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    ์ œ์ฃผ์‹œ ์‚ฐ์ง€์ฒœ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์กฐ๊ฒฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ์†์šฉํ›ˆ.์ œ์ฃผ๋„๋Š” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ์„ฌ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ์—ญ์‚ฌยท๋ฌธํ™”์ž์›์ด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ž‘๋…„ ํ•œ ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ค€ 1,500๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋งค๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์ง€์—ญ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์ค‘ ํ•˜์ฒœ์€ ํ•œ๋ผ์‚ฐ, ์˜ค๋ฆ„, ๊ณถ์ž์™ˆ, ์Šต์ง€ ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ž์‚ฐ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ํ•œ๋ผ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ์ค‘์‚ฐ๊ฐ„, ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€(๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ), ํ•ด์•ˆ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ ยท์ƒํƒœ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ณ„ํš์ด๋‚˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ฒœ์„ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ถ•๊ณผ ์ƒํƒœ๋…น์ง€์ถ•์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•œ๋ผ์‚ฐ์—์„œ ํ•ด์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์—ฐ์†๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ๋ณด์ „ยท๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ œ์ฃผ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ณต์›๋…น์ง€๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš(2018)์—์„œ ์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ ๋‚ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ณต์›ยท๋…น์ง€๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์งˆ์  ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ด์šฉ์„ฑ ์ฆ์ง„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์‹ฌ์ง€ ๋…น์ง€ ๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์™€ ๊ด‘์—ญ ๋…น์ง€์ถ•์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ณ‘๊ฑธ(2014)์€ โ€œ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋Š” ํ•˜์ฒœ์€ ์•„์ŠคํŒ”ํŠธ์™€ ์ฝ˜ํฌ๋ฆฌํŠธ๋กœ ๋’ค๋ฎ์ธ ๋„์‹ฌ์—์„œ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•„ ์ˆจ์„ ์‰ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ด€โ€์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ•˜์ฒœ์€ ์ƒํ™œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ˆ˜๋ณ€๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ด€์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ƒ์‹คํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, 60, 70๋…„๋Œ€ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€ํ™”์™€ ์น˜ยท์ด์ˆ˜ ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ํ•˜์ฒœ ์ •๋น„์‚ฌ์—…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒํƒœ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ž์—ฐ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ด ํ›ผ์†๋˜๊ณ , ๋„์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‚ถ์—์„œ ํ•˜์ฒœ์ด ์ ์ฐจ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ ํ˜•์˜ ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๋„์‹œํ•˜์ฒœ์€ ์™ธ๊ณฝ์˜ ์ž์—ฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋„์‹ฌ์ง€๋กœ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ด๊ณ , ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ์‚ฐ์žฌ ๋œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž์›์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฒœ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ž์›์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์‹œ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐ์ฑ…, ๊ฑท๊ธฐ, ์šด๋™ ๋“ฑ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„ ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€, ํœด์‹์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒํƒœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด์šฉ์ , ์ƒํƒœ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋…น์ง€์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ํ•˜์ฒœ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์‹œํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ๊ณต์›ยท๋…น์ง€๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์–‘์ , ์งˆ์  ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์ธ ์‚ฐ์ง€์ฒœ์€ ์˜ˆ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ์ฃผ์์„ฑ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ผํ•œ ํ•˜์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์‹œํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  70๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ์ข… ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์‚ฌ์—…์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋„์‹œํ™•์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๋„์‹œํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์š”์ธ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, 60๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ๋ณต๊ฐœ๋œ ํ•˜๋ฅ˜ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์„ 2002๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์ƒํƒœํ•˜์ฒœ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณต์›ํ•˜์—ฌ, ํ•˜์ฒœ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ๊ด‘์žฅ๊ณผ ๊ณต์›์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์‹œ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์‹ฌ ์† ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ยทํœด์‹๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ๋…น์ง€์ž์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋„์‹œํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํ•˜์ฒœ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๊ด€์•„, ์‚ผ์„ฑํ˜ˆ, ์‹ ์‚ฐ๊ณต์›, ํ•œ๋งˆ์Œ๊ณต์› ๋“ฑ ์—ฐ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋…น์ง€, ์—ญ์‚ฌยท๋ฌธํ™”์ž์›์ด ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์‚ฐ์ง€์ฒœ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋„์‹ฌ์ง€ ๋‚ด ์ƒํƒœ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์‹œ๋ฏผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ยทํœด์‹์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ ์ œ๊ณต์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€๊ณผ ์ƒํƒœ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜์–ด ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ํ•˜์ฒœ๊ณผ ์‚ฐ์ง€์ฒœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ์ฃผ์‹œ ์ƒํƒœ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ณ„ํš์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ โ€˜์ž์—ฐ์ž์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณ ์œ ์„ฑโ€™๊ณผ โ€˜์„ ํ˜•๊ฒฝ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์—ฐ์†์„ฑโ€™, โ€˜์‚ถ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑโ€™์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์ƒํƒœ์ , ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋„์‹œํ•˜์ฒœ์€ ๋ฌด๋ถ„๋ณ„ํ•œ ํ•˜์ฒœ ์ •๋น„์‚ฌ์—…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€๊ณผ ์ƒํƒœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ํ›ผ์†๋˜์–ด ํš์ผ์ ์ด๊ณ , ์ธ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์ˆ˜๋กœ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์น˜๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌด๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋„์‹œ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ•˜์ฒœ์€ ๊ณ ๋ฐ€ํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ์‡„์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๋‚ด ์ž์—ฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐฉ๊ฐ, ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ‰๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ํ•˜์ฒœ์€ ๋…น์ง€์ž์›์œผ๋กœ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๋…น์ง€๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์—ฐ ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ์™€ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ์‚ฐ์žฌ ๋œ ์ž์›๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋˜์–ด ๋ฌธํ™”, ํœด์‹๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์ธ๊ทผ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜๋ณ€๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ด๋ฉ”๋‹ˆํ‹ฐ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ๋„์‹œํ•˜์ฒœ์€ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ด€ํ†ตํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ•˜์ฒœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ๋†’์ด๊ณ  ์พŒ์ ํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ํ•˜์ฒœ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋„์‹œ ์ƒํƒœ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€๊ณผ ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ๋‹จ์ ˆ์„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ , ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๋…น์ง€๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์‹œ๋ฏผ์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์ง€์ฒœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์›๋„์‹ฌ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ 60๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฐ์ข… ๋„์‹œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‚ผ์„ฑํ˜ˆ ์ธ๊ทผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€ํ™”์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋…น์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ํ•˜์ฒœ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ์ธ๊ณตํ™”์™€ ์ถ•์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ์›ํ˜•์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์„ฑ์„ ์ƒ์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…น์ง€์ž์› ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์œผ๋กœ ํƒ๋ผ๋ฌธํ™”๊ด‘์žฅ, ์‹ ์‚ฐ๊ณต์›, ์ˆ˜์šด๊ณต์›, ํ•œ๋งˆ์Œ๊ณต์›, ์ด๋„๊ณต์›, ์•„๋ผ์ œ1๊ทผ๋ฆฐ๊ณต์›์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์™ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ๋ณด์ „๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋…น์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์—ญ์‚ฌยท๋ฌธํ™”์ž์›์— ์žˆ์–ด ์›๋„์‹ฌ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ž์›(์ œ์ฃผ๋ชฉ๊ด€์•„, ์ œ์ฃผ์„ฑ์ง€, ์˜คํ˜„๋‹จ, ์‚ผ์„ฑํ˜ˆ, ์ œ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์†์ž์—ฐ์‚ฌ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€)์ด ํ•˜๋ฅ˜์— ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ œ์ฃผ์‹œ ๋„์‹ฌ์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ˆ , ์ƒํ™œ๋ฌธํ™”์ž์›(๋™๋ฌธ์‹œ์žฅ, ์ œ์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฏผํšŒ๊ด€, ์ œ์ฃผ๋ฌธ์˜ˆํšŒ๊ด€, ์ œ์ฃผํ•™์ƒ๋ฌธํ™”์›) ์—ญ์‹œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๋‚ด ์ด 10km, 34๊ฐœ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ณ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์˜ ๋…นํ™”์™€ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋…น์ง€, ํ…Œ๋งˆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์กฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ด€๊ณผ ์ƒํƒœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด โ€˜์–‘ํ˜ธโ€™ํ•œ 13๊ฐœ(4.58km, 45.9%)์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ํŒŒ์•…๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์— ํ•œ์ •๋˜์–ด, ๋‹จ์ ˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์  ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ 6๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„(์›๋„์‹ฌยท์‚ผ์„ฑํ˜ˆยท์ผ๋„ยท์ด๋„ยท๋ฏธ๊ฐœ๋ฐœยท์•„๋ผ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„)์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฐ์ง€์ฒœ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ œ์ฃผ์‹œ ์ƒํƒœ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ณ„ํš์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ โ€œํ•œ๋ผ์‚ฐ์—์„œ ํ•ด์•ˆ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฐ์ง€์ฒœ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ํšŒ๋ณตโ€, โ€œ๋„์‹œ ์† ํŒŒํŽธํ™”๋œ ๊ณต์›ยท๋…น์ง€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒโ€, โ€œ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ ํšŒ๋ณต๊ณผ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋„์‹œ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ์กฐ์„ฑโ€, โ€œ์ผ์ƒ ์† ์—ฌ์œ ์™€ ํœด์‹์„ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ œ๊ณตโ€์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ณ„ ๊ณ„ํš์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์ง€์ฒœ ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์ˆ˜๋ณ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ์กฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ์›จ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ํ™•์žฅ, ํ•˜์ฒœ๊ณต์› ์ง€์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋…น์ง€ํ™•์ถฉ๊ณผ ์ƒํƒœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํšŒ๋ณต, ํ•˜์ฒœ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์กฐ๋ง์  ์„ค์ •์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํƒœ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ํ†ตํ•ด 13๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ์žฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์žˆ๋˜ โ€˜์–‘ํ˜ธโ€™ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ฅผ 7,742m๋กœ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ธธ์ด 10,987m, ํ‰๊ท  ํญ 30m์˜ ํ•˜์ฒœ๊ตฌ์—ญ์„ 4๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ ๊ฑฐ์ ์ง€๊ตฌ 457,259ใŽก์™€ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ํ•˜์ฒœ๊ณต์› 36,472ใŽก๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ, ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ ํ•˜์ฒœ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ํšŒ๋ณต๊ณผ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์‹œ ์ƒํƒœ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฐ์ง€์ฒœ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„์‹œํ•˜์ฒœ์—์„œ๋„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜ ์‚ฐ์ง€์ฒœ๋งŒ์„ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋กœ ํ•œ์ •ํ•จ์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ€์ง€ํ™” ๋ฉด์ ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„“์€ ์‚ฐ์ง€์ฒœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ๋„์‹œํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ๋„์‹œํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด, ์ถ”ํ›„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„์‹œํ•˜์ฒœ์— ์ฐธ๊ณ  ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ œ์ฃผ์‹œ ์ƒํƒœ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์— ์žˆ์–ด ์‚ฐ์ง€์ฒœ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ œ์ฃผ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ‘œํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ์ฒœ๊ณผ ๋ณ‘๋ฌธ์ฒœ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋”์šฑ๋” ์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ ์ƒํƒœ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์ถ•์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค.Jeju Island has become an attractive area with 15 million visitors as of last year, combining the excellent natural environment and unique historical and cultural resources that emerge from the geographical specificity of the island. Among them, the stream, along with Hallasan, Oreum, Gotjawal, and wetlands, is one of the representative natural assets of Jeju Island, connecting Hallasan areas, Mid-mountain areas, Urban areas, and Coastal areas, and has high landscape and ecological value. In addition, the Jeju Island Landscape Management Plan and Urban Master Plan emphasized the importance of preservation and management of the continuous landscape from Hallasan Mountain to the coast by setting streams as major landscape and ecological green axis. Also the Jeju Metropolitan Government proposes connecting urban green areas and establishing a network using the wide-area green axis as a way to expand the lack of park and green space in the living area (2018). Lee Byung-gul (2014) emphasized the value of the stream, saying, "The stream that penetrates the city is the only living and breathing landscape in the city center covered with asphalt and concrete." However, in Urban - 120 - areas, streams are closely related to living spaces, but due to the use of low waterfront spaces and indifference, they are left in the form of drainage that has lost their environmental functions. In particular, the rapid urbanization and river improvement projects in the 60s and 70s damaged the ecology and natural scenery, and gradually disappeared from the lives of urban residents. However, the linearly continuous urban stream attracts the natural environment outside to the city center and connects various resources scattered in the area. In addition, it provides urban residents with opportunities for health, leisure, and rest, such as walking, and exercise, and improves the ecological environment through the creation of an ecological network linking streams and resources. In response, this study aimed to restore the landscape of urban streams through an ecological network plan utilizing streams in the urban areas of Jeju Island, and to improve the quantitative and qualitative quality of park and green space in urban areas. Sanjicheon, the site of the study, has long been the only stream that flows through the Jeju Eupseong Fortress. In addition, it is possible to identify the changes and factors of the landscape of urban streams by stages due to urban expansion following various urban development projects since the 1970s. Moreover covered structure in downstream of Sanjicheon were restored ecologically after 2002. And open spaces and parks created with the restoration project provide urban residents with leisure and rest areas in the city, showing the possibility of utilizing urban streams as green resources. In