A STUDY ON HEMP FABRIC "ANDONGPO"

우리나라 여름철 衣服 材料의 하나인 麻纖維는 그 始源을 正確히 알 수 없으나 古朝鮮, 三國時代, 考慮時代, 李朝時代를 거쳐 現在에 이르기까지 꾸준히 使用되고 있다. 그러나 아직도 麻纖維는 農村에서 과거의 것을 踏習한 家內手工業的인 生産 方法으로 小量이 供給되어지고 있다. 本 硏究의 目的은 첫째로, 麻纖維의 織物 生産이 現在는 纖維産業의 發達과 함께 점차 사라져 가기 때문에 우리 固有의 織物生産 過程을 觀察하여 記錄으로 남김으로써 우리의 文化 유산을 보전하려는 데 있다. 둘째로는, 現代의 發達된 纖維工業 技術을 導入하여 재래식 生産 方法에서 오는 麻織物의 결점을 補完 改良하여, 品質 向上 및 大量 生産을 可能하게 함으로써 大衆生活과 密着시킬 뿐만 아니라 海外 輸出을 擴張하는 데에 目的을 둔다. 本 硏究의 祖師 對象은 麻纖維 中에서 주로 安東布에 관한 것이다. 그 理由는 古來로 慶北地方이 織物業의 名産地로 알려져 왔으며, 慶北 安東의 "安東布"는 옛부터 올이 곱기로 이름난 大麻布이기 때문이다. 安東의 位置는 慶尙北道 北部 洛東江邊에 있으며 이곳의 氣候 및 土壤은 大麻의 生育條件과 適合하여 品質 좋은 安東布가 生産되어 진다. 安東布는 大麻의 在來種인 정선種(생내기)을 재배 收穫하여 짜여진 것이며, 그 生産 過程은 다음의 10가지 단계(삼 껍질 벗기기, 삼 째기, 삼 잇기, 새 정하기, 베 날기, 베 매기, 꾸리감기, 베틀에 실 걸기, 베 짜기, 洗濯과 色내기)를 거쳐서 完成된다. 安東布의 生産 過程은 재래식이어서 일일이 손으로 하기 때문에 많은 時間과 努力이 必要하다. 이 安東布는 여러 가지 特徵이 있으나 특히 새가 가늘고 올이 곱다는 점에서 많은 消費者들로부터 사랑을 받아 왔다. 그러나 이러한 安東布는 現在 低廉한 價格의 化學纖維의 침투로 인하여 시장성이 감소되었고, 또한 生産에 많은 人力 및 時間이 소모되는 등의 原因으로 生産量이 減少하였다. 그러므로 요즈음에는 安東布의 製織過程과 完成된 安東布를 보려면 局限된 地域, 卽 安東의 臨河面 琴韶洞, 西後面 등 特殊 마을을 찾아 나서야만 한다. 改良布의 試圖는 1960年代에 在來 安東布의 결점인 幅을 넓히기 위한 것이었으며 改良된 織機를 使用하여 改良布를 生産, 海外輸出을 企圖하였으나 그 品質과 供給 부족으로 失敗하였다. 그후 改良 安東布의 生産은 1980年代에 시도되었으며 이것은 1960年代의 改良布의 결점을 또다시 補完하고 生産과정을 機械化하여 이루어졌으며 앞으로의 向上된 品質과 大量 生産에 의한 國內 市場의 供給 增大와 海外 市場의 판로의 擴大가 기대된다.;Hemp textile, one of summer clothing materials in Korea may traces back its origin, thought not accurate, to "Kochosun," and has been incessantly used through periods "Samkuk", "Koryo," and "Yi-dynasty." But it is still being produced in small quantity by a conventional wav of production-chiefly by domestic industry system or handiworks-in rural areas. This study intends, first, to observe and record the process of conventional war of production of hemp textile and then to contribute to conserving cultural legacy since the production of hemp fabrics has been gradually extinguished. Second, this study alms at introducing advanced technology of textile to the hemp textile, improving the defects of hemp fabrics arising from the conventional way of production with intention of the improvement of the quantity, of mass production, then relating the fabrics to the common way of life, and finally increasing export of the item. This study is made chiefly on "Andongpo" hemp fabrics. Andong has been noted for its production of hemp, aad "Andongpo" for its fine texture. Andong is located at Nakdong riverside in the Northern Kyungsang Province, the climate and soil of which provide optimum conditions for cultivating the hemp, producing quality "Andongpo". "Andongpo" is weaved of a traditional sort of hemp, "Jeongson Jong"(Saengnaegi) and the process of production passes through 10 stages-peeling, peel-spliting, linking splitted peels, selection of hemp thread thickness, threading the warf-starching, spindle-winding, setting on a loom, weaving, and washing ＆ coloring. Conventional in the way of production and produced by manual labor, "Andongpo" requires a lot of tune and Labor to produce. The characteristics of fine, thin texture of "Andongpo" come to be a favorite with the consumer. But prevalent chemical fertile of less expensive prices and time-and labor-consuming work of handicrafts go on decreasing in production of "Andongpo". Today the view of the weaving process and of finished "Andongpo" is available only in limited areas, Keumso-dong of Imha-myon, Seohu-myon in Andong-Kun. An attempt for improved fabrics was made in 1960s to broaden the width of "Andongpo," and trials were made of the use of improved loom, production of improved hemp fabrics, and exports but failed due to the shortage of supply and inferior quality. Afterwards another improved "Andongpo" was tempted in 1980, which was made with intention of supplementing detects caused in the improved hemp textile fabrics in 1960s, and of automatizing the producing process. It is expected that more improved qualify and mass production would lead to an increase of supply in domestic markets and of finding new overseas markets.目次 = iii 論文槪要 = xii Ⅰ. 序論 = 1 A. 硏究의 目的 = 1 B. 硏究의 內容 및 方法 = 2 Ⅱ. 우리나라의 麻纖維 = 3 A. 大麻 = 3 B. 苧麻 = 6 C. 亞麻 = 8 Ⅲ. 安東 大魔의 産出 背景 = 15 A. 安東地域의 沿革 = 15 B. 安東地域의 位置 및 地勢 = 16 C. 安東地域의 氣候 및 土質과 大麻의 生育條件 = 18 1. 安東地域의 氣候와 大麻栽培와의 關係 = 18 2. 安東地域의 土質과 大麻 栽培와의 關係 = 19 Ⅳ. 安東布의 現況 및 生産過程 = 24 A. 安東布의 過去와 現在 = 24 1. 安東布의 由來 = 24 2. 安東布의 現況 = 25 B. 安東 大麻의 栽培 및 收穫 = 30 1. 品種 = 30 2. 整地 = 30 3. 播種 = 30 4. 收穫 = 31 C. 安東布의 生産過程 = 32 1. 삼 껍질 벗기기 = 32 2. 삼 째기 = 38 3. 삼 삼기 = 41 4. 새의 種類 = 47 5. 베 날기 = 48 6. 베 매기 = 58 7. 꾸리 감기 = 64 8. 베틀에 실 걸기 = 66 9. 베 짜기 = 69 10. 洗濯과 色내기 = 77 D. 安東布의 特徵 = 77 Ⅴ. 改良布 = 83 A. 1960年代의 改良布 = 83 B. 1980年代의 改良 安東布 = 87 C. 改良 安東布의 開發 方向 = 89 Ⅵ. 結論 = 94 參考文獻 = 98 ABSTRACT = 10

