. Phantom Study 31 2.2.6. In Vivo Study 31 2.3 Results 32 2.3.1 Parameter Optimization 32 2.3.2 Phantom Study 35 2.3.3 In Vivo Study 36 2.4 Discussion and Conclusion 40 References 42 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 44Maste

    Numerical analysis to evaluate the performance of laser ablation of Al thin film layer

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณตํ•™์ „๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์‘์šฉ๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ๊ณ ์Šนํ™˜.๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋Š” ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŒจ๋„ ์ปคํŒ…, ํ•„๋ฆ„ ์ปคํŒ…๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ ˆ์‚ญ ๊ณต์ •๊ณผ ์…€ ์‹ค๋ง, ๋งˆํ‚น ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณต์ •์— ํญ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ํŒจ๋„์— ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฆฌํŽ˜์–ด ๊ณต์ •์—์„œ๋Š”, ์•ž์„œ ์—ด๊ฑฐํ•œ ๊ณต์ •๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์ •๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ํญ๊ณผ ๊นŠ์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ์–ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐํ•จ๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์ƒ ํšŒ๋กœ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ฐ€๊ณต ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ฃผ๋ณ€๋ถ€ ํ˜น์€ ํ•˜๋ถ€๋ง‰์„ ์†์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์‹ญ ๋‚˜๋…ธ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๊นŠ์ด ์ œ์–ด์™€ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ๋‹จ์œ„์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ํญ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต๊ณผ ์‹คํŒจ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์„ค์ •, ๊ฐ€๊ณต ํ’ˆ์งˆ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฆฌํŽ˜์–ด ๊ณต์ •์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ํ’ˆ์งˆ ํ™•์ธ์€ ์œก์•ˆ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๋ฐ ๋‹จ๋ฉด ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ค„์ง€์ง€๋งŒ, ์ •ํ™•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ํšŒ๋กœ์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ํ‹ฐํƒ€๋Š„, ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ๋ณตํ•ฉ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ๊ทน ์ดˆ๋‹จ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๊ฐ€๊ณต ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์น˜ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผ์˜ํ•ด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์—์„œ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ณต ๋Œ€์ƒ๋ง‰์˜ ์ œ๊ฑฐ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ๋น„๋Œ€์ƒ๋ง‰์˜ ์†์ƒ ๋งˆ์ง„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€๊ณต ํŒŒ์›Œ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์„ฑ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋น”์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ์Šค์บ” ์†๋„๋Š” ๊ณ ์ • ๊ฐ’์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์„ค์ •, ์œ ์ง€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ, ์‹ ์ œํ’ˆ์—์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์—ฟ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.Lasers are used in several processes in the display industry. Cutting of panels and films, cell sealing, marking etc. One of them is to repair circuit defects through selective cutting. To repair circuits, we need to control ablation depth and width more precisely. It is easy to process a thin metal film using a laser, but thermal damage is easily generated around it. So, we need to control ablation depth by nanometer scale and width by micrometer scale. Since the success and failure of machining are divided by such a little difference, initial condition setting and quality control of machining are essential. In general, the quality of processing in the repair process is checked through visual inspection and cross-section inspection, but there are problems with accuracy and analysis time. In this report, we investigate the ultra-short laser processing mechanism of titanium and aluminum composite thin films that are applicable to display circuits. In addition, through numerical analysis, we predict the change in machining results according to conditions, and discuss the possibility of improving machining performance through this. The main result in the simulation is that the processing range can be taken depending on whether the target film is removed and the damage margin of the non-target film. It seems advantageous to manage machinability by controlling the laser power, and it is considered advantageous to use fixed values for the size and scan speed of the beam. In addition, it was possible to see the possibility of setting and maintaining processing conditions through simulation and applying them to new products.