29 research outputs found

    Relation between the urban flow and the urban architectural space

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•™๊ณผ,2010.2.Maste

    ๊ฐ„์งˆ ๋ฐœ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋œ ๋‡Œ ๋™์ •๋งฅ ๊ธฐํ˜• 50๋ก€์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ์„ฑ์ 

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ณผํ•™,2008.2.Maste

    An Longitudinal Factor Analysis For Social Support And Parenting-Stress of Motherhood: Longitudinal Data Analysis of the Panel Study of Korean Children(PSKC)

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    Background and Purpose: parenting stress could influence mental health of women and personality, growth, and development of children, and it makes it difficult for women to enter society and participate in economic activity, and furthermore, they think negatively about second childbirth. Then, it is also a social problem resulting in a low birth rate. Social support is one of coping resources to relieve parenting stress. Many prior researches already had discussed negative correlation between social support and parenting stress. However, most of them had limitations to clarify their causal relationship because they were short term studies using cross-sectional data. There are few studies on the causal relationship and their results are not consistent. Therefore, this study was to analyze effects of social support on parenting stress by utilizing data from repeated measures. Subjects and Methods: this study analyzed effects of social support on parenting stress especially of mothers with children who are from one year old to 8 years old by utilizing data of repeated measures for 8 years from the first year (2008) to the 8th year (2015) of Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC) that Korea Institute of Child Care and Education conducted, in which data of social support and parenting stress were being measured. This study selected 1,227 mothers as research subjects out of 2,150 total samples, excluding 921 who do not live with their children and 2 who do not have data on the parenting stress variables every year, which is important. It chose parenting stress as a dependent variable and set social support as a key variable of interest. It set control variables that could influence parenting stress as control variables by categorizing them into socio-demographic factors, family factors, health behavior factors, and children factors. For descriptive statistical analysis of longitudinal data, this study conducted a Group-based Trajectory Model. Based on the collected data of social support and parenting stress, it verified general characteristics of the data by operating Chi-square test, Fisher&s exact test, Kruskall- Wallis test by each potential class. Then, in order to recognize correlation between social support and parenting stress, it analyzed the data by using the Linear Mixed effect Model. The analysis started in order from model 1, which has socio-demographic factors, to model 2, which adds family factors, model 3, which adds health behavior factors, and model 4, which adds children factors, and this study verified effects of each factor. It utilized SAS version 9.4 for the analysis. Results: this study formed three potential groups (Low, Moderate, High) of social support, and four potential groups (Low-declining, Moderate-declining, High-declining, Stable High) of parenting stress. Generally, it is found that mother&s social support was being decreased from when the age of their children is one year old to when they become four years old, and also their parenting stress was getting reduced from when their children become 5 years old to when they become eight years old. As a result of multivariate analysis, when every variable was controlled, parenting stress was being decreased, as social support, education background, marriage satisfaction, participation of husband in parenting, and sociality of children were getting higher, and parenting stress was being increased, as emotionality of children was getting lower. In addition, as a result of subcategory analysis, this study found that when a group is older and their educational background is lower social support has greater effects on parenting stress. Every result was statistically significant. Conclusion: by utilizing repeated measures this study conducted longitudinal analysis on the correlation between social support and parenting stress of mothers based on data of Panel Study of Korean Children. The parenting stress that mothers experience was gradually decreased as time went on, but it could be decreased greater as their social support was more huge, and educational background, marriage satisfaction, participation of husband in parenting, and temperament of children. Based on those results, this study suggested that it would be helpful for mothers, taking care of their children who are infant or preschool aged, to introduce various social support systems in order to improve the mental health of mothers. Since social support could influence parenting stress much more when they are older and their educational backgrounds are lower, it would be more effective that health policies introduce various social support systems for them. In the future, by complementing limitations of this study, it seems necessary for follow-up to include and materialize more broaden factors that could influence parenting stress. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  : ์–‘์œก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์ž๋…€์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ, ์„ฑ์žฅ, ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ง„์ถœ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€์„œ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด ํ›„์†์ถœ์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ถœ์‚ฐ์œจ ์ €ํ•˜์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€๋Š” ์–‘์œก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒ˜์ž์› ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ, ์ด๋ฏธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€์™€ ์–‘์œก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ๋ถ€์  ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋…ผํ•ด์ง„ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํšก๋‹จ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‘ ์š”์ธ์˜ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ธก์ • ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์–‘์œก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• : ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์œก์•„์ •์ฑ…์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์•„๋™ํŒจ๋„(PSKC) ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ค‘ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€์™€ ์–‘์œก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •๋œ 1์ฐจ ๋…„๋„(2008)๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 8์ฐจ ๋…„๋„(2015)๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ์ด 8๊ฐœ๋…„๋„์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์ธก์ •๋œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 1์„ธ~8์„ธ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ๋‘” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์–‘์œก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ํ‘œ๋ณธ 2,150๋ช… ์ค‘ ์ž๋…€์™€ ๋™๊ฑฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž 921๋ช…๊ณผ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธ ์–‘์œก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋…„๋„์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ์ธก์ธ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž 2๋ช…์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ 1,227๋ช…์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์–‘์œก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ, ์ฃผ์š” ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–‘์œก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ์š”์ธ, ๊ฐ€์กฑ ์š”์ธ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์š”์ธ, ์•„๋™ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ข…๋‹จ์  ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง‘๋‹จ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ถ”์„ธ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€์™€ ์–‘์œก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž ์žฌ๊ณ„์ธต๋ณ„๋กœ ์นด์ด์ œ๊ณฑ ๊ฒ€์ •, ํ”ผ์…”์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„ ๊ฒ€์ •, ํฌ๋ฃจ์Šค์นผ ์™ˆ๋ฆฌ์Šค ๊ฒ€์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„์— ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€์™€ ์–‘์œก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ํ˜• ํ˜ผํ•ฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์€ ์ธ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ์š”์ธ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ model 1๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์š”์ธ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ model 2, ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์š”์ธ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ model 3, ์•„๋™ ์š”์ธ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•œ model 4 ๋ชจํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์€ SAS version 9.4๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ : ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž ์žฌ๊ณ„์ธต์€ 3๊ทธ๋ฃน(Low, Moderate, High), ์–‘์œก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž ์žฌ๊ณ„์ธต์€ 4๊ทธ๋ฃน(Low-declining, Moderate-declining, High-declining, Stable High)์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€๋Š” ์ž๋…€๊ฐ€ 1์„ธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 4์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ ์  ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์–‘์œก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž๋…€๊ฐ€ 5์„ธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 8์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์„œ์„œํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์–‘์œก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ง€์ง€, ํ•™๋ ฅ, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„์™€ ๋‚จํŽธ ์–‘์œก ์ฐธ์—ฌ, ์•„๋™์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ์•„๋™์˜ ์ •์„œ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•˜์œ„ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ํ•™๋ ฅ์ด ๋” ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์–‘์œก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  : ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ธก์ • ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€์™€ ์–‘์œก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ํ•œ๊ตญ์•„๋™ํŒจ๋„ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ข…๋‹จ์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์œก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚ ์ˆ˜๋ก ์„œ์„œํžˆ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ•™๋ ฅ, ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„, ๋‚จํŽธ ์–‘์œก ์ฐธ์—ฌ, ์•„๋™์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์˜์œ ์•„๊ธฐ, ํ•™๋ น์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๋…€๋ฅผ ์–‘์œกํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ฆ์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์› ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ํ•™๋ ฅ์ด ๋‚ฎ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์–‘์œก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํฌ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์› ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ณด๊ฑด ์ •์ฑ…์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ํฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ถ”ํ›„์—๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์ ์„ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์–‘์œก ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํญ ๋„“๊ฒŒ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค.open์„

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