A Kinetic Study on Vapor Deposition of Parylene-N Films Using [2.2]Paracyclophane

초고집적회로에서 층간 절연체로 사용을 위하여 ［2.2］paracyclophane으로부터 패릴린-N(parylene-N: PA-N) 박막을 20℃이하의 온도에서 증착하였다. 증착된 PA-N 박막의 두께는 3500-12000Å이었으며, 증착 속도는 20-70 Å/min이었다. PA-N 박막의 유전율은 2.7±0.05로 나타났다. 운반 기체 유속이나 증착 온도가 증가함에 따라 증착 속도가 감소한 반면, 증착 압력이 증가하는 경우에는 증착 속도가 증가하였다. 전구체 분해 온도가 600℃에서 증착 속도는 최대가 되었다. 전구체 분해 온도가 750℃이거나 증착 압력이 1 torr보다 높은 경우에는 기상에서의 입자 형성으로 인해 박막 표면이 조악하였다. PA-N 박막 성장은 p-xylylene 단량체의 응축이 율속 단계인 것으로 나타났다.Parylene-N(PA-N) films for use as interlayer dielectrics in ULSI were deposited from［2.2］paracyclophane at temperatures below 20℃. The film thickness measured was 3500-12000Å and the growth rate was 20-70 Å/min. The dielectric constant of the PA-N films deposited was found to be 2.7±0.05. The deposition rate decreased with increasing carrier gas flow rate or deposition temperature, but it increased with increasing pressure. The deposition rate became a maximum at a precursor decomposition temperature of 600℃. The film surface became rough due to particle formation in the gas phase at a precursor decomposition temperature of 750℃ or at a deposition pressure above 1 torr. It was shown that the condensation of a p-xylylene monomer was a rate-limiting step in the growth of the PA-N films.Parylene-N(PA-N) films for use as interlayer dielectrics in ULSI were deposited from［2.2］paracyclophane at temperatures below 20℃. The film thickness measured was 3500-12000Å and the growth rate was 20-70 Å/min. The dielectric constant of the PA-N films deposited was found to be 2.7±0.05. The deposition rate decreased with increasing carrier gas flow rate or deposition temperature, but it increased with increasing pressure. The deposition rate became a maximum at a precursor decomposition temperature of 600℃. The film surface became rough due to particle formation in the gas phase at a precursor decomposition temperature of 750℃ or at a deposition pressure above 1 torr. It was shown that the condensation of a p-xylylene monomer was a rate-limiting step in the growth of the PA-N films

(A) pathologic study of lymphoproliferative disorders of the skin

의학과/석사[한글] 피부 림프세포증식성 질환은 균상식육종, Sectary증후군, 피부 T세포림프종, 림프종양 구진증 등의 다양한 질환을 포함하는 질환군이다. 이 질환들은 임상적으로나 조직학적으 로 진단이 쉽지 않고 각 질환들과의 구분에도 논란의 여지가 많다. 본 연구는 1980년 1월부터 1990년 8월까지 10년 8개월 동안 연세대학교 의과대학 병리 학교실, 영동세브란스 병원 및 원주의과대학 원주기독병원 해부병리과에서 상기질환으로 진단 받은 환자 24명의 피부생검조직 45개를 대상으로 각 질환의 특징과 감별점을 알아보 고자 임상적 소견을 검토하고 조직학적 및 면역조직화학적 검색을 시행하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 환자의 연령 분포는 균상식육종에서는 22세-68세(평균 52.2세)로,서11예중 8예(72.7 %)가 40세 이후였으며, 악성림프종은 13세-79세(평군43.7세)로서, 11예증 6예(54.5%)가 4 0세 이후였으며, 림프 종양 구진증은 21세 -25세 (평균 23세)였다. 대체로 남자에서 호발 하여 남녀비가 균상식육종은 4.5:1, 악성 림프종은 2.7:1이었다. 2. 피부병변의 육안소견으로서 균상식육종은 인설이 있는 판(plaque),흥피증, 색소침착 을 보였고, 악성림프종은 피하결절, 종괴 또는 궤양을 동반한 반점으로 나타났으며, 림프 종양 구진중은 궤양, 출혈, 결절 및 홍반, 괴사성의 구진으로 나타나 수 개월 후 치유되 는 특징을 보였다. 3. 