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    ํฐ์ค„์ˆฒ๋ชจ๊ธฐ(Aedes albopictus)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ •์œ ์˜ ์‚ด์ถฉ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ธฐํ”ผ ํšจ๊ณผ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋†์ƒ๋ช…๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2023. 2. ํƒ์ค€ํ˜•.Recent studies on mosquito repellents seek control agents with spatial effects, and plant essential oils can be considered as potential candidates since they are mainly composed of volatile monoterpene compounds. In the present study, the insecticidal activity of 31 essential oils via topical application method and fumigation assay was examined, and toxicity was compared with spatial repellent activity against the female adults of Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus. The result displayed moderate correlation between insecticidal activity and spatial repellency, suggesting that the repellency of oils may be the result of active avoidance behavior from potential toxicants. Among tested oils, cinnamon oil (Cinnamomum cassia) was the most active in all three bioassays, as the LD50 in contact toxicity, LC50 in fumigation assay, and repellency at 30 min post-exposure were 3.42 g/mg, 1.37 L/L, and 85.0 ยฑ 5.8%, respectively. The blending effect of cinnamon oil with other 30 oils was examined in their contact toxicity and spatial repellency, and fennel, lavender, and spearmint oils exhibited notable synergistic spatial repellent activity. Unlike the moderate correlation between toxicity and spatial repellency of individual oils, no direct relationship was found in the binary mixtures of oils. Meanwhile, the mosquitoes failed to show any avoidance behavior when their antennae were removed, indicating that although spatial repellency is related to the toxicity of the compounds, the decision-making process is driven by other factors.์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ธฐํ”ผ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํ”ผ์ œ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹๋ฌผ ์ •์œ ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ธฐํ”ผ์ œ์˜ ํ›„๋ณด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํœ˜์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ธ monoterpene ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ํ•จ์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‚ด์ถฉ ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ธฐํ”ผ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํฐ์ค„์ˆฒ๋ชจ๊ธฐ(Aedes albopictus)๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 31๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ •์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๋Ÿ‰์ ํ•˜์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ ํ›ˆ์ฆ์‹คํ—˜, ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ธฐํ”ผ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ‘์ด‰ ๋ฐ ํ›ˆ์ฆ ๋…์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ธฐํ”ผ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ’์„ Pearson correlation coefficient์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ ‘์ด‰๋…์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ”ผ์œจ, ํ›ˆ์ฆ๋…์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํ”ผ์œจ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” moderate correlation์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ธฐํ”ผ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ •์œ ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์‚ด์ถฉ์„ฑ ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ ํšŒํ”ผํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ •์œ  ์ค‘, cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia)์˜ LD50, LC50 ๋ฐ ๊ธฐํ”ผ์œจ์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ 3.42 g/mg, 1.37 L/L, and 85%๋กœ ์‚ด์ถฉํšจ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ธฐํ”ผ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ cinnamon oil๋ฅผ 30๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ •์œ ์™€ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, fennel, lavender, spearmint ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ •์œ ์—์„œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ธฐํ”ผ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋„ˆ์ง€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹จ์ผ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ •์œ ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ์‚ด์ถฉ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๊ธฐํ”ผ ํšจ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•œ ์‹๋ฌผ ์ •์œ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‘˜ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋”๋“ฌ์ด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•œ ํฐ์ค„์ˆฒ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ธฐํ”ผ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ธฐํ”ผ์œจ์ด ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ธฐํ”ผ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ ์ •์œ ์˜ ์‚ด์ถฉ ์„ฑ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ธฐํ”ผ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์†Œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋œ๋‹ค.Introduction 1 Materials and Methods 5 1. Test insects 5 2. Essential oils 7 3. Bioassays 10 3.1. Contact toxicity 10 3.2. Fumigant toxicity 11 3.3. Spatial repellent activity 13 4. Statistical analysis 16 Results 18 1. Toxicity and spatial repellency of individual oils 18 2. Combination effect of cinnamon and other oils 22 3. Correlation between insecticidal activity and spatial repellency 24 4. Synergistic effect of selected combinations in insecticidal activity and spatial repellency 26 5. Contribution of antennae in determining spatial repellency 28 Discussion 30 Conclusion 36 Bibliography 37 Supplementary Materials 41 Abstract in Korean 51์„

    ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ฐ ์šด์ „์ž ์ฃผํ–‰ ํŠน์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๊ณ„ํš

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2020. 8. ์ด๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ๋Œ€์‘ ์‹œ์˜ ์šด์ „์ž ์ฃผํ–‰ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๋ชจ์…˜์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๋Š” ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹ฌ ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์™€์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ ์ธ ์ฃผํ–‰์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋ณดํ–‰์ž๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ์ „ํ™˜์ด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ , ์ด์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์ฐจ์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง“๋Š” ๋ฐ๋„ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•จ์—๋„ ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์˜ ์•ˆ์ „์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ํœด๋จผ ์šด์ „์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฑฐ๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹ค์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ๊ฑฐ๋™ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ๊ฑฐ๋™ ํ™•๋ฅ  ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ๋Œ€์‘ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ์˜ ์šด์ „์ž์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž์œจ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๊ณ„ํš์— ์ ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ •์˜, ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ ์œ„ํ—˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ๋Œ€์‘ ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š” ํŒŒํŠธ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŒŒํŠธ์—์„œ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ๋ชจ๋ธ ์ •์˜์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ์†๋„์™€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋™ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ํŠน์„ฑ์€ ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์— ๋ถ€์ฐฉ๋œ ๋ผ์ด๋‹ค ์„ผ์„œ์™€ ์ „๋ฐฉ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํš๋“ํ•œ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์†๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋™ํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋„์ถœ๋˜๊ณ , ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ๋„์ถœ๋œ ํ™•๋ฅ  ๋ถ„ํฌ์—์„œ ์œ ํšจ ์‹œ๊ทธ๋งˆ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌํš๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋ณดํ–‰์ž๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ํŠน์ • ํ™•๋ฅ ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋™ํ•  ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ, ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํŒŒํŠธ๋กœ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์™€ ์ž ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ผ์ • ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ์˜ ์œ„์น˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถฉ๋Œ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ์˜ˆ์ธก์€ ์•ž์„œ ๋„์ถœํ•œ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ์œ ํšจ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์ด ํฐ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ž ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ๋กœ์ปฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์›€์ง์ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐจ์„  ์œ ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์†๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, ์ถฉ๋Œ ์œ„ํ—˜์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ํƒ€๊ฒŸ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋ณดํ–‰์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๊ฑฐ๋™์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ๋Œ€์‘ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๊ฐ์†๋„์™€ ๊ฐ์† ์‹œ์ ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํœด๋จผ ์šด์ „์ž ์ฃผํ–‰ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ฃผํ–‰์—์„œ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋“ค์ด ์ •์˜๋˜๊ณ , ํ•ด๋‹น ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋“ค์€ ์ข…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ๊ณ„ํš์— ๋ฐ˜์˜๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ์˜ˆ์ธก ๊ฑฐ๋™ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ž์œจ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ถ”์ข… ๊ฐ€์†๋„์ด ๊ฒฐ์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์€ ์‹ค์ฐจ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋„์ถœํ•œ ๋ณดํ–‰์ž ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ธก ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฐ์† ๊ฒฐ์ • ์‹œ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์†๋„์˜ ๊ถค์ ์ด ๋™์ผ ์ƒํ™ฉ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋Šฅ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์šด์ „์ž์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•จ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.This paper presents a pedestrian model considering uncertainty in the direction of future movement and a human-like longitudinal motion planning algorithm for autonomous vehicle in the interaction situation with pedestrians. Interactive driving with pedestrians is essential for autonomous driving in urban environments. However, interaction with pedestrians is very challenging for autonomous vehicle because it is difficult to predict movement direction of pedestrians. Even if there exists uncertainty of the behavior of pedestrians, the autonomous vehicles should plan their motions ensuring pedestrian safety and respond smoothly to pedestrians. To implement this, a pedestrian probabilistic yaw model is introduced based on behavioral characteristics and the human driving parameters are investigated in the interaction situation. The paper consists of three main parts: the pedestrian model definition, collision risk assessment based on prediction and human-like longitudinal motion planning. In the first section, the main key of pedestrian model is the behavior tendency with correlation between pedestrians speed and direction change. The behavior characteristics are statistically investigated based on perceived pedestrian tracking data using light detection and ranging(Lidar) sensor and front camera. Through the behavior characteristics, movement probability for all directions of the pedestrian is derived according to pedestrians velocity. Also, the effective moving area can be limited up to the valid probability criterion. The defined model allows the autonomous vehicle to know the area that pedestrian may head to a certain probability in the future steps. This helps to plan the vehicle motion considering the pedestrian yaw states uncertainty and to predetermine the motion of autonomous vehicle from the pedestrians who may have a risk. Secondly, a risk assessment is required and is based on the pedestrian model. The dynamic states of pedestrians and subject vehicle are predicted to do a risk assessment. In this section, the pedestrian behavior is predicted under the assumption of moving to the most dangerous direction in the effective moving area obtained above. The prediction of vehicle behavior is performed using a lane keeping model in which the vehicle follows a given path. Based on the prediction result, it is checked whether there will be a collision between the pedestrian and the vehicle if deceleration motion is not taken. Finally, longitudinal motion planning is determined for target pedestrians with possibility of collision. Human driving data is first examined to obtain a proper longitudinal deceleration and deceleration starting point in the interaction situation with pedestrians. Several human driving parameters are defined and applied in determining the longitudinal acceleration of the vehicle. The longitudinal motion planning algorithm is verified via vehicle tests. The test results confirm that the proposed algorithm shows similar longitudinal motion and deceleration decision to a human driver based on predicted pedestrian model.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background and Motivation 1 1.2. Previous Researches 3 1.3. Thesis Objective and Outline 5 Chapter 2. Probabilistic Pedestrian Yaw Model 8 2.1. Pedestrian Behavior Characteristics 9 2.2. Probability Movement Range 11 Chapter 3. Prediction Based Risk Assessment 13 3.1. Lane Keeping Behavior Model 15 3.2. Subject Vehicle Prediction 17 3.3. Safety Region Based on Prediction 19 Chapter 4. Human-like Longitudinal Motion Planning 22 4.1. Human Driving Parameters Definition 22 4.1.1 Hard Mode Distance 23 4.1.2 Soft Mode Distance and Velocity 23 4.1.3 Time-To-Collision 23 4.2. Driving Mode and Acceleration Decision 25 4.2.1 Acceleration of Each Mode 25 4.2.2 Mode Selection 26 Chapter 5. Vehicle Test Result 28 5.1. Configuration of Experimental Vehicle 28 5.2. Longitudinal Motion Planning for Pedestiran 30 5.2.1 Soft Mode Scenario 32 5.2.2 Hard Mode Scenario 35 Chapter 6. Colclusion 38 Bibliography 39 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก 42Maste

    Bulk-fill ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ ˆ์ง„ ์ˆ˜๋ณต ์‹œ ์™€๋™๋ฒฝ์˜ compliance์™€ ์ถฉ์ „๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ต๋‘๊ตด๊ณก์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์น˜์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ, 2016. 8. ์ด์ธ๋ณต.1. ๋ชฉ์  ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” bulk-fill๊ณผ conventional ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ ˆ์ง„ ์ˆ˜๋ณต ์‹œ ์™€๋™๋ฒฝ์˜ compliance์™€ ์ถฉ์ „๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ต๋‘๊ตด๊ณก์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ต๋‘๊ตด๊ณก๊ณผ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ ˆ์ง„์˜ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ˆ˜์ถ•, ํƒ„์„ฑ๊ณ„์ˆ˜, ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ˆ˜์ถ•์‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 6 ์ข…์˜ ๊ด‘์ค‘ํ•ฉ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ ˆ์ง„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2 ์ข…์€ conventional methacrylate ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ ˆ์ง„์ด๋ฉฐ (Filtek Z250 [Z250]๊ณผ Filtek Z350 XT Flowable [Z350F]), 4 ์ข…์€ bulk-fill ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ ˆ์ง„ (SonicFill [SF], Tetric N-Ceram Bulk-Fill [TNB], SureFil SDR Flow [SDR], Filtek Bulk-Fill [FB])์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทผ์‹ฌ-๊ตํ•ฉ-์›์‹ฌ (MOD) ์™€๋™์„ (6 [ํ˜‘์„ค] ร— 8 [๊ทผ์›์‹ฌ] ร— 4 [๊นŠ์ด] mm) ๋ชจ๋ฐฉํ•œ 180 ๊ฐœ์˜ ์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„ ๋ชฐ๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์™€๋™๋ฒฝ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜ 1, 2, 3 mm์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 3 ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ ˆ์ง„์˜ ์ถฉ์ „ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• (bulk ๋˜๋Š” incremental)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์‹œ 2 ๊ทธ๋ฃน์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2 ๊ฐœ์˜ LVDT (linear variable differential transformer) probe๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ 2000 ์ดˆ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ ์†Œ๊ทธ๋ฃน์˜ ์™€๋™๋ฒฝ์˜ ๊ตด๊ณก์„ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค (n = 5). Bulk ๋˜๋Š” incremental ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋ชจ๋‘ Elipar S10 LED ๊ด‘์ค‘ํ•ฉ๊ธฐ (1200 mW/cm2)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 80 ์ดˆ ๊ด‘์ค‘ํ•ฉ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 6 ์ข… ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ ˆ์ง„์˜ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ˆ˜์ถ•, ํƒ„์„ฑ๊ณ„์ˆ˜, ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ˆ˜์ถ•์‘๋ ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„ (ANOVA) ๋ฐ Tukey ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฒ€์ •์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ํ”ผ์–ด์Šจ ์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ (Pearsons correlation analysis)์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. 3. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ Bulk fillingํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ incremental layeringํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋ณด๋‹ค ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํฐ ๊ต๋‘๊ตด๊ณก์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค (p < 0.05). ์™€๋™๋ฒฝ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ต๋‘๊ตด๊ณก์€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ˆ˜์ถ•์‘๋ ฅ์€ Z350F (5.07 MPa)๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๊ณ , SDR์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž‘์€ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ˆ˜์ถ•์‘๋ ฅ (1.70 MPa)์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์™€๋™๋ฒฝ์˜ ๋‘๊ป˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก, ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ณผ ๊ต๋‘๊ตด๊ณก ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ํƒ„์„ฑ๊ณ„์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ต๋‘๊ตด๊ณก์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ์€ ์™€๋™๋ฒฝ์ด ๋‘๊บผ์›Œ์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ทธ๋ฃน์—์„œ ๊ต๋‘๊ตด๊ณก์€ ์ค‘ํ•ฉ์ˆ˜์ถ•์‘๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  Conventional๊ณผ bulk-fill ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ ˆ์ง„ ๋ชจ๋‘ incremental layering ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋” ์ ์€ ๊ต๋‘๊ตด๊ณก์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ์ ๋„ bulk-fill ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ ˆ์ง„์„ bulk fillingํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด conventional universal ๋ณตํ•ฉ๋ ˆ์ง„์„ incremental layeringํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค, ๋” ํฐ ๊ต๋‘๊ตด๊ณก์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the cavity wall compliance and layering method on the cusp deflection in bulk-fill and conventional composite restorations, and to examine the relationships between the cusp deflection and the polymerization shrinkage, flexural modulus, and polymerization shrinkage stress of composites. Methods. Six light-cured composites were used in this study. Two of these were conventional methacrylate-based composites (Filtek Z250 [Z250] and Filtek Z350 XT Flowable [Z350F]), whereas four were bulk-fill composites (SonicFill [SF], Tetric N-Ceram Bulk-Fill [TNB], SureFil SDR Flow [SDR], and Filtek Bulk-Fill [FB]). One hundred eighty aluminum molds simulating a Mesio-Occluso-Distal (MOD) cavity (6 [W] ร— 8 [L] ร— 4 [D] mm) were prepared and classified into three groups with the mold wall thicknesses of 1, 2, and 3 mm. Each group was further subdivided according to the composite layering method (bulk or incremental layering). Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) probes were used to measure the cusp deflection of each composite (n = 5) over a period of 2000 s. Both bulk and incremental filling groups were cured for 80 s totally using Elipar S10 LED light curing unit (1200 mW/cm2). The polymerization shrinkage, flexural modulus, and polymerization shrinkage stress of the six composites were also measured. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukeys post-hoc tests. Pearsons correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the relationships among variables. Results. All groups with bulk filling exhibited significantly higher cusp deflection compared with groups with incremental layering (p < 0.05). The deflection decreased as mold wall thickness increased. The highest shrinkage stresses were recorded for Z350F (5.07 MPa) and SDR showed the lowest shrinkage stress value (1.70 MPa). The correlation between polymerization shrinkage and the cusp deflection decreased with increasing wall thickness. On the other hand, the correlation between flexural modulus and the cusp deflection increased with increasing wall thickness. For all groups, cusp deflection correlated strongly with polymerization shrinkage stress. Conclusions. Both conventional and bulk-fill composites showed lower cusp deflection when incrementally filled. Restoration by bulk filling with high viscous bulk-fill composites resulted higher cusp deflection than those obtained by incremental layering of conventional universal composites.1. Introduction 1 2. Materials and Methods 4 3. Results 10 4. Discussion 13 5. Conclusions 19 6. References 20 Tables and Figures 24 Abstract (in Korean) 38Docto

    Ridge preservation using demineralized bone matrix gel with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 after tooth extraction : a randomized controlled clinical trial

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    ์น˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™/๋ฐ•์‚ฌThe aim of the present randomized controlled trial was to determine the safety and efficacy of injectable demineralized bone matrix (DBM) gel combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) on alveolar ridge preservation after tooth extraction. A total of 69 patients were randomly assigned to either a test group (n = 35) or a control group (n = 34). In the test group, DBM, together with rhBMP-2 (0.05 mg/mL; rhBMP-2/DBM) was transplanted into the extraction sockets. The control group received DBM alone. The safety of rhBMP-2/DBM was evaluated by oral examination, serum chemistry, and hematologic examination. The radiographic changes in alveolar bone height and width were measured using computed tomography scans performed immediately after transplant and again 3 months thereafter. Healing was uneventful in all subjects, with no anticipated adverse events and no clinically significant changes in the serum chemistry and hematologic findings. No meaningful immune response was found among the study groups. No significant difference was found in the radiographic changes of alveolar bone height and width (P > .05). This new injectable biomaterial can be used easily and safely in clinical applications.ope

    Aspects and Effects of Constraints in Students Scientific Model Co-construction

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ๊น€์ฐฌ์ข….๊ณผํ•™์€ ์ž์—ฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ณธ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‰๊ฐ€ยท์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ๋‹ค(Passmore et al., 2009). ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค, ์ฆ‰ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋‚˜ ๋ฆฌ์†Œ์Šค๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ต์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์›ํ™œํžˆ ํ•ด๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์šฐ์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ • ์ •๋ณด์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„ ์ œ์•ฝ์กฐ๊ฑด(Constraint)๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์–ด๋– ํ•œ์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‘์ ์˜ ์ด๋™, ๋‚ดํ–‰์„ฑ์˜ ์œ„์ƒ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ 7์ฐจ์‹œ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์šธ ์†Œ์žฌ ์ค‘ํ•™๊ต 2ํ•™๋…„ 6๊ฐœ ๋ฐ˜์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ‘์ ์˜ ์ด๋™์„ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ „์ฒด ์ˆ˜์—… ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ์ง‘๋‹จ ํ™œ๋™์€ ์ดฌ์˜ ํ›„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ „์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ํ™œ๋™์ง€์™€ ์‚ฌํ›„ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ, ์ˆ˜์—… ๋‹น์‹œ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜์—… ๊ด€์ฐฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋„ ๋ถ„์„์— ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์†Œ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์•ฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ์œ ํ˜•ํ™” ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ Clement(2008)์™€ Nersessian(2008) ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ (1) ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ต์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์ „์— ๊ณ„ํšํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜์—ญ๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜จ ์ œ์•ฝ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. (2) ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ์•ฝ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์–‘์ƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ , ํ˜•์‹์  ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ œํ•œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ, ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ, ๋˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ œ์•ฝ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ˜•์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€, ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. (3) ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ ์†์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ๋งค์ฒด, ์ด๋ก , ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ, ๊ด€์ฐฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ถœ์ฒ˜(source)๋“ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ์•ฝ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋•Œ ์ œ์•ฝ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ถœ์ฒ˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ถŒ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒ๋˜์–ด ์†Œ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ œ์•ฝ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์ •์‹ ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•™๊ต ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ๋„ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—… ๋ชจ๋“ˆ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ณผํ•™ ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ฒœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์€ ํ•™์ƒ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ต์‚ฌ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์ˆ˜์—… ์„ค๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ œ์•ฝ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ๋„์›€์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.Students construct scientific models using the data and resources derived from diverse sources as scientists. It is necessary to understand what information students use in the model co-construction process. We would like to explore students use of information in terms of constraint. The term constraint is employed in a wide sense to include information which helps to set the problem by imposing a condition on its solution. The major purpose of this research is to examine how various types of constraints function in the students model co-construction. To achieve the purpose, modeling lessons about sunspot and phase changes of inner planets were given to 204 students of a middle school in Seoul, South Korea. All lessons were video-tape recorded and transcribed. Small group interaction processes were qualitatively analyzed. Major findings are(1) the students constructed scientific models using the constraints came from diverse source, (2) the types of constraints used by the students could be divided based roughly on three criteria, and (3) each constraint diversely influences on students model co-construction depending on the source with different level of authority. The findings of the research can provide actual help as to what type of constraints should be used for students successful model co-construction.