Structural Performance of Autoclaved Lightweight Concrete Masonry Walls subjected to Cyclic Lateral Loading

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 건축학과, 2019. 2. 박홍근.ALC (Autoclave lightweight concrete)는 고온 고압 증기 양생 과정을 통해 제작된 기성콘크리트이다. ALC 물보다 가볍기 때문에 일반 블록보다 시공하기가 쉽고, 내부에 기공이 많아 단열성능도 우수하다. 독일에서는 세계2차대전 이후, 주택복구에 ALC가 널리 사용되었고, 유럽을 중심으로 여러나라에서 많이 사용하게 되었다. 현재 우리나라에서도 높은 시공성과 우수한 단열 성능으로 소규모 주택에서 구조재로 사용되고 있다. 경주 지진과 포항 지진이 발생한 이후, 우리나라에서는 내진 법규가 강화되었고, ALC 건물 또한 내진 법규를 적용대상이 되었다. 현재 우리나라에는 내진과 관련된 ALC 기준은 없고, ALC에 대한구조적 실험과 연구가 거의 없었다. 따라서 국내 ALC 건물이 어느정도의 내진능력을 갖고 있는지 예측하기는 힘들다. 따라서 본 연구에는 ALC 재료, 합성부재, 실험을 통하여 재료의 성능부터 벽체의 성능까지 검증하였고, 이를 국외기준(ACI 523.4R)과 비교하였다. 또한 ALC의 낮은 인장강도를 보완하고 내진성능을 높이기 위해서, 유리섬유를 보강 따른 성능평가를 병행하여 진행하였다. 그 결과, 기본적인 재료의 강도, 내진성능을 만족하기 위한 수직철근 보강법, 유리섬유 보강법을 확인 및 제안 할 수 있었고, 유리섬유보강이 벽체의 전단강도에 미치는 효과도 확인 할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 유리섬유 보강이 ALC벽체의 전단강도에 미치는 영향을 평가하고, 보강법에 따른 전단강도 효과를 검증함으로써 소규모 ALC 주택 설계시 내진성능을 평가할 수 있는 근거를 제공 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 또한 유리섬유 보강을 통한 벽체의 전단강도 향상 효과가 ALC 구조뿐만 아니라 다른 조적조에 구조의 내진보강에도 도움이 될 것으로 예상한다.Developed in Europe in 1920, Autoclaved light-weight concrete (ALC) is one of the brick materials and is widely used in small houses because of its light weight and easy construction. Especially after the Second World War (1945), it was useful for restoration of German buildings. Since that time, it has expanded not only in Europe, but also in the US and Asia. In Korea, it started to produce ALC in the early 1990s, and now it is used in various fields such as factories and apartments as well as small houses. The growing use of Autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC) in Korea requires that appropriate design provisions for ALC. At present, such design provisions are not addressed by structural design codes in Korea. In addition, seismic regulations have strengthened recently due to the Gyeongju and Pohang earthquakes. ALC buildings are also subject to these seismic standards. Therefore, building standards for ALC including seismic resistance are required. This paper focused on the verification of structural performance of ALC walls subjected to cyclic lateral loading. This paper focused on the verification of structural performance of ALC walls subjected to cyclic lateral loading. And the material and prism tests were performed before the cyclic wall tests to confirm the basic properties of the ALC wall.Chapter 1. Introduction . 