조직학적 소견상 군상식육종은 대부분 표피향성을 보이면서 Pautrier 미소농양, 세 포의 태선양침윤, 피부부속기 침범, mycosis 세포나 Reed-Sternberg 세포와 유사한 세포 의 존재가 특징이었으며. 다수의 핵분열이 관찰되었다. 피부 악성 림프종은 균상식육종과 달리 표피향성을 보이는 경우는 드물고 비정렬세포가 밀집되어 미만성으로 침윤하고, 괴 사나 궤양을 동반하는 경우가 많았으며, 균상식육종에 비해 2배정도 많은 수의 핵분열이 관찰되었다. 림프종잉 구진증은 일의 두 질환과 매우 유사하였으나 이상각화증 및 유두 진피에 부종과 출혈이 있는 것이 매우 특징적이었다. 4. 면역조직화학적 검색에서 균상식육종과 림프종양 구진증은 전 예에서 현저한 T세포 증식이 특징적이었으며, 피부를 침범한 림프종에서는 81.8%가 T세포 표현형을 나타냈다. 이상으로 보아 피부 림프세포증식성 질환은 거의 모두가 T세포의 중식에 의한 것이나, 각 질환의 임상 및 조직학적 소견에 유사한 점이 많으며, 특히 군상식육종의 초기병변은 피부염 등에서 나타나는 소견과 유사하므로 지속적인 추적 생검이 정확한 진단과 환자의 치료에 도움이 될 것으로 생각된다. [영문] The lymphoproliferative disorders of the skin is a wide spectrum composed of mycosis fungoides, Sezary syndrome, cutaneous T cell lymphoma, lymphomatoid papulosis, etc. Reviewed 48 specimens of 24 patients In the period from 1980 to1990, and analyzed the clinical, histologic and immunohistochemical findings. Results obtained are as follow: 1. The age of the patients of mycosis fungoides ranged from 22 to 68 years(mean 52.2 years), with malignant lymphoma from 13 to 79years(mean 43.7 years), and with lymphomatoid papulosis from 21 to 25years(mean 23 years). The ratio of male to female was 4.5:1 in mycosis fungoides and 2.7:1 in the malignant lymphoma with male predominance . 2. Skin manifestation was composed of plaque, erythroderma, scale, and hyperpigmentation in mycosis fungoides, subcutaneous nodule, mass, and ulcerated patch in cutaneous lymphoma. The skin of lymphomatoid papulosis revealed hemorrhagic, ulcerated and erythematous papules: it was spontaneously healed. 3. Histologically, mycosis fungoides showed epidermotropism in most cases, Pautrier's microabscesses were present in one-fourth of the cases. Malignant lymphoma was different from mycosis fungoides because of less frequent epidermotropism, compact diffuse infiltration of atypical lymphocytes, its association with ulcer, necrosis and more frequent mitotic figures Lymphomatoid papulosis was similar to mycosis fungoides and cutaneous. lymphoma, but hemorrhage and edema of the papi1lary dermis were striking findings which were absent in mycosis fungoides or cutaneous lymphoma. 4. On immunehistochemical study, mycosis fungoides and lymphomatoid papulosis were considered as T cell proliferative disorders of the skin. Eighty two percent of Lymphoma of skin revealed T cell phenotype. According to these findings, lymphoproliferative disorders of the skin occurred predominantly in the elderly and males. Clinical and histopathologic findings were similar and overlapped each other It was difficult to adequately diagnose an early lesion, and a sequential follow up biopsy was required. On histologic examination, diagnosis with strict criteria of marked atypia and clustering of atypical cells was required.restrictio