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 5 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜• 5 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ณต๋™ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 10 1. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ณต๋™ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 10 2. ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ณต๋™ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 11 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ œ์•ฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด 14 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 17 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณผ์ • 17 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ 20 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ํ•™๊ต 20 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 20 3. ์ˆ˜์—… ๋‚ด์šฉ 22 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„ 25 1. ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 25 2. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ 26 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์‹ฌ์ธต ๋ฉด๋‹ด 27 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 29 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ œ์•ฝ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์˜ ์œ ํ˜• 29 1. ์ œ์•ฝ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์–‘์ƒ 29 2. ์ œ์•ฝ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์œ ํ˜• 31 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ œ์•ฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์˜ ์ถœ์ฒ˜ 38 1. ์ œ์•ฝ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์˜ ์ถœ์ฒ˜ 38 2. ์ œ์•ฝ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ถœ์ฒ˜๋“ค์˜ ์œ ํ˜• 43 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ œ์•ฝ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์˜ ์ถœ์ฒ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜ํ–ฅ 46 1. ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ชจํ˜• ์ƒ์„ฑ 48 2. ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์œ ์ง€ 49 3. ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ๋ณ€ํ™” 53 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 63 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  63 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ œ์–ธ 65 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 69 ๋ถ€๋ก 77 Abstract 83Maste

    ๊ฐ€์Šต๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ด๊ท ์ œ PHMG์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ๊ฑฐ๋™ ํŠน์„ฑ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 2. ์œค์ถฉ์‹.Objective: After the outbreak of humidifier disinfectant accident in South Korea, most studies have been focused on the toxicological and epidemiological effects of humidifier disinfectants while the behavior of aerosols emitted from humidifier was rarely evaluated. This study aims to identify the behavior characteristics of aerosols emitted from ultrasonic humidifier including polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) as a representing disinfectant substance, and to determine the effect of water among the aerosols. Methods: After selecting the most appropriate condition among the five water vapor removing conditions using diffusion dryer and thermodenuder, we compared the behavior characteristics of PHMG whether or not the dryer set is used. The scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and the optical particle spectrophotometer (OPS) were utilized to monitor the number concentration and size distribution of aerosols. Filter sampling was conducted simultaneously to confirm the transmission and distribution of PHMG in the air by analyzing with balance and field emission scanning electron microscope with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (FE-SEM/EDX). Results: The number concentration and the geometric mean of the particles under 10 ฮผm increased as the concentration of PHMG contained in the water tank increased. With the same amount of PHMG added, the number concentration reduced at 1 m, but increased again at 2 m. However, the mean size of the particles continued to increase as the sampling distance is farther from the humidifier outlet. Most of the particles at 0.5 m was nano-sized while 25% of the particles at 2 m measured between 0.3 ฮผm and 10 ฮผm. Through the analysis of FE-SEM/EDX, we observed the aggregated particles containing phosphate in a similar size (40 nm to 70 nm) as measured with real-time monitoring devices. Conclusion: This study aimed to clarify the behavioral characteristics of humidifier disinfectant PHMG. The addition of PHMG in the humidifier water tank produced 10 times more particles in number concentration under 10 ฮผm diameter, compared to the case when only water was added in the humidifier. PHMG was transmitted 2 m from the humidifier, the last measurement distance in the experiment, and remained extensively in the air. The mean size of particles at 2 m was relatively larger than that at closer distance, but still most of them are less than 10 ฮผm which is considered as respirable fraction.1. Introduction 1 2. Methods 4 2.1. Subject 4 2.2. Experimental Procedure 6 2.3. Measurement and Sample Analysis 7 2.3.1. Selection of pre-dryer for water-free PHMG aerosol measurement 7 2.3.2. Characterizing the effect of PHMG in the aerosol 10 3. Results 12 3.1. Number concentration of humidifier mist 12 3.2. Particle size of humidifier mist 18 3.3 Morphology and chemical compositions 22 4. Discussions 24 5. Conclusion 30 6. References 31 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 36 Appendix 39Maste

    ๊ฐ€์ž…์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์  ๋ชจํ˜• ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ(๋ณด๊ฑด์ •์ฑ…๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2021. 2. ๊น€์„ ์˜.Although there is a national health insurance system, about 80% of Koreans are known to have subscribed to private medical insurance. Although private health insurance is sold in most countries where a public insurance system guaranteed by the government is present, the subscription rate tends to be lower than that of South Korea. The reasons for enrolment in private health insurance in other countries with a public insurance system are to increase access to medical services, such as reduction of waiting time for medical treatment and coverage of medical services that are not reimbursed in the public insurance system. The main reason for South Korean citizens to subscribe to private health insurance is to reduce the economic burden caused by diseases, which can be interpreted as an additional need for an economic support system other than national health insurance provided for all citizens in case of a serious illness. However, it is insufficient to explain South Korea's high private health insurance subscription rate only by economic reasons. Not only demographic and social characteristics but also social, cultural, and environmental aspects surrounding the individual affect the actions of each individual, and the interaction with each element may also have an influence. This study aims to investigate the reasons that South Korean citizens subscribe to private medical insurance, and to explain the behavior of subscription to private health insurance in an integrated dimension. This study suspected that the individualization in the postmodern era underlay the high rate of subscription to private health insurance in South Korea. In postmodern society, individuals are exposed to various different risks from those of modern society, but these risks must be addressed by themselves, not relying on social solidarity or social rights. This study attempted to explain the high subscription rate of private health insurance in South Korea in consideration of social phenomena such as low coverage of national health insurance, competition for profit in the medical sector, competitive introduction of new medical technologies, and expansion of private health insurance market. This study is compose of three parts. First, a systematic literature review of was conducted to confirm the reasons for purchasing private health insurance and related factors described in previous studies. Next, a qualitative study was conducted to find the reasons for enrolling in private medical insurance that were not identified in previous