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  4 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ฐœ์š” 6 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๋ ˆ์ด์ € ๋ฐ•๋ง‰ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 7 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ OLED ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๋ฆฌํŽ˜์–ด ๊ฐ€๊ณต ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 7 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ทน์ดˆ๋‹จ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ณต ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 9 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋ณ„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ 11 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด 11 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ Case๋ณ„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 19 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„ 34 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  45 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์š”์•ฝ 45 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  46 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 47 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 48 Abstract 50Maste

    ์˜๋ฃŒ ์ทจ์•ฝ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์‘๊ธ‰ ์˜๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ฒซ ๋Œ€๋ฉด ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ์ „๊ณต๊ณผ ์‘๊ธ‰ ์ „์› ์ ์ ˆ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ์กฐ์„ฑ์ผ.Background: Until recently, there have been few studies on the transfer of patients from emergency departments (EDs) overall, as such studies were limited primarily to trauma patients. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the specialty of the first-contact physician and the appropriateness of the emergency transfer (AET). Methods: This was a retrospective, observational study performed at two level-3 EDs in a rural area. A transfer to a higher-level ED for the purpose of patient stabilization was defined as an emergency transfer, and transfers were classified as appropriate when the emergency status of the patient could not be resolved by the referring ED. The primary outcome was AET, which was reviewed by an expert panel for reliability. Statistically significant variables were selected as covariates based on the results of a univariate analysis, and a multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) on the AET. Results: A total of 1325 patients underwent transfer to another hospital from the two EDs. Of these, 1003 were classified into the emergency transfer group. In both EDs, the incidence of appropriate emergency transfers was significantly higher when the first-contact physician was an emergency physician (OR, 4.00595% CI, 2.619โ€“6.125 and OR, 4.00695% CI, 1.696โ€“9.459 for each hospital, respectively). Conclusion: There was a positive association between the specialty of the first-contact physician and the AET among EDs located in rural areas making patient transfers.I. Introduction . 1 II. Materials and Methods 2 1. Study design . 2 2. Study setting 3 3. Study population 4 4. Data collection and processing . 6 5. Outcome measures 7 6. Statistical analysis . 7 III. Results . 7 IV. Discussion 13 V. Conclusion . 17 REFERENCES . 18 ABSTRACT (IN KOREAN) 21Maste

    3.1์šด๋™์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์˜์˜ ์žฌ๊ณ ์ฐฐ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ •์น˜์™ธ๊ตํ•™๋ถ€(์™ธ๊ตํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2013. 8. ์ตœ์ •์šด.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‹ด๋ก (national discourse)์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์ด๋ค„์™”๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ผ์ œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ํ•˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ํ•ญ์ผ ๋ฏผ์กฑ ํ•ญ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ธ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” 3.1์šด๋™์„ ๊ทธ ๊ฒ€ํ† ์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ 3.1์šด๋™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฐ๊ณ„ยท๊ฐ์ธต์ด ๋‘๋ฃจ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์˜ ์ž์œ ์™€ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ์™ธ์ณค์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์กฐ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด, ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ธ์‹์„ ์ผ๊นจ์› ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜์–ด ์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด 3.1์šด๋™ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์ด๋ค„๋ƒˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 19์„ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง๊ณผ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ ์กฐ์„  ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ์–ด๋ ค์›€๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถ•๊ดด์™€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๋‚ด์žฌํ•ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ•์ ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์ธ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ ๊ตฌ๋„๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ™์™œ์–‘์ฐฝ์˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์„ธ์› ๋˜ ๋™ํ•™ ์—ญ์‹œ ์นœ์ผ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ์กด์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž์ ˆ(่‡ชๅˆ‡, autotomy)๊ณผ ์žฌ์ƒ(ๅ†็”Ÿ)์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณ€์‹ (่ฎŠ่บซ, metamorphosis)์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์ƒ์‹คํ•œ ์ฑ„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๋˜๋ฌผ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ผ์ง„ํšŒ์˜ ๋…ธ๊ณจ์ ์ธ ์นœ์ผ ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ํ•œ์ผํ•ฉ๋ฐฉ์„ฑ๋ช… ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋Š” ์นœ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์กฐ์ฐจ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ณผ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€์‹์ธ์ธต ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ง€๋„์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ, ์ฒœ๋„๊ต๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ „์‹ (ๅ‰่บซ)์ธ ๋™ํ•™์„ ํšŒ๊ณ (ๅ›ž้กง)ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ(identity)์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ (ๆ•ต)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ •๊ณผ ์•„(ๆˆ‘)๋ฅผ ๋˜์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ค„์ง€๋ฉฐ ์ง€์‹์ธ์ธต์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ์•„๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ง€์‹์ธ์ธต์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์ •์น˜ ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์ด ๋…๋ฆฝ์šด๋™์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์ด์ž ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ด€์ ์ด์ž ํ–‰๋™์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋งŽ์€ ๋‹ด๋ก ๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ผ ๋ฟ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ์–ธ๋ฌธ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ด๋ž€ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๋ฏผ์ค‘์ด ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋งŒ์„ธ์šด๋™์— ๋‚˜์„œ๋ฉฐ ํฐ์˜ท ๋ฌผ๊ฒฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์  ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๋งŒ์„ธ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์™ธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ตฌํ˜ธ์™€ ํ–‰๋™์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜๊ณ , ๋งŒ์„ธ์šด๋™ ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ‰์˜ ์˜ท์„ ์ž…์€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€ํ•ด์ง€๋˜ ์ผ์ œ์˜ ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์„ ์ฒดํ—˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋‹ด๋ก  ์„ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด ์กด์žฌํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 3.1์šด๋™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ์ผ์ • ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ํŒจ๊ถŒ(hegemony)์  ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์ด ์˜์›ํžˆ ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋‹ด๋ก ์€ 3.1์šด๋™์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ •์น˜์ ์ธ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์ž ํŒจ๊ถŒ์  ์ง€์œ„์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ ค์™€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ด๋ก ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์™ธ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ˜ผ์„ฑ(hybrid)์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์ผ๋ง์˜ ๋‹จ์ดˆ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ๋” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.This dissertation investigates how the national discourse was constructed and reproduced. For that purpose, this dissertation analyzes the March First Movement, which has been remembered as the widest-scale act of resistance to Japanese colonial rule. In general, this uprising has been regarded to ignite a nationwide movement, in which many people took part, regardless of locality and social status, and to give rise to a sense of national identity among people. Although understanding what provoked such national consciousness and how it could happen is essential, it has attracted less interest in previous studies. This dissertations aims are twofold: (1) to answer what question, that is to know what Korean people did and experienced while participating in the movement, and (2) how the national discourse was constructed and reproduced. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Korean society was experiencing not only economic difficulties, but internal conflict and social collapse. The apparent conflict between Japanese and Koreans during the Japanese colonial era was not that clear to people at that time. In confusion, Donghak, which had flagged up Expel Westerners and Japanese, sought political relationship with Japan for the sake of its survival. It eventually survived through autotomy and regeneration, and metamorphose itself. However, it lost its original purpose and was left only with the question who am I now? Vicious acts of pro-Japanese collaborator, called Ilchinhoe, and proclamation of Japans annexation of the Korean Peninsula made Korean people identify who was their common enemy. Only after that, they could identify themselves as nation while scanning the page of history: intellectuals and leaders looked back on their ancestors and traditional culture, and Cheondogyo did on its predecessor, Donghak. And while they promoted independence movement, National discourse, which functioned as a frame of reference, was constructed. However, it should be noted that the national discourse was only one of many competing discourses. The concept of nation, which was presented through independence declaration statements and newspaper, was meaningful only for intellectuals and leaders. Most people learnt it through experience: (1) seeing the white clothes wave out in the movement, (2) hearing other participants shouting and slogan, and (3) witnessing violence inflicted on the people with wearing the same color clothes. This dissertation argues that as a result, people reproduced the national discourse and at a given moment it became self-evident, universal, and necessary. Other discourses and alternative discussions about identity were also present at that time. However, through the March First Movement, the national discourse strengthens its hegemony, reproduced itself, and became implicated in our everyday experience. A discourse is an ongoing process and not a fixed system or structure. The national discourse is not an exception. After socio-political moment of the March First Movement was gone, it stepped down from the hegemonic status and then continually resisted, altered, or challenged by other competing discourses. This discussion offers an opportunity to understand hybrid characters of the Korean society and to give an alternative perspective on the meaning of the nation.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 2. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  6 1) ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜ ์ด๋ก  7 (1) ์›์ดˆ๋ก (primordialism) 7 (2) ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋ก (modernism) 8 (3) ์ข…์กฑ์  ์ƒ์ง•๋ก (ethnosymbolism) 10 2) ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ ์‹๋ฏผ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•(post-colonial approach) 12 3) 3.1์šด๋™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 16 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 22 1) 3.1์šด๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 23 2) ๋ฏผ์กฑ๊ณผ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ (ๅ…ˆ) ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 24 3) ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋‹ด๋ก  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 26 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ 27 5. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 29 โ…ก. 3.1์šด๋™์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘ 32 1. ์„œ์šธ๋กœ ๋ชจ์—ฌ๋“œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค 34 2. 1919๋…„ 3์›” 1์ผ 40 3. ์ผ์ œ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘ 44 4. 3์›” 1์ผ ์ดํ›„ 48 5. ์šด๋™์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ: ๊ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ๋งŒ์„ธ์šด๋™์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต 51 โ…ข. 3.1์šด๋™์˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž: ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๋‹ด์ง€์ž๋“ค 56 1. 33์ธ์˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ๋Œ€ํ‘œ 56 2. ์ง€์‹์ธ์ธต๊ณผ ํ•™์ƒ 62 3. ์žฌํƒ„์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ๋ฏผ์ค‘ 67 โ…ฃ. ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 71 1. 3.1์šด๋™ ์ด์ „ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค๊ณผ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ 73 2. ๋™ํ•™๊ณผ ์ผ์ง„ํšŒ์˜ ํ•ฉ๋™(ๅˆๅŒ): ๋™ํ•™์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์  ํ†ตํ•ฉ 81 1) ๋™ํ•™์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ํ–‰๋ณด 81 2) ๋™ํ•™์˜ ๊ต์ •์ผ์น˜(ๆ•Žๆ”ฟไธ€่‡ด)์™€ ์ผ์ง„ํšŒ์™€์˜ ํ•ฉ๋™ 84 3. ์ง„๋ณดํšŒ์™€ ์ผ์ง„ํšŒ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ: ๋ถ€์ •์  ํ†ตํ•ฉ์˜ ํ•ด์ฒด 89 4. ์ฒœ๋„๊ต์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์šด๋™ ์ถ”์ง„ 93 1) ์ฒœ๋„๊ต์˜ ๊ต๋‹จ ๋‹จ์†๊ณผ ๋™ํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ๊ณ (ๅ›ž้กง) 93 2) ๋…๋ฆฝ์šด๋™ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ํ™•์‚ฐ 96 3) ์ฒœ๋„๊ต์˜ 3.1์šด๋™ ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ์ถ”์ง„ 101 5. ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ฃผ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 102 โ…ค. ๋Œ€์ค‘์˜ 3.1์šด๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ 110 1. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์–ด๋ ค์›€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์˜ ์ฆ๋Œ€ 110 1) ํ† ์ง€์กฐ์‚ฌ์‚ฌ์—… 110 2) ๋‚ฉ์„ธ 114 3) ์†Ÿ๊ตฌ์น˜๋˜ ์Œ€๊ฐ’ 116 4) ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ˆ˜ํƒˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋งŒ์„ธ์šด๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ? 119 2. ์˜๋ณ‘์ „์Ÿ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณต์ˆ˜ 120 1) ์˜๋ณ‘์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์ „์‹œ์ (demonstrative) ํญ๋ ฅ 120 2) ์ผ์ œ์˜ ์ „์‹œ์  ํญ๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚จ๊ธด ๊ธฐ์–ต 123 3) ์˜๋ณ‘์ „์Ÿ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งŒ์„ธ์šด๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ? 125 3. ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์กด์—„์„ฑ์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต 126 1) ์กฐ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋˜ ์ผ์ œ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹ 126 2) ๋งŒ์„ธ์šด๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ„์•• 129 3) ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์กด์—„์„ฑ์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋งŒ์„ธ์šด๋™์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ? 133 4. ์ˆ˜์น˜์‹ฌ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ์••๋ ฅ 135 5. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 138 โ…ฅ. 3.1์šด๋™์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ 141 1. ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ 141 2. 3.1์šด๋™์ด ์ผ์ œ์— ๋ฏธ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ 150 3. 3.1์šด๋™์ด ๋‚จ๊ธด ๊ธฐ์–ต 158 โ…ฆ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  162 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 166Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 2. ๊ณต์˜์œค.Quiescent satellite cells, known as adult muscle stem cells, possess a remarkable ability to regenerate skeletal muscle following injury throughout life. Active proliferation and differentiation of juvenile satellite cells contribute to myonuclear accretion in the pre-existing myofiber until puberty. Meanwhile, some of juvenile satellite cells preserve their stemness in order to comprise a reservoir of adult stem cells. Although it is known that they mainly originate from multipotent stem/progenitor cells of the somite, the mechanism underlying the establishment of quiescent satellite cell populations is unknown. Stem cells interact with their specialized microenvironment which refers to a stem cell niche. Since satellite cells reside within basal lamina and sarcolemma, myofibers have been considered as a niche component of muscle stem cells. Although a plethora of studies have suggested that myofibers compose a niche of muscle stem cells, the mechanism of muscle stem cell regulation by myofiber niche is not known. Puberty is initiated via the hypothalamus-pituitary axis by diffusion of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus. The increased secretion of gonadotropins such as luteinizing and follicular stimulating hormones primarily acts on the ovary and testis to stimulate production of androgens and estrogens. The function of sex hormones is coordinated by paracrine regulatory mechanisms and essential for establishing and promoting the secondary characteristics of reproductive organs at puberty. iii Since the conversion of proliferating juvenile satellite cells into quiescent adult satellite cells occurs during puberty and both androgen receptor, and estrogen receptors ฮฑ/ฮฒ are highly expressed in skeletal muscles, the hypothalamicโ€“pituitaryโ€“gonadal (HPG) axis might be related to the establishment of satellite cell populations. In this study, I tested whether the HPG axis is responsible for the conversion of cycling juvenile SCs into quiescent adult SCs at puberty. I investigated how the HPG axis generates quiescent SC pools by activating Notch signaling at puberty. Using mouse genetic models (Gnrh1hpg/hpg, MCK-CreArf/y (ARMF), MCK-CreArf/yEsr2โˆ’/โˆ’, MCK-CreMib1f/f (Mib1MF), Pax7-CreERNotch1f/f (N1SC) and Pax7-CreERRosaN1 (N1OE/SC)), surgical (orchiectomy), and pharmacological (antide treatment) approaches, I revealed a novel mechanism that pubertal sex hormones capacitate myofiber niches to activate Notch signaling in the adjacent iv juvenile SCs and to orchestrate the establishment of adult satellite cell populations. Myofibers under impaired HPG axis or myofibers lacking Mib1 fail to send Notch signals to juvenile satellite cells, leading to impaired cell cycle exit and depletion. Moreover, the same axis regulates the re-establishment of quiescent satellite cell populations following injury. These findings reveal an unknown link between the sex hormone and the skeletal muscle, which will provide a new insight to understand why sex hormones should be secreted at puberty and maintained throughout life.I. BACKGROUND 1 II. INTRODUCTION 18 III. MATERIALS AND METHODS 23 IV. RESULTS 45 V. DISCUSSION 131 VI. REFERENCES 136 VII. ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 147Docto
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