Correlation of heregulin mRNA and Her-2/neu protein expression with node metastasis and DNA p

의학과/박사[한글] 분자생물학적 연구의 발전으로 Her-2/neu 암유전자의 증폭과 과발현이 유방암의 발암기전에 관여하며 질병의 불량한 예후와 관계가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. Her-2/neu 암유전자는 표피성장인자 수용체(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)와 형태학적으로 매우 유사하나 표피성장인자와는 결합하지 않으며 그 결합물질(ligand)로서 발견된 것이 neu differentiation factor(NDF)이다. NDF는 ras에 의해 변형된 쥐의 섬유모세포에서 분리된 후 사람의 유방암 세포주에서도 발견되어 heregulin으로 명명되고 표피성장인자 군의 새로운 일원이 되었으며, 유방 상피조직에서 Her-2/neu의 타이로신 인산화(tyrosine phosphorylation)를 증가시키는 것으로 알려지고 있다. Heregulin은 44 kD의 당단백으로 1992년 Holmes 등에 의해 그 아미노산 서열이 밝혀졌다. Heregulin은 유방암의 성장 및 분화에 영향을 미치며, 유방암 환자에서 양호한 예후 인자로 보고된 바 있다. 흥미롭게도 저 자에 따라 heregulin의 존재가 림프절 전이에 대해 역관계가 있다 또는 상관관계가 없다는 보고가 있으며, 종양의 증식을 증진 또는 억제한다는 상반된 보고가 있으나 대체로 종양세포의 형태학적인 분화 및 카제인을 비롯한 유단백의 분비를 유발함으로써 종양증식억제능력을 가지는 것으로 여겨진다. 유방암 세포주(AU-565와 MDA-MB-453)의 세포배양시에 NDF를 투여하면 사배수성(tetraploidy) 및 비배수성(aneuploidy)이 생기지 않고 후기 S 또는 G^^2 -M phase에서 성장이 억제된다고 하며, intercellular adhesion molecule(ICAM)-1의 발현증가가 성장억제에 작용하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 저자는 유방암 환자의 예후와 밀접한 관계가 있는 액와 림프절 전이유무, 맥관침습성, 스테로이드 수용체 및 DNA 배수성에 대하여 Her-2/neu단백의 과발현 및 heregulin mRNA의 발현이 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 수술 중 얻은 신선한 유방암종 조직 38예를 액화질소에 냉동시킨 후 영하 80℃의 냉동고에 보관하였다가 RNA를 추출한 후 역전사 중합효소 연쇄반응으로 heregulin mRNA의 발현여부를 보았으며, 포르말린에 고정하고 파라핀에 포매된 조직 68예로 Her-2/neu단백과 ICAM-1에대한 면역조직화학 염색 및 유세포분석기를 이용한 종양세포내 DNA 함량분석을 시행하여 그 결과를 기존의 예후인자인 액와 림프절 전이유무, 종양세포의 핵등급, 맥관침습성 및 스테로이드수용체 유무와 비교하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. Heregulin myNA는 침윤성 유방암종의 86.1%와, 양성유방병변 3예 모두에서 발현되었다. Heregulin mRNA가 발현되는 경우 ICAM-1의 양성률이 높으며, 액와 림프절 전이율이 낮은 경향을 보였으나 통계학적인 유의성은 없었다. 스테로이드 수용체, 맥관침습성 및 핵등급은 heregulin mRNA의 발현에 따라 차이를 보이지 않았다. 2. Her-2/neu 단백은 침윤성 유방암종의 50.0%에서 과발현되었다. Her-2/neu 단백이 과발현되는 경우 림프절 전이율, 맥관침습률 및 에스트로겐 수용체 양성률이 높은 경향을 보였으나 통계학적인 유의성은 없었던 반면 Her-2/neu 단백이 과발현되는 경우 전이된 림 프절의 수가 통계학적으로 유의하게 많고(p=0.046), 핵등급이 유의하게 높은 특징을 보였다(p=0.004). 3. Her-2/neu 단백의 과발현이 있는 경우 DNA 지수가 통계학적으로 유의하게 높은 경향을 보였으며(p=0.024), Her-2/neu 단백이 과발현되는 경우 47.6%에서 사배수성에 가까운(near tetraploidy) DNA 지수를 보였다. Her-2/neu 단백이 과발현되면서 heregulin mRNA가 음성인 경우 전 예에서 사배수성에 가까운 DNA 지수를 보이는데 비해 Her-2/neu 단백이 과발현되면서 동시에 heregulin mRNA도 양성인 경우 50.0%에서 이배수성을 보였다. 이상의 결과로 보아 침윤성 유방암종에서 heregulin mRNA의 양성률은 Her-2/neu 단백의 과발현율에 비하여 높게 나타났으며, Her-2/neu 단백의 과발현은 높은 DNA 지수, 불량한 핵등급 및 전이된 림프절의 많은 수와 통계학적으로 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. Heregul in mRNA 양성인 종양은 림프절 전이율과 DNA 지수가 낮고, ICAM-1의 발현율이 높은 경향을 보였으나 림프절 전이율 및 전이된 림프절의 수와 통계학적으로 유의한 역관계를 보이지 않았다. 