studies. Finally, by integrating theoretical review, social phenomenon analysis, systematic literature review, and qualitative research results, a model that explains the factors of Korean private health insurance subscription was proposed, and verification was attempted through a questionnaire survey. In order to comprehensively understand the behavior of subscription to private health insurance in South Korea, 43 domestic studies explaining subscription to private health insurance were identified. As a result of the systematic literature review of the 43 studies, in addition to the socio-economic status, health-related factors such as subjective health conditions and chronic diseases were found to be associated with private health insurance subscription. The associated demographic factors included educational level, income level, age, and number of household members. The receipt of insurance benefit was associated with additional subscription to private medical insurance. When the expectations for private health insurance were high, the possibility of subscribing to private health insurance was also high. The case study methodology, a qualitative research method, was applied to better understand the behavior of subscription to private medical insurance. A total of 14 subjects consisted of two nonsubscribers and 12 subscribers were interviewed. The results obtained from the analysis of the subscribers were as follows. First, the subscribers were found to have subscribed to private health insurance in preparation for the economic crisis. Second, advertising was found to influence subscription to private medical insurance. The insurance distribution environment with sales representatives and the effect advertising for private health insurance using various media were also associated with subscription to private medical insurance. Third, the subscribers were positively evaluating the tax credits from subscribing to private health insurance and the economic benefits of receiving insurance money. In the analysis of the nonsubscribers, they were either unable to subscribe to private health insurance due to lack of economic affordability, or they had negative perception of private medical insurance, had positive perception of their own health, and assumed their chance of becoming physically sick to be low. Both nonsubscribers and subscribers to private health insurance were affected by those around them. While the subscribers positively perceived the influence of those around them, the nonsubscribers showed a neutral attitude toward the influence of those around them regarding subscription to private medical insurance. The nonsubscribers and subscribers to private health insurance showed differences in their perception of the possibility of disease in the future, attitude toward national health insurance, economic benefits from subscription to private medical insurance, and influence of those around them. This study proposed a model to explain the factors influencing subscription to private health insurance in South Korea based on the theories explaining private health insurance subscription, results of reviewing the social phenomena related to subscription to private medical insurance, previous studies, and the results of the case study. At the base of this model, there lay the individualization in the postmodern era, especially described as marketized individualization in South Korea. The model explained that the need for private health insurance affected attitudes toward private medical insurance, and in terms of the needs for private medical insurance, perception of future health and the severity of medical expenditure were considered the factors influencing attitudes toward private medical insurance. Throughout the process from the stage of recognizing the necessity of private health insurance to the subscription, individuals are under the influence of social norms/subjective norms. The norms create a perception that all members of society have subscribed to private health insurance through the government's policy to revitalize the private health insurance industry, expansion of the market, advertising by insurance companies. Individuals form their attitude toward private health insurance based on these norms and end up subscribing to private medical insurance. In terms of medical service provision, the competitive introduction of new medical technologies continuously produces non-reimbursable items, and the coverage of national health insurance is inevitably left behind. Individuals are convinced that national health insurance is not enough as they shoulder their co-pays and expenses for non-reimbursable items, thereby feeling the need for private medical insurance. Insurance companies take advantage of this situation to persuade individuals to subscribe to private medical insurance. Lastly, a questionnaire detailing the factors influencing subscription to private health insurance described in the model explaining the subscription to private health insurance in South Korea was developed, and the validity of the model was verified by a survey of 313 subjects. Targeting 313 subjects, how important they considered recommendation of those around them, indirect experience from those around them regarding illness and private health insurance subscription, expectations for economic benefits, influence of relatives and acquaintances who are insurance planners, influence of advertisement for private health insurance, preparation for the economic crisis caused by disease, experience of receiving insurance benefits, and prospect of their own health in the future in subscribing to private medical insurance. As a result of the survey, economic benefits from subscription to insurance and influence of those around them, suggested as the reasons for subscribing to private health insurance by the model, were considered important in subscribing to private medical insurance. The perception that the future health condition will be worse than the present was associated with subscription to private medical insurance, and the experience of receiving insurance benefits was an important factor in additional subscription to private medical insurance. The result of investigating the relationship with the variables previously considered using the monthly private health insurance premium as the dependent variable revealed that monthly private health insurance premium showed a positive correlation with attitudes toward national health insurance, household income, and the number of household members. Household income was found to have a correlation with the number of subscriptions to private health insurance and the amount of insurance premiums paid. The attitude toward national health insurance showed a positive correlation with the number of subscriptions and the amount of insurance premiums paid. The more positive the attitude toward private health insurance was, the more the number of subscriptions was. The indirect experiences from those around them regarding illness, medical expenses, and insurance benefits, classified as subjective norms showed a positive correlation with the number of subscriptions. This study explains the reasons for subscribing to private health insurance based on the marketized individualization. Marketized individualization explains that private health insurance is the best strategy for individuals who have not experienced social solidarity to prepare for future risks. The social phenomena such as revitalization of the private health insurance market and the competitive structure of private medical institutions to generate profit result in numerous non-reimbursable items. Such environment of medical service provision contributes to the formation of subjective norms/social norms (individuals perceiving that private health insurance is essential, and that most people have already subscribed). In addition, indirect experiences from those around the individuals regarding illness, medical expenses, and insurance benefits have important influences on the awareness of the need for private health insurance and formation of a positive attitude toward private health insurance in the individuals. This study is meaningful in that it not only explains the phenomenon of subscription to private health insurance in South Korea simply in terms of economic level and perception of future health conditions of each individual, but also has investigated it in an integrated dimension considering the social phenomena and the norms associated with subscription to private medical insurance. Based on the results of the study, discussions on the mutually complementary development of national health insurance should proceed.๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ณต(ๅ…ฌ)๋ณดํ—˜ ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•จ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์•ฝ 80%๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ(็ง)๋ณดํ—˜์ธ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณด์žฅ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์ด ํŒ๋งค๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ž…๋ฅ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Š” ์ง„๋ฃŒ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‹จ์ถ•, ๋น„๊ธ‰์—ฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด์žฅ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์–ธ๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๋Š” ์œ„์ค‘ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์—์„œ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ๋น„ (๋ณดํ—˜์ž ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ธˆ) ์™ธ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ง€์›์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋™๊ธฐ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…๋ฅ ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค. ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์—๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌยท์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฐœ์ธ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์‚ฌํšŒ, ๋ฌธํ™”, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”์†Œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž… ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ €์— ๊น”๋ฆฐ ํƒˆ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํƒˆ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—๋Š” ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—ฐ๋Œ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ถŒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐœ์ธ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„ํ™”๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ํ•ด, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๋ณด์žฅ์„ฑ, ์ด์œค ์ถ”๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๊ณผ ์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž…๋˜๋Š” ์‹ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ์ˆ , ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์  ํ™•๋Œ€ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž… ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„ , ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž… ์ด์œ  ๋ฐ ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์ฒ˜ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž… ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์ž ์งˆ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ, ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ˜„์ƒ ๋ถ„์„, ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ, ์งˆ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž… ์š”์ธ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 43ํŽธ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ต์œก ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ฐ ์†Œ๋“ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌํšŒยท๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์ธ ์™ธ์— ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ์ธ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ƒํƒœ, ๋งŒ์„ฑ์งˆํ™˜ ์œ ยท๋ฌด ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜, ์˜๋ฃŒ์ด์šฉ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์ธ๊ตฌยท์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ์š”์ธ์ธ ์—ฐ๋ น, ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์› ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž… ์ดํ›„ ๋ณดํ—˜๊ธˆ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ น ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…๊ณผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„์™€์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ€์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž… ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ž… ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฐ˜๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž… ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์งˆ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž 2๋ช…๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž 12๋ช…, ์ด 14๋ช…์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ•œ ๋‹ค์Œ, ๋Œ€๋ฉด ๋ฉด์ ‘(face-to-face interview)์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ด‘๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณค๋‹ค. ์ธ์  ํŒ๋งค๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณดํ—˜์ƒํ’ˆ ์œ ํ†ต ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด์ต์ธ ์†Œ๋“ยท์„ธ์•ก๊ณต์ œ์™€ ๋ณดํ—˜๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜๋ น์„ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์—ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž์™€ ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด, ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž๋Š” ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐ–์—๋„ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž์™€ ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด์ต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‰๊ฐ€์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ตฌ๋งค์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ํฌ๊ด„์ , ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ธฐ์กด ์ด๋ก (๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ฏฟ์Œ ๋ชจํ˜•, ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ํ–‰๋™ ์ด๋ก , ๊ณ„ํš๋œ ํ–‰ํƒœ์ด๋ก , ์‚ฌํšŒ์ธ์ง€์ด๋ก , ์†Œ๋น„์ž ํ–‰๋™๋ชจ๋ธ) ๋ฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ˜„์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ œ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ, ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ, ๋ชจํ˜•ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ํƒˆ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, ํŠนํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅํ™”๋œ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹œ์žฅํ™”๋œ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋… ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ, ์‹œ์žฅํ™”๋œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์งˆ๋ณ‘, ์‹ค์—…, ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ„ํ—˜ ์ง๋ฉด ์‹œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณด์žฅ์˜ ํ…Œ๋‘๋ฆฌ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋„์›€์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์นญํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์—๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์› ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹ค์ œ๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒช๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋งค์ฒด ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™•๋Œ€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฐ€์ž…์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‹œ์žฅ ํ™•๋Œ€, ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธ์‹์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธ์‹์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์— ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ œ๊ณต ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ์‹ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์  ๋„์ž…์€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ธ‰์—ฌ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์˜ ๋ณด์žฅ์„ฑ์€ ๋‹ต๋ณด ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ธ‰์—ฌ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณธ์ธ๋ถ€๋‹ด๊ธˆ ๋น„์ค‘์ด ๋‚ฎ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋น„๊ธ‰์—ฌ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์€ ์ „์•ก ๋ณธ์ธ๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์„ ์„ค๋“ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”/์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์€ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ธ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž… ๊ถŒ์œ , ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ธ์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘, ๋ณดํ—˜๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜๋ น์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์ด ๊ผญ ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ์‹์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์นญํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ๋น„๊ธ‰์—ฌ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋‚˜ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ถŒ์œ ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ค๋ฌธ ๋ฌธํ•ญ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ์š”์ธ์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 313๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž… ์ด์œ ์ธ ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด์ต, ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚˜๋น ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ธ์‹์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ๋ณดํ—˜๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜๋ น ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ž…์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์˜ ์›”๋‚ฉ ๋ณดํ—˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์›”๋‚ฉ ๋ณดํ—˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„์™€ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์†Œ๋“, ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์› ์ˆ˜์™€ ์–‘(+)์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…๊ฑด์ˆ˜, ์›”ํ‰๊ท  ๋‚ฉ์ž… ๋ณดํ—˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ์†Œ๋“์€ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ€์ž…๊ฑด์ˆ˜, ๋‚ฉ์ž… ๋ณดํ—˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฐ€์ž… ์ดํ›„ ์œ ์ง€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ž…๊ฑด์ˆ˜์™€ ๋‚ฉ์ž… ๋ณดํ—˜๋ฃŒ์™€ ์–‘(+)์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ฐ€์ž…๊ฑด์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ์งˆ๋ณ‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒ, ์˜๋ฃŒ๋น„ ์ง€์ถœ, ๋ณดํ—˜๊ธˆ ์ˆ˜๋ น์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๊ฐ€์ž…๊ฑด์ˆ˜์™€ ์–‘(+)์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•  ๋•Œ, ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž… ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋‹น ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž… ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์‹œ์žฅํ™”๋œ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•ด๋ณด์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹œ์žฅํ™”๋œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์œ„ํ—˜์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์ „๋žต์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ˜„์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช… ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž…์˜ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”, ์ˆ˜์ต ์ฐฝ์ถœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋น„๊ธ‰์—ฌ๋ฅผ ์–‘์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜๋ฃŒ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ œ๊ณต์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ผ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”/์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ฐœ์ธ์€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์„ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์ž…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ง€์ถœํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณดํ—˜๊ธˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ นํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ธ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž… ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์š”์ธ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋˜ ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๋ณดํ—˜๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์ด ์ƒํ˜ธ ๋ณด์™„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 8 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  13 4. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 14 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 16 1. ํƒˆ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธํ™” 16 2. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž… ํ–‰๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก  25 3. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 38 4. ์งˆ์ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ - ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ 49 5. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 53 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜๋ฃŒ๋ณดํ—˜ ๊ฐ€์ž… ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด 56 1. ์ฒด๊ณ„์  ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 57 2. ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ 76 3. ๋ชจํ˜•๊ฐœ๋ฐœ 131 4. ์„ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์‚ฌ 159 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ๊ณผ ์ œ์–ธ 192 1. ์ด๋ก ์ , ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜ 192 2. ๋ชจํ˜•์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 196 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 198 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 200 [๋ถ€๋ก 1] ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์„์— ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ 43ํŽธ 210 [๋ถ€๋ก 2] ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€ 215 Abstract 234Docto

    ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค ์ž…์†Œ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ(social engagement)์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ(๋ณด๊ฑด์ •์ฑ…๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•™์ „๊ณต),2019. 8. ๊น€ํ™์ˆ˜.2008๋…„ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘๋ณดํ—˜ ๋„์ž… ์ดํ›„ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค ์ด์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค ์ž…์†Œ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์šฐ์šธ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€์‹ฌ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™์€ ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ •์‹ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ตญ์™ธ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค ์ž…์†Œ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค์— ์ž…์†Œํ•œ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์„œ์šธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์ง€์—ญ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค 10๊ณณ์—์„œ ์„ ์ •ํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค ์‹œ์„ค ๋“ฑ๊ธ‰ ์ธ์ •์ž์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ํฌ๊ด„๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ‰๊ฐ€์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ ๊ณ ์œ„ํ—˜๊ตฐ ์‹œ๋‹ˆ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์›ฐ๋‹ˆ์Šคยท๊ฑด๊ฐ• ์ง€์›์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ(๊น€ํ™์ˆ˜ ์™ธ, 2016)์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฐจ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ๋Š” interRAI ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค ํ‰๊ฐ€๋„๊ตฌ(interRAI LTCF)๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์†Œ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ์‚ฌํšŒํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ, ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ ํŠน์„ฑ, ์‹œ์„คํŠน์„ฑ, ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ, ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹œ ํ•ด๋‹น ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์™ธ๋ถ€ํ‰๊ฐ€์ž๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋„๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๊ณผ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ›„ ์ž…์†Œ์ž๋“ค์„ ์ง์ ‘ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ธก์ •๊ณผ 3๊ฐœ์›” ํ›„ ์ถ”์  ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ๋‘ ์ธก์ • ์‹œ์ ์˜ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” 65์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์‹๋ถˆ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์ด 478๋ช…์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™์ฐธ์—ฌ์ฒ™๋„(Revised Index of Social Engagement)๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์šฐ์šธ์€ ์šฐ์šธ์ฒ™๋„์ ์ˆ˜(Depression Rating Scale)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์„ ํ–‰๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์„คํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ„์„, ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„, Pooled OLS, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž„์˜ํšจ๊ณผ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ํšก๋‹จ์  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ข…๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ‰๊ท  1.44ยฑ1.52์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ 36.8%๊ฐ€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด, ์ธ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์†์ƒ์ด ์—†์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์˜์กด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋ฒ•์  ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ์ถฉ์กฑํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๋…ธ์ธ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์งˆ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„, ํ†ต์ฆ, ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ ฅ ์žฅ์• , ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€, ์š”์–‘๋ณดํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด, ํ†ต์ฆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์‹ฌํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก, ์‹œ์ฒญ๋ ฅ ์žฅ์• ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์š”์–‘๋ณดํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋ฒ•์  ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋ฏธ๋‹ฌ์ธ ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๋…ธ์ธ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ  ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๋ฐ”์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค ์ž…์†Œ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ธก์ • ์‹œ์  ๊ฐ„๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž…์†Œ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ํšก๋‹จ์ , ์ข…๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์ธ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์š”์–‘๋ณดํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ž…์†Œ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์š”์ธ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹Œ ์‹œ์„ค ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž ์ธ๋ ฅ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์˜ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด์„œ๋„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํฌ๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค ์ž…์†Œ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์›ฐ๋น™์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ์จ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Since the introduction of long-term care insurance in 2008, the number of users of long-term care facilities and as well as the social interest in mental health of the residents in long-term care facilities has increased rapidly. In particular, social engagement of the older adults has been reported to be one of the most influential factors of their mental health. Although the research on the relationship between social engagement and depressive symptoms of long-term care residents have been actively conducted outside the country, a very limited number of studies has been performed in Korea. Therefore, the study aims to explore the relationship between social engagement and depressive symptoms