addition, various green, historical and cultural resources are distributed around the stream, including Jejumok-Gwana, Samsunghyeol, Sinsan Park, and Hanmaeum Park. Therefore, it was selected as a target site because it was expected to improve the quality of life and improve the city's landscape and ecology by providing urban residents with various leisure and rest opportunities through the ecological network plan in the city center. The research was conducted largely with the analysis of the landscape characteristics of the Jeju stream and Sanjicheon, and the Jeju Ecological Network Plan. The general characteristics of streams in Jeju Island were "uniqueness as a natural asset", "continuity as a linear landscape", and "placeness as a space of life", and the following landscape characteristics and problems were analyzed in urban areas. First of all, in terms of ecology and environment, urban streams have changed uniformly and artificially due to indiscriminate stream maintenance projects that damaged the unique landscape and ecological environment of streams. As a result, it was left unattended in the form of drainage, and residents were indifferent to the stream. Second, in terms of urban scenery, streams have a unique charm as they are spaces with nature, openness, and diversity in urban landscapes that are closed and have no personality due to dense urbanization. Third, streams may provide green areas lacking in urban space as green resources to provide citizens with opportunities for natural experiences and leisure space. Finally, it can provide Amenity space to nearby residents who are highly developed and lack culture and rest areas by utilizing waterfront spaces. In particular, urban streams penetrate residential areas and are closely related to daily life. Therefore, it is possible to improve the quality of life and provide a pleasant environment through the utilization of stream spaces. Therefore, through the urban ecological network plan using streams, the government sought to improve the quality of life of urban residents by restoring the scenery and ecological disconnection of Jeju Island's streams and providing quality-enhanced green spaces. As a result of analyzing the landscape characteristics of Sanjicheon, it gradually expanded due to various urban developments since the 1960s, focusing on the original city center in terms of urban space structure. In addition, except for areas where development is not possible near Samsunghyeol, most of the green areas around the area were reduced, artificialization and reduction of stream areas were carried out, which greatly destroyed the original shape of the stream and lost its natural nature. According to the analysis of green resources, there were Tamra Culture Plaza, Sinsan Park, Suun Park, Hanmaum Park, Ido Park, and Ara Park. In terms of the surrounding historical and cultural resources, historical resources related to the original city (Jejumok-Gwana, Jeju Fortress, Ohhyeondan, Samsunghyeol, Folklore&Natural History Museum) were abundant downstream, and arts and living cultural resources (Dongmun Market, Jeju Culture and Arts Center, Jeju Student Cultural Center) were also located in downtown Jeju. In addition, 13 sections (4.58 km, 45.9%) were identified โ€œgoodโ€ waterfront streets, but were limited to individual sections. Finally, depending on the landscape similarity, it was possible to distinguish into six sections (Old downtown, Samsung hyeol, Ildo, Ido, undeveloped, and Ara-sections). There are four main concepts and goals for Jeju's ecological network plan : "Recovery of Sanjicheon View from Hallasan Mountain to the Coast," "Improving Ecology through the Connection of Fragmented Parks and Green Areas in the City," "Restoration of Local Identity and Creating Beautiful Urban Landscape." As a part of the plan, it proposed to create an integrated waterfront in Sanjicheon, expand the ecological network through the landscape zone and greenway, expand the green area through the designation of stream parks, and establish a view point. In the end, the Ecological Network Plan was able to integrate the "good" streets scattered in 13 sections into 7,742m. In addition, the 10,987m-long and 30m-wide stream zone could be connected to and expanded to 457,259ใŽก of four landscape zones and 36,472ใŽก of stream parks to create an extensive ecological network in urban areas. This study proposed the urban ecological network as a way to restore the stream landscape and manage the stream landscape in Jeju Island. However, problems such as Sanjicheon also appeared in other urban streams, limiting the scope of Sanjicheon, and there is a limit to the research. However, through the analysis of the landscape of Sanjicheon, which has the largest area of urbanization, various landscapes of Jeju Island's urban streams due to urbanization by time can be used as a reference for other urban streams in the future. In addition, it is expected that it will be possible to build a more organic and extensive urban ecological network if we use the hancheon and Byeongmuncheon, which represent Jeju-si, along with the Sanjicheon์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 3 2์ ˆ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 4 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 4 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 6 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณผ์ • ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 9 3์ ˆ. ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 10 1. ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 10 2. ๋„์‹œํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 13 3. ์ƒํƒœ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 21 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œํ™” 1์ ˆ. ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ํ•˜์ฒœ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 31 1. ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ์œ ์—ญ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 31 2. ์ž์—ฐ์ž์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ๊ณ ์œ ์„ฑ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 33 3. ์„ ํ˜•๊ฒฝ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ์—ฐ์†์„ฑ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 36 4. ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ํ•˜์ฒœ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์„ฑ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 41 2์ ˆ. ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ ๋‚ด ์ œ์ฃผ๋„ ํ•˜์ฒœ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 43 1. ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ† ์ง€์ด์šฉ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ž์—ฐ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 44 2. ํ•˜์ฒœ์ •๋น„์™€ ๋ณต๊ฐœ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํ•˜์ฒœ๊ตฌ์—ญ์˜ ์ธ๊ณตํ™” ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 46 3์ ˆ. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 48 ์ œ3์žฅ ์‚ฐ์ง€์ฒœ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ํŠน์„ฑ 1์ ˆ. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ์„ ์ •๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ‹€ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 50 1. ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ˜„ํ™ฉ๊ณผ ์„ ์ •๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 50 2. ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ‹€ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 52 2์ ˆ. ์‚ฐ์ง€์ฒœ๊ณผ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ๋„์‹œ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€๋ถ„์„ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 53 1. ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ถ„์„ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 53 2. ๋…น์ง€์ž์› ๋ถ„์„ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 60 3. ์—ญ์‚ฌยท๋ฌธํ™”์ž์› ๋ถ„์„ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 63 4. ํ•˜์ฒœ ์ˆ˜๋ณ€๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ถ„์„ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 67 3์ ˆ. ์‚ฐ์ง€์ฒœ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋ณ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ด€ํŠน์„ฑ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 92 4์ ˆ. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 92 ์ œ4์žฅ ์‚ฐ์ง€์ฒœ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ œ์ฃผ์‹œ ์ƒํƒœ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๊ตฌ์ถ• 1์ ˆ. ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์ „์ œ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 95 2์ ˆ. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ตฌ์ƒ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 96 1. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ฐœ๋… ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 96 2. ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์ „๋žต ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ตฌ์ƒ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 98 3. ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋ณ„ ๊ณ„ํš ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 100 3์ ˆ. ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ณ„ํš ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 110 1. ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ณ„ํš๋„(Master Plan) ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 110 2. ๊ตฌ๊ฐ„๋ณ„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ๊ณ„ํš๋„ ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 111 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 112 [์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ] ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 115 [Abstract] ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 119Maste

    Cholesterol modulates cell signaling and protein networking by specifically interacting with PDZ domain-containing scaffold proteins

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    Cholesterol is known to modulate the physical properties of cell membranes, but its direct involvement in cellular signaling has not been thoroughly investigated. Here we show that cholesterol specifically binds many PDZ domains found in scaffold proteins, including the N-terminal PDZ domain of NHERF1/EBP50. This modular domain has a cholesterol-binding site topologically distinct from its canonical protein-binding site and serves as a dual-specificity domain that bridges the membrane and juxta-membrane signaling complexes. Disruption of the cholesterol-binding activity of NHERF1 largely abrogates its dynamic co-localization with and activation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, one of its binding partners in the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. At least seven more PDZ domains from other scaffold proteins also bind cholesterol and have cholesterol-binding sites, suggesting that cholesterol modulates cell signaling through direct interactions with these scaffold proteins. This mechanism may provide an alternative explanation for the formation of signaling platforms in cholesterol-rich membrane domains.ope

    Regulation of CFTR Bicarbonate Channel Activity by WNK1: Implications for Pancreatitis and CFTR-Related Disorders