결론적으로 heregulin은 Her-2/neu 단백이 과발현되는 종양에서 비배수성을 억제하는 경향이 있으며, Her-2/neu 단백은 종양의 불량한 분화 및 림프절 전이와 연관됨을 알 수 있었다. [영문] The Her-2/neu protooncogene encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase that is structurally homologous to the receptor for epidermal growth factor, Its amplification and overexpression are associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Neu differentiation factor is a ligand for Her-2/neu protooncogene and was detected in ras-transformed rat fibroblasts. Heregulin(human homologue of next differentiation factor) is a 44-kilodalton glycoprotein that stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation and induces growth arrest or stimulation and differentiation in human breast cancer cell lines. In this study we examined the expression of heregulin mRNA by nested reverse transcription(RT) PCR with fresh tissue, Her-2/neu protein, ICAM-1 and steroid receptors by immunohistochemistry, and DNA ploidy pattern by flow cytometry with paraffin-embedded tissue in invasive breast carcinoma. We compared its data with nodal status, lymphovascular invasion, steroid receptor status and DNA ploidy pattern. For RT-PCR to heregulin mRNA, 38 cases of fresh breast cancer tissue was obtained, RNA was isolated, converted to complementary DNA and amplified. Total 68 cases of invasive breast carcinoma tissue were fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin, which were used for routine histology, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. The results are as fellows: 1. Heregulin inRNA was expressed in 56.1% of patients with invasive breast carcinoma and 100% of patients with benign breast lesion using nested RT-PCR analysis. Patients with tumors expressing heregulin mRNA tended to show a high expression rate of ICAM-1 and a low expression rate of lymph node metastasis and small numbers of lymph nodes with metastasis, although not statistically significant. 2. Her-2/neu protein was overexpressed in 50.0% of tumors using immunohistochemistry. The expression of Her-2/neu protein was significantly correlated with high counts of lymph nodes with metastasis(p<0.05), and high nuclear grade(p<0.05). However, positive Her-2/neu protein was not significantly associated with positivity for nodal metastasis, lymphovascular invasion and steroid receptor states. 3. Her-2,/neu protein overexpression was significantly correlated with high DNA index(p<0.05).All of the tumors showing Her-27neu protein overexpression and no heregulin mRNA expression revealed near tetraploid DNA content. However, both Her-2,/neu overexpressing and heregulin mRNA expressing tumors revealed near tetraploidy in 38.9% and diploidy in 57.7%. In conclusion, heregulin mRNA expression rate is higher than Her-2/neu protein overexpression rate in human invasive breast carcinoma. Her-2/neu Protein overexpression is associated with high positive lymph node number and DNA index. It is suggested that heregulin inhibits the aneuploid and near tetraploid DNA pattern in Her-2/neu overexpressed tumor, but statistically significant reverse correlation with lymph node metastasis is not present.restrictio