1 1.1 Background . 1 1.2 Scope and Objectives 7 1.3 Outline of the Masters Thesis 8 Chapter 2. Literature Review . 10 2.1 Code Review 10 2.1.1 Korean (Domestic) standards 10 2.1.2 International standards . 13 2.2 Literature Review . 15 2.2.1 Design provision for AAC structural system (tenner, 2004) . 15 Chapter 3. Material 19 3.1 Introduction 19 3.2 ALC block 20 3.2.1 ALC Block Compressive Strength 20 3.2.2 Elastic modulus . 29 3.2.3 Modulus of ruptrue (MOR, Flexural tensile strength) . 39 3.3 Mortar . 44 3.3.1 ALC Mortar . 44 3.3.2 Cement Mortar . 47 3.4 Glass-fiber 50 3.4.1 Tensile stength test . 50 3.4.2 Flexural tensile strength of ALC Block reinforced with glass-fiber 52 3.5 Disscussion . 60 Chapter 4. Prism tests 62 4.1 Introduction 62 4.2 ALC Flexural Bond Strength of ALC Mortar . 64 4.2.1 Variables 64 4.2.2 Test set-up 65 4.2.3 Test Results 66 4.3 Shear Bond Strength of ALC Mortar 71 4.3.1 Variables 71 4.3.2 Test set-up 72 4.3.3 Test results . 74 4.4 Compressive strength of ALC prism 89 4.4.1 Variables 89 4.4.2 Test set-up 90 4.4.3 Test results . 91 4.5 Diagonal tensile strength (shear) of ALC prism . 96 4.5.1 Variables 96 4.5.2 Test set-up 97 4.5.3 Test results . 98 4.6 Disscussion . 104 Chapter 5. Cyclic tests of the ALC shear wall . 106 5.1 Introduction 106 5.2 Test plan 107 5.2.1 Variables 107 5.2.2 Test set-up 109 5.2.3 Loading Protocol . 110 5.2.4 Set-up for LVDT and Strain gage 111 5.2.5 Fabrication process of the specimen 118 5.3 Materal test . 119 5.3.1 ALC block and mortar . 119 5.3.2 Re-bar 120 5.4 Test Results . 121 5.4.1 Shear wall (A) : No Re-bar 121 5.4.2 Shear wall (B) reinforced with 1-D 16 Re-bar 135 5.4.3 Shear wall (C) with a opening . 149 5.4.4 Shear wall (D) reinforced with 2-D 16 Re-bar 169 5.5 Discussion . 187 Chapter 6. Summary and conclusion . 190 6.1 Material test 190 6.2 Prism test 191 6.3 Cyclic tests of wall . 193 Appendix A: Design Example . 194 References . 210 초 록 213Maste

