Changes in the cochlear microphonic following application of KCI to the round window

의학과/박사[한글] [영문] Since 1930, Wever and Bray reported their study of electrical responses of the inner ear, many investigators have examined the phenomena. Four different responses have been demonstrated, viz., Cochlear Microphonic (CM) of Adrian (1931), Action Potential (AP) of Derbyshire and Davis(1935), Summating Potential (SP) of Davis, et al. (1950), and Endocochlear DC Potential (EP) of Bekesy (1951-b). In order to study effects of chemicals on the inner ear mechanism for hearing, various substances have been introduced into the cochlea by means of injection through the round window, application to the round window membrane, and perfusion methods. The chemicals used included topics] anesthetics (cocaine, procaine and pontocaine), eleotrotytes (NaCl, KCI and CaCl^^2 ), and antibiotics (streptomycin, chloramphenicol, neomycin, polymixin B and colimycin). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the pathway of KCI flow from the round window membrane to the hair cell and the effects of the chemical on the cochlear microphonic. METHOD Colored guinea pigs, weighing 250∼300g., were anesthetized intraperitoneally with pentobarbital sodium (20 mg/kg of body weight), fixed in a head holder, tracheostomized, curarized, and connected to a primp respirator. The bulla was exposed by a submandibular approach, and an observation window made with a dental drill. Under an operating stereomicroscope and with use of a hand drill, holes of 100 micron diameter were made into the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani of the basal and third turns. Special care was taken to avoid injury of the endosteum. The active electrodes, four glass-coated steel wires 100 micron in diameter, were fixed in the holes. The inactive electrode, a copper plate, was inserted into the mouth. The acoustic signal consisted of continually alternating pure tones of 300 and 3,000 Hz. Intensity was adjusted to produce 200 to 300 microvolt cochlear miorophonic. The cochlear microphonic was continuou니y monitored with a dual-beam oscilloscope and oscillograph. KCI was applied to the round window membrane as either a solution (160 mEq/l) or in crystal form (30, 67, and 90 gamma). In order to obtain relatively uncontaminated recordings ocher possible influences on the cochlear microphonics, e, q., anoxia, tissue injury, tissue fluid accumulation and body temperature were also studied and controlled insofar as possible. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 1. Application of 160 mEq/l KCI solution produced a sudden decrease in the CM of 20∼30 micro-volt which was probably due to the mass effect of the solution. This was followed by a slow decrease, partial recovery, a second slow decrease and finally full recovery. 2. Application of KCI crystals generated a response consisting of an initial augmentation, than a rapid decrease, followed by a slower recovery and final fadeout of the cochlear microphonic. With increase in crystal size, the duration of the cycle was shortened. However, differences in CM output among the various doses was minimal. Augmentation may be due to localized decrease of the perilymphatic pressure of the scala tympani of the basal turn. The decrease and recovery phase may indicate reversible damage of the hair cells. The last phase, fadeout, is possibly the result of irreversible cell damage by KCI. 3. Applications of KCI which produced distinct changes in the cochlear microphonic at the basal turn, brought about only negligible or minimal changes in the third turn. This indicated that the more probable route of KCI flow from the round window to the hair cells is via the scala tympani and the basilar membrane rather than via Reissner's membrane. 4. For low frequencies, cochlear microphonic at the basal turn were quite distinctive from those the differential electrode method is preferable to the round window monoelectrode technique for the study of localized specificity of inner ear function.restrictio

Bacteriological study of tonsil.

의학과/석사[한글] [영문] Tonsil is not only important for it's frequent local infection but as a foci of various focal infection such as rheumatiam, dematitis, and others. Many extensive studies have been done on this subject but the bacterial flora of tonsils are continmously varied according to environmental conditions and by use of chemotherapeutics. For this reason, it was desired to study the bacterial flora and their susceptibilities to various chemotherapeutic agents in recent year (1963-1964). The study was performed on following three groups: a). Normal group: Clinically well and healthy 80 medical students of Yonsei University College of Medicine. b). Acute tonsillitis group: 28 patients clinically diagnosed as acute tonesillitis. c). Excised tonsil group: 152 patients received tonsillectomy. The following bacteria were found in each groups: a). Normal group: Gama-hemolytic streptococci (34.9 per cent), and Alpha-hemolytic streptococci (28.5 per cent) are the most common bacteria, and the others were Gram-positive bacilli (12.2 per cent), Gram-negative bacilli (1.6 per cent), Coagulase negative staphylococci (3.3 per cent) in that orders. Beta-hemolytic streptococci, Coagulase positive staphylococci and Pneumococci were not found in this group. b). Acute tonsillitis group: On the contrary to normal group, Alphahemolytic streptococci (40.9 per cent) were rather common than Gamma-hemolytic streptococci (15.9 per cent), and Coagulase positive staphylococci (6.8 per cent). c). Excised tonsil group: Alpha-hemolytic streptococci (41.9 per cent) were also rather common than Gamma-hemolytic streptococci (29.6 per cent) as acute tonsillitis group. And also only one flora of Beta-hemolytic streptococcus, Coagulase positive staphylococci (6.5 per cent) and pneumococci (1.8 per cent) were found in this study.restrictio

A Preface to Singular-Society Politics: The Korean Case

한국 정치를 연구하는 한 방법은 다른 나라에 없거나 희귀한 특수한 한국의 조건이 한국 정치에 어떤 영향을 주는지를 지니는지를 탐구하는 것이다. 한국은 다른 나라와는 달리 단일 사회 라는 특징을 지닌다. 같은 자연 환경과 동일한 역사를 지닌 단일 민족으로 구성된 한국의 단일사회적 조건은 한국의 정치 구조와 정치 문화에 획일성， 집중성， 응집성， 안정성이라는 속성들을 부여한다. 이러한 특징들은 멀리는 조선시대에서부터 부분적으로 나타나지만， 해방 이후의 한국 정치에서 특히 두드러지게 나타난다. 이런 특징들은 한국의 정치 발전， 곧 민주주의의 심화와 제도화에 유리하기도 하고 불리하기도 하다. 세계화와 외국인의 유입으로 단일사회적 조건에 변화가 올 수도 있으나， 본질적인 변화는 아닐 것으로 판단된다. 우리의 과제는 이런 요소들을 정치 발전에 유리하게 이끌어가는 것이다. One method to study Korean politics is to investigate the unique features of Korean society and people and their impact upon Korean politics. Korea is a singular society" with its singular natural environment, singular history and, most of all, a singular nation without any significant minority ethnic groups. This rather unique condition of Koreas provides Korean politics with the characteristics of ideological monism, centeredness in various spheres, cohesiveness, and relative stability. We partly found these characteristics in as early as the Yi dynasty but typically after the establishment of the Republic of Korea (1948). We find both advantages and disadvantages in these characteristics for Korean political development. Koreas singular -society condition may change in the future with more immigration of foreign people and more importation of foreign couture, but a fundamental change in this regard is not around the comer. The task, in this situation, for Koreans is to utilize the advantages and control the disadvantages of Koreas singularity for the development of Korean democracy

Korean-style Political Science: Its Issues and Practical Approaches

한국적 정치학에 대란 담론은 비교적 풍성하나, 그 안에서의 상호토의가 부족하며 그 담론들이 실제 연구로 이어지지 않고 있다. 이 논문은 이에 관한 몇 가지 기본적인 쟁점들을 토의하고, 한국적 정치학의 실천방안을 모색한다. 한국적 정치학에 도달하는 방법은 여러 가지 있을 수 있으나, 이 논문에서는 그 중에서 특히 한국인에게 중요한 문제를 한국인의 시각으로 보고 이를 설명하기 위한 고유한 분석틀을 개발하는, 실용적 접근법을 제안한다. 그것을 학문의 보편성을 위배하지 않으면서 동시에 한국의 대내외적 특수성에 주목한다. 이는 더 근본적인 인식체계의 전환과 역사·전통의 바탕을 강조하는 근본적 접근과 대비된다. 한국적 정치학을 수립하기 위한 노력들이 패권과학의 무관심이나 공격에 직면해 있으나, 그것은 학문 발달 단계에서 언제나 나타는 현상이다. 주류 정치학과 단절하는 방법을 취하기보다는 이를 적절히 활용하면서 독창성을 가마하여 부분적·점진적으로 토대를 쌓아나가면 불가능한 일은 아니다. 이런 노력들이 지금까지 없었던 것을 아니지만, 소수에 불과하고 그마저 축적되지 않고 단편적으로 존재할 뿐이다. 외래이론이 제대로 포착하지 못하면서 한국에 중요한 국내외적 문제들이 분명히 존재한다. 이런 문제들은 한국적 정치학의 개입을 기다리고 있다. 한국의 정치학자들은 그 필요성에 대한 담론에 머무리지 말고 실제 연구에 좀 더 적극적으로 나설 필요가 있다. There is no dearth of discourses on political science, Korean style, But they generally lack inner-discussions on related issues. Also, the discourses do not develop into scholarly studies. This article discusses some of those issue which we find more fundamental, and seek an effective way to reach the end, by suggesting to adopt what might be called a "pragmatic approach" as compared with a more "fundamental" one. This approach, rather than turning completely away from mainstream political science, aims at building theoretical frameworks explaining the particularities of Korean on Korea-related politics, leaving more "universal" issues to mainstream political science studies. This is a rather step-by step approach toward achieving the Korean-ness of political science, dealing with specifically Korean nature of Korean politics and establishing their own perspectives on various political issues, domestic or international. This effort may fill the gap found in the existing political science studies which generally neglect the Korean particularities of political phenomena, their issues and perspectives as well. We do find some efforts on actually undertaking such endeavors, but they exist only in isolation without being accumulated. Korean political scientists need to take more effort on developing the "Korean" studies of political science, stepping beyond merely repeating discourses on their necessity

The Development and Decay of Korean Democracy: A Comparison of Roh Moo-hyun and Yi Myung-bak Governments

이 논문은 노무현 정부와 이명박 정부가 한국 민주주의 발전에 어떤 기여를 했으며 또 어떤 문제점을 남겼는지를 탐구한다. 노무현 정부에서는 젊은 세대의 정치세력이 등장하여 한국 정치의 일인 지배 구조와 권위주의적 행태를 타파하였고, 정치제도 개혁을 통해 민주주의 발전에 이바지하였다. 또 진보세력이 국회에 진출하여 한국 정치에 새로운 장을 열었다. 그러나 대통령의 권위 부족과 집권세력의 대결지향적인 행태 및 민생 발전을 도외시한 빗나간 의제 선정으로 당파싸움을 증폭시켰다. 노무현 정부의 인기가 하락하자 그 반사효과로 등장한 이명박 정부는 친기업 정책과 대북 강경정책으로 노무현 정부의 정책들을 역전시키고자 하였다. 그러나 취임 약속이었던 경제 살리기에 실패하고 오히려 사회적 양극화를 부추겼다. 그리고 인권 문제를 등한시하는 등 민주주의의 후퇴를 야기하였다. 두 정부는 이념상 대척점에 있는 것처럼 보였지만, 실제로 그 차이는 크지 않았다. 둘은 모두 가상의 적을 지나치게 과장하였으며, 정치 지도력이 미숙하였고, 타협보다는 대결 지향적으로 나아갔다. 또 진보와 보수를 각각 표방한 두 정부의 정책들은 세부적인 차이가 있었으나 결국 중도우의 방향으로 수렴되었다. 렇게 보면 한국 정치 갈등의 근본 원인은 이념 차이 자체보다는 작은 이념 차이를 극복하지 못하고 대결로만 치닫는 정치적 미숙함과 통합적 지도력의 부재에 있다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 한국 민주주의의 발전은 결국 이념과 정책의 차이를 극복하고 당파이익을 조정할 타협 문화와 통합적 지도력의 개발에 달려있다고 할 것이다.This article investigates the contributions and problems of the two recent Korean governments—the Roh Moo-hyun government and the Yi Myung-bak government— in the development of Korean democracy. The Roh government ushered in a new era in Korean democracy, ending the post-three Kim politics, i.e., one-man rule based upon regional factions. It also overcame authoritarian practices and introduced new democratic procedures to a certain extent while the progressive political forces took seats in the National Assembly for the first time in several decades. In spite of these democratic achievements, the Roh government exacerbated factional strife rampant in Korean politics, a good part of which stemmed from the incumbent’s lack of political leadership and strife-stricken behaviors. Yi utilized Roh’s failure to be elected as the next president, promising to revitalize the Korean economy. The new government and supporting conservative forces attempted to reverse what they saw as “leftist” policies of the previous government, but soon their policies changed, culminating in more or less center-right ones not dissimilar to Roh's policies. Yi also failed: He did not revitalize the Korean economy and social polarization worsened; and his anti-North Korean policies contributed nothing in either improving South-North Korean relations or changing the North Korean regime

제2차 지방주도 환경정책포럼-충남 서북부 환경취약지역 주민건강피해 예방 및 관리(김영명,명형남)

○ 주제 : 충남 서북부 환경취약지역 주민건강피해 예방 및 관리 ○ 목적 : 충남 서북부 지역의 주민건강피해를 줄이기 위한 대책 및 민관학 협력방안 모색 ○ 내용 - 충남 서북부 지역 환경오염 현황 및 대책 - 주민건강영향조사 결과 및 향후 계획 - 선진국의 대기오염 및 화학물질 관련 정책 - 향후 건강피해를 예방, 관리하기 위한 민관학 협력방안 등 대책 모색 - 이후 생략- 충남 서북부환경 취약지역 주민건강 피해 토론회 - 발표1)충남 서북부환경 취약지역 현황 및 관리방안 - 발표2)선진국 정책동향 및 사

Mel-18, a mammalian Polycomb gene, regulates angiogenic gene expression of endothelial cells

Mel-18 is a mammalian homolog of Polycomb group (PcG) genes. Microarray analysis revealed that Mel-18 expression was induced during endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) differentiation and correlates with the expression of EC-specific protein markers. Overexpression of Mel-18 promoted EPC differentiation and angiogenic activity of ECs. Accordingly, silencing Mel-18 inhibited EC migration and tube formation in vitro. Gene expression profiling showed that Mel-18 regulates angiogenic genes including kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), claudin 5, and angiopoietin-like 2. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that Mel-18 plays a significant role in the angiogenic function of ECs by regulating endothelial gene expression.ope