Efficacy and tolerability of OROS methylphenidate in Korean children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

This study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability in the initiation treatment of Concerta® (OROS methylphenidate HCl) in Korean children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). One hundred and nineteen children with AD/HD were entered into a multi-center, open-label, four-week trial. The dosage of Concerta® was adjusted by the investigators based on symptoms and safety assessments performed on a weekly basis. The safety of the drug and its efficacy for attention, behavior, and cognitive function were assessed. The primary outcome measures for efficacy were the Parent and Teacher IOWA Conners Rating Scales, Peer Interaction Items, and the Clinical Global Impression Scale. Cognitive tests (Continuous Performance Test, Matched Familiar Figure Test, Verbal Fluency Test, and Trail Making Test) were included as the secondary outcome measures. In most participants, OROS methylphenidate was well tolerated. There were significant improvements in attention, behavior, and function as measured by parents, teachers, and investigators. The benefit of the initiation of OROS methylphenidate in children with AD/HD was shown on the cognitive tests as well. These data provide support for the benefit of the once-daily methylphenidate preparation, Concerta® in the treatment of Korean children with AD/HD. Children were initiated safely in this short-term trial, and its effectiveness was evident in the behavioral, as well as neuropsychological measurements. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Impact of economic problems on depression in single mothers: A comparative study with married women

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors that influence depression among single mothers. Methods Participants were 195 single mothers and 357 married mothers living in an urban community in South Korea. All subjects completed self-report questionnaires that included the following self-rating scales: the Global Assessment of Recent Stress, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale, and the Korean version of the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to examine independent factors affecting single mothers&amp;apos; depression. Results The prevalence of depression differed notably between the single mothers and the control group, at 33% and 8%, respectively. In the single mothers, young age, low income, residential instability, high stress, and high alcohol-related problems were determined to be associated with depression. Furthermore, after adjusting for covariates, living in rental housing (OR = 11.46, 95% CI 1.72 +/- 76.46) was found to be an independent risk factor of depression in the single mothers, while stress (OR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.09 +/- 1.24) was found to have this effect on the married mothers. Conclusions Practical services concerning economic stability and parenting support should be provided for single mothers to reduce depression among this demographic

Health service utilization in patients with major depressive disorder experiencing significant somatic symptoms in Korea