A Study on Developing Professional Manpower in Port Logistics : Focused on Busan Port

The value of international logistics is emphasized more than ever due to the ease of trade barriers between countries or companies as economies become increasingly globalized. Moreover, supported by the skyrocketing growth of the chinese economy, the center of the world's shipping market is shifting to Northeast Asia. Accordingly, the container volume of NE Asia is showing rapid increase. Under these changing circumstances, the competition to become a hub port in NE Asia is much more intensified especially among the three countries, namely South Korea, China and Japan. To gain competitive advantages, each of the three countries are carrying out various plans such as development of ports, improvement of systems and attracting of foreign capital. In the case of Busan Port, thirty container berths areunder construction and scheduled to be completed in 2015. In addition, various plans are being carried out by the South Korean government to attract international logistic companies to its distripark designed for high added value activities such as packing, labeling and testing. In other words, the Port of Busan is struggling to be a hub port in NE Asia which recently emerged as the center of world logistics by transforming its function from mere cargo handling to creating added value. However, the growth trend of Busan Port's container throughput does not bright despite the various government plans previously mentioned. More specifically, the increase of container throughput at Busan Port has been slow by only 1.7% in 2006, which was a very disappointing figure compared to the 17.1% increase in 2002. Furthermore, changes of circumstances such as the rapid growth of Chinese ports, especially those in Shanghai and Shenzhen, and major liners pulling out from Busan Port makes the future of Busan Port grim. Certainly, the Port of Busan has physical limitations compared to its rival ports in China. Therefore, transforming into both an added value and cargo creating port will be a wise way to reinforce its competitiveness. To achieve this goal, not only physical growth such as improvement of the port's infrastructure but also intangible factors, such as port operation system and high quality personnel, are important, too. For example, the world's most successfully operated ports, namely Ports of Singapore and Rotterdam, have both the finest port infrastructures which enable them to achieve incredible productivity and efficiency, and also the best qualified experts in port industry. However, the training system and investment to foster port experts is very insufficient at the Port of Busan and the rest of S. Korea. The aim of this study is to suggest ways to train port and logistic experts, which are considered as preconditions to increase a given port's international competitiveness in a rapidly changing environment. To accomplish this goal, Chapter 2 first analyses the changing environment of ports and shipping industry, mainly focusing on the Port of Busan. Then, a study on the condition of the Port of Busan follows based on the findings of the analyses. Chapter 3 reviews the current situation and problems of Korea's training system of port and logistic experts. Chapter 4 first examines the case studies of Singapore, Netherlands, Germany, Japan and Hong Kong with a special emphasis on the training systems of port and logistic experts, and then draws a conclusion upon the findings. Lastly, Chapter 5 suggests a basic framework and ways to train port and logistic experts which will eventually increase competitiveness of Korean Ports. Through this study, five basic ways to systematically and efficiently train port and logistic experts are presented. Firstly, establish an expert development system to keep pace with the needs of the port and logistic industry. Secondly, specialize formal education institutions such as universities and graduate schools. Thirdly, introduce various education programs. Fourthly, transform the Korea Port Training Institute into a specialized university and establish a port and logistic expert training institute. Lastly, introduce a job placement center exclusively for port and logistic applicants and companies. In conclusion, to make Busan Port NE Asian hub, physical expansion with efforts to increase port productivity and service can not be ignored. However, a well-organized training system for experts who will actually manage and operate the Port of Busan must be built simultaneously.목차 Abstract 제1장 서론 1 제1절 연구의 배경 및 목적 1 제2절 연구의 방법 및 내용 2 제2장 부산항을 둘러싼 동북아 해운항만 환경 변화 4 제1절 동북아 교역구조 및 세계 물류환경 변화 4 1. 동북아 권역의 중요성 부상 4 2. 세계 물류환경 변화 6 제2절 부산항 여건 분석 12 1. 주변국가의 대대적인 항만개발 12 2. 우리나라 주변항만과의 경쟁 심화 13 3. 부산항 물동량 증가율 둔화 13 제3절 항만물류 전문인력 수급전망 15 1. 항만물류산업의 발전 15 2. 항만물류인력 현황 17 3. 항만물류인력 수급전망 20 제3장 국내 항만물류 전문인력 양성현황 및 문제점 24 제1절 항만물류인력 개념 및 양성 필요성 24 1. 항만물류인력의 개념 24 2. 항만물류인력의 양성 필요성 25 제2절 항만물류 전문인력 양성현황 26 1. 항만 기능인력 양성현황 26 2. 항만 전문인력 양성현황 28 제3절 항만물류 전문인력 양성 문제점 39 1. 항만 기능인력 양성의 문제점 39 2. 항만 전문인력 양성의 문제점 40 3. 항만 기능인력 및 전문인력 양성의 공통 문제점 42 제4장 해외 항만물류 전문인력 양성현황 및 시사점 44 제1절 주요국가의 항만물류 전문인력 양성현황 44 1. 싱가포르 44 2. 네덜란드 53 3. 독일 55 4. 일본 56 5. 홍콩 61 제2절 시사점 61 제5장 항만물류 전문인력 양성방안 63 제1절 전문인력 양성 기본방향 63 제2절 항만물류 전문인력 양성방안 64 1. 항만물류산업의 수요에 부응하는 인력개발체계 확립 64 2. 정규교육기관의 전문화 및 특성화 64 3. 다양한 교육프로그램 개발 65 4. 국제 항만물류 전문인력 연수원 건립 65 5. 항만물류 전문인력 정보취업센터 운영 66 제6장 결론 67 제1절 요약 및 결론 67 제2절 향후 연구과제 68 참고문헌 6

中國 新文學에서의 浪漫主義 變容에 관한 硏究

학위논문(박사)--서울大學校 大學院 :中語中文學科 中文學專攻,1996.Docto