of the residents in long-term care facilities and its related factors. In this study, secondary data from A Model to Support the Health and Wellness of High-risk Seniors Based on Comprehensive Functional Assessments were analyzed. As an evaluation tool, interRAI LTCF, an internationally validated tool for comprehensive geriatric assessment, was utilized. Based on the evaluation results, socio-demographic characteristics, health status, facility characteristics, social engagement, and depressive symptoms of the residents were measured. The assessments were directly assessed by the outside evaluators who were not working at the facility at the time of evaluation. The evaluators all had received instructions from the research team on the assessment tools and evaluation methods before they performed the evaluations. This study used the data from two measurement points at initial measurement and at 3 months follow up. The final analysis of this study included a total of 478 subjects who were over 65 years old and conscious. Social engagement was measured by the Revised Index of Social Engagement, and depression was measured by Depression Rating Scale. In order to understand the current state of social engagement and depressive symptoms of long-term care residents, descriptive analysis was performed. Based on the review of previous literature, variables that reflect personal characteristics and facility characteristics were selected and carried out using univariate analysis, multi-level multivariate regression, pooled OLS analysis, and random effects model. The results of this study are as follows. As a result of the study, the mean score of social engagement was 1.44 ยฑ 1.52 and 36.8% of the subjects showed depressive symptoms. Factors associated with social engagement were gender, cognitive function, Activities of Daily Living (ADL), nursing staffing and direct care staffing. The level of depressive symptoms was related to gender, pain, sensory impairments, the level of nursing and direct care staffing. Social engagement did not show a significant association with depressive symptoms and it was found that the variables related to both social engagement and depressive symptoms were more associated with health-related variables. The results of this study could not clarify statistically significant association between social engagement and depressive symptoms of the residents long-term care facilities, which is not consistent with the results of the previous study. Compared with the previous research, the difference of the measurement time interval and that of the level of social activities carried out in different facilities between the previous research and this study may have resulted in different outcomes. Factors influencing social engagement and depressive symptoms were examined both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. The factors influencing social engagement and depressive symptoms were consistently shown in health status, the level nursing staffing and direct care staffing. This suggests social engagement and depressive symptoms of the residents in long-term care facilities are influenced not only by personal factors such as health status but also by external factors such as facility characteristics. Future research should continue to be used as a basis to improve socio-psychological well-being of the long-term care residents by thoroughly examining the relationship between social engagement and depressive symptoms and its related factors.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ ์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์  3 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 4 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค ์ž…์†Œ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ 4 1. ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ 4 2. ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ธก์ • 6 3. ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ 8 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค ์ž…์†Œ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์šฐ์šธ 10 1. ์šฐ์šธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ 10 2. ์šฐ์šธ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 12 3. ์šฐ์šธ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ 14 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์š”์–‘์‹œ์„ค ์ž…์†Œ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ 16 1. ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 16 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  18 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 20 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜•๊ณผ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 20 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• 20 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 22 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 27 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ 27 2. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 28 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 29 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 29 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ 29 2. ์‹œ์„ค ํŠน์„ฑ 31 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์‹œ์„ค ํŠน์„ฑ 33 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ 35 4. ์ธก์ •์‹œ์ ๋ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ ๋น„๊ต 37 5. ์ธก์ •์‹œ์ ๋ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ ๋น„๊ต 39 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ธก์ •์‹œ์ ๋ณ„ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 41 1. 1์ฐจ ์ธก์ •์‹œ์  ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 41 2. 2์ฐจ ์ธก์ •์‹œ์  ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 43 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ 45 1. ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ (๋‹จ๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰) 45 2. ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ (๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰) 47 3. ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ (Pooled OLS) 49 4. ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ (์ž„์˜ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•) 51 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 53 1. ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ (๋‹จ๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰) 53 2. ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ (๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰) 55 3. ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ (Pooled OLS) 57 4. ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ (์ž„์˜ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•) 59 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 61 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 68 Abstract 79 ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 23 ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ 30 ์‹œ์„ค ํŠน์„ฑ 32 ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์‹œ์„ค ํŠน์„ฑ 34 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ 36 ์ธก์ •์‹œ์ ๋ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ ๋น„๊ต 38 ์ธก์ •์‹œ์ ๋ณ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ ๋น„๊ต 40 1์ฐจ ์ธก์ •์‹œ์  ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 42 2์ฐจ ์ธก์ •์‹œ์  ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ธ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ 44 ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ (๋‹จ๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰) 46 ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ (๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰) 48 ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ (Pooled OLS) 50 ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ๊ด€๋ จ ์š”์ธ (์ž„์˜ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•) 52 ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ (๋‹จ๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰) 54 ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ (๋‹ค๋ณ€๋Ÿ‰) 56 ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ (Pooled OLS) 58 ์‚ฌํšŒํ™œ๋™ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์™€ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ (์ž„์˜ํšจ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ˜•) 60 ๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ์ž์‚ด๋ฅ  12 ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜• 21Maste

    Two Cases of Calcinosis Cutis Combined with Rheumatologic Disease

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    The calcinosis, dystrophic soft tissue calcification, occurs in damaged or devitalized tissues normal calcium/phosphorus metabolism. It is the subcutaneous tissues of connective tissues disease ??primarily systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, or dermatomyositis ??and may involve a relatively localized area. The calcinotic accumulations may result in muscle atrophy, joint contractures, and skin ulceration complicated by recurrent episodes of local inflammation and infection. Calcinosis may be the source of both pain and disability in connective tissue disease patients. While various therapeutic modality have been used, no treatment has convincingly prevented or reduced calcinosis. We report two cases of calcinosis cutis combined with rheumatic disease.ope
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