Background: This study investigated the patterns of health service utilization among patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and significant somatic symptoms, who visited psychiatrists in a tertiary care setting. Methods: A total of 211 patients (51 males and 160 females) were recruited from a convenience sampling and assessed for severity of depressive and somatic symptoms. A structured questionnaire was employed to assess their pattern of healthcare service utilization, specifically, type of treatment first sought, out-of-pocket medical expenses, and time from onset of depressive symptoms to first treatment. Results: MDD patients with significant somatic symptoms tended to visit a non-psychiatrist physician first. Those with milder somatic symptoms who first visited non-physician practitioners spent a significantly greater amount on out-of-pocket medical expenses than did those who first visited physicians to get treatment. The patients with chief complaints of psychological and emotional symptoms were more likely to visit a psychiatrist first; however, a longer time interval lapsed before these patients received treatment. Conclusions: Patients with MDD experiencing significant symptoms are unlikely to access appropriate services in a timely manner. The results have implications for improving health care delivery for this population. © 2010 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin New York

Screening ability of subjective memory complaints, informant-reports for cognitive decline, and their combination in memory clinic setting

Objective This study aimed to compare the accuracy of subjective memory complaints, informant-reports for cognitive declines, and their combination for screening cognitive disorders in memory clinic setting. Methods One-hundred thirtytwo cognitively normal (CN), 136 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 546 dementia who visited the memory clinic in the Seoul National University Hospital underwent standardized clinical evaluation and comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. The Subjective Memory Complaints Questionnaire (SMCQ) and the Seoul Informant Report Questionnaire for Dementia (SIRQD) were used to assess subjective memory complaints and informant-reports for cognitive declines, respectively. Results Both SMCQ and SIRQD showed significant screening ability for MCI, dementia, and overall cognitive disorder (CDall: MCI plus dementia) (screening accuracy: 60.1–94.6%). The combination of SMCQ and SIRQD (SMCQ+SIRQD) was found to have significantly better screening accuracy compared to SMCQ alone for any cognitive disorders. SMCQ+SIRQD also significantly improved screening accuracy of SIRQD alone for MCI and CDall, but not for dementia. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the combined information of both subjective memory complaints and informant-reports for cognitive declines can improve MCI screening by each individual information, while such combination appears not better than informant-reports in regard of dementia screening. © 2017 Korean Neuropsychiatric Association

Relationship between personality and insomnia in panic disorder patients

Objective: Panic disorder (PD) is frequently comorbid with insomnia, which could exacerbate panic symptoms and contribute to PD relapse. Research has suggested that characteristics are implicated in both PD and insomnia. However, there are no reports examining whether temperament and character affect insomnia in PD. Thus, we examined the relationship between insomnia and personality ch-aracteristics in PD patients. Methods: Participants were 101 patients, recruited from 6 university hospitals in Korea, who met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for PD. We as-sessed sleep outcomes using the sleep items of 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17)(item 4=onset latency, item 5= middle awakening, and item 6=early awakening) and used the Cloninger&amp;amp;apos;s Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised-Short to assess personality characteristics. To examine the relationship between personality and insomnia, we used analysis of variance with age, sex, and severity of depression (total HAMD scores minus sum of the three sleep items) as the covariates. Results: There were no statistical differences (p&amp;amp;amp;gt;0.1) in demographic and clinical data between patients with and without insomnia. Initial insomnia (delayed sleep onset) correlated to a high score on the temperamental dimension of novelty seeking 3 (NS3)(F1,96=6.93, p=0.03). There were no statistical differences (p&amp;amp;amp;gt;0.1) in NS3 between patients with and without middle or terminal insomnia. Conclusion: The present study suggests that higher NS3 is related to the development of initial insomnia in PD and that temperament and character should be considered when assessing sleep problems in PD patients. © 2011 Korean Neuropsychiatric Association

Effect of osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate on learning skills in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An open-label study

We evaluated the effect of osmotic-release oral system (OROS) methylphenidate on learning skills in adolescents with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In an open-label study, 121 adolescents with ADHD were administered flexible doses of OROS methylphenidate for 12 weeks. The efficacy of methylphenidate on ADHD symptoms was evaluated by ADHD Rating Scale (ARS) and Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI). Learning Skills Test (LST) was used to measure the learning skills of the participants at the baseline and the endpoint. Continuous performance test, visuospatial and verbal working memory, verbal fluency, and inhibition were evaluated before and after the 12 weeks of treatment. The mean total and subscores of LST were significantly increased after the 12-week treatment with OROS methylphenidate. Executive functions were also improved during the trial, with the exception of inhibition measured by the Stroop Test. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the influence of OROS methylphenidate on learning skill. As a result, OROS methylphenidate was effective in enhancing learning skills in adolescents with ADHD. © 2013 Wolters Kluwer HealthLippincott Williams &amp;amp;amp; Wilkins