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    Backgraoud & aims: Aberrant epithelial bicarbonate (HCO3-) secretion caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene is associated with several diseases including cystic fibrosis and pancreatitis. Dynamically regulated ion channel activity and anion selectivity of CFTR by kinases sensitive to intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl-]i) play an important role in epithelial HCO3- secretion. However, the molecular mechanisms of how [Cl-]i-dependent mechanisms regulate CFTR are unknown. Methods: We examined the mechanisms of the CFTR HCO3- channel regulation by [Cl-]i-sensitive kinases using an integrated electrophysiological, molecular, and computational approach including whole-cell, outside-out, and inside-out patch clamp recordings and molecular dissection of WNK1 and CFTR proteins. In addition, we analyzed the effects of pancreatitis-causing CFTR mutations on the WNK1-mediated regulation of CFTR. Results: Among the WNK1, SPAK, and OSR1 kinases that constitute a [Cl-]i-sensitive kinase cascade, the expression of WNK1 alone was sufficient to increase the CFTR bicarbonate permeability (PHCO3/PCl) and conductance (GHCO3) in patch clamp recordings. Molecular dissection of the WNK1 domains revealed that the WNK1 kinase domain is responsible for CFTR PHCO3/PCl regulation by direct association with CFTR, while the surrounding N-terminal regions mediate the [Cl-]i-sensitivity of WNK1. Furthermore, the pancreatitis-causing R74Q and R75Q mutations in the elbow helix 1 of CFTR hampered WNK1-CFTR physical associations and reduced WNK1-mediated CFTR PHCO3/PCl regulation. Conclusion: The CFTR HCO3- channel activity is regulated by [Cl-]i and a WNK1-dependent mechanism. Our results provide new insights into the regulation of the ion selectivity of CFTR and the pathogenesis of CFTR-related disorders.ope

    ๊ธฐ์—… ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๋น„์„œ์˜ ์ด์ง ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋ฐ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๊ธฐ์—…์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๋น„์„œ์˜ ์ด์ง๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ๊ณผ์ • ์†์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๋น„์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์ด์ง๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๊ทธ ํ˜„์ƒ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์— ์ž๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์  ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ด์ง๊ฒฝํ—˜์—์„œ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•ž์„œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋œ ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๋น„์„œ์˜ ์ด์ง๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋ฐ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ํ•ด์„์„ ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๋น„์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช์€ ์ด์ง ๊ฒฝํ—˜์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์งˆ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์ด์ง์˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด์ง์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๋น„์„œ 8๋ช…์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ 7๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋น„์„œ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณผ์žฅ๊ธ‰ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋น„์„œ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋น„์„œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ์—…๋ฌด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋ ฅ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์ƒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹œ ์—†์ด๋„ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ณ , ๋งค์ผ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ‰์†Œ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ž…์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ์ฐฝ์˜๋ ฅ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋น„์„œ๋กœ ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 2011๋…„ 6์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 11์›”๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด 8๋ช…์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค๊ณผ 2โˆผ3์ฐจ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์‹ค์‹œ๋œ ๋ฉด๋‹ด์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ „์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๋˜๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ์ธต๋ฉด๋‹ด์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์ƒํ•œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ์Šคํ‚ฌ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ „ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๋ฅผ ์„ธ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„์— ๋ณธ ๋ฉด๋‹ด์ด ์‹ค์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉด๋‹ด์€ ๋…น์Œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ 1์ฐจ ๋ฉด๋‹ด ํ›„ ์ „์‚ฌํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์„ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ 2, 3์ฐจ ๋ฉด๋‹ด์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ฐจ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋“ญํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๊นŠ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฉด๋‹ด ํ›„์—๋„ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ „ํ™” ๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์—ญ์‹œ ๋…น์ทจ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ์™€ ์ธ์‡„๋œ ์ด๋ฉ”์ผ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ถ„์„์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ธฐ์—… ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๋น„์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช์€ ์ด์ง ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋ณ„๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋‚ด์žฌํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์ด์ง์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๋‹ค์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ์ž„์ถฉ์„ฑ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ด๋ณ„์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ, ์ด๊ธ์ •์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ผ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„์†์ ์ธ ๋„์ „, ๋‚˜๋ˆ๊ธฐ์˜ 180๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ, ๊น€์˜๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ์ •์‹ ์ž„์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‚ถ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ์™•์–ธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์šฐ๋ฌผ ์•ˆ์˜ ์‚ถ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ, ๋ฐ•์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ทน๊ณผ ๊ทน์ธ ์ด์ง์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๋น„์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ง์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋Š” ํ†ต์ œ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์œ„๊ธฐ, ์„ธ์ƒ์— ํ™€๋กœ๋˜๊ธฐ, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์„ ๋ฌผ, ์ง์—…๊ด€์˜ ์ „ํ™˜์ , ํ”„๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ธฐ์—… ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๋น„์„œ์˜ ์ด์ง๊ฒฝํ—˜์—์„œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ ์–‘์ƒ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, โ‘  ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ด๊ณ  ์„ ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์–‘์ƒ, โ‘ก ์ผ์ •๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์ˆœํ™˜์  ์–‘์ƒ, โ‘ข ๋น„ํŒ์  ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์„ฑ์  ๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๋›ฐ๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์ „ํ™˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ โ‘  ํ”„๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ํ•™์Šต โ‘ก ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ํ•™์Šต โ‘ข ์ž์œ ์ธ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ํ•™์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๊ธฐ์—… ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๋น„์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช์€ ์ด์ง ๊ฒฝํ—˜ ๋ฐ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ํ•ด์„์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ, ์ด์ง๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ •, ์ด์ง์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์—… ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๋น„์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒช์€ ์ด์ง ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ•œ ์ด์ง์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ด๋ก ๋“ค๊ณผ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋„ ์ด์ง์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์ง์˜ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์ง์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜์—ฌ ํƒ€ ์ง์ข…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต ๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํŠธ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›€์˜ ์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ธฐ์—… ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๋น„์„œ์˜ ์ด์ง ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ์–‘๊ฐ์ƒ‰์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด์ง ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ด์ง ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์ง์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์ด ์–ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ด ์ ์€ ๋น„์„œ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์„œ์ง์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์™œ๊ณก๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ์ฒด๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ตฌ์ง์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๋น„์„œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ–์ถ”์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋๋‚ด ๊ตฌ์ง์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ํ˜„ ์ง์žฅ์—์„œ์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์›๋™๋ ฅ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ด์ง์ด ๋งˆ๋ƒฅ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•  ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด์ง์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง์ข…์„ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์œ ์ง€โ€ค๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ ์ง์—…์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋น„์„œ์ง์„ ์žฌ์ธ์‹ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ด์ง์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์ด์ง๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ์˜ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ค€๋ณ„ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ์ผ์ •๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์ˆœํ™˜์  ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต ์œ ํ˜•์ด ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ํ•™์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ˆœํ™˜์  ์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ํƒ€์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ํ•™์Šต์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ, ๊ธฐ์—… ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๋น„์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์ง์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ํ˜น์€ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๊ธฐ์—… ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๋น„์„œ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ํ‡ด์‚ฌ ๋ฌด๋ ต์— ํš๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ‡ด์‚ฌ์™€ ์ž…์‚ฌ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฏ์งธ, ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„ ์ค‘ ๋น„ํŒ์  ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ด์„ฑ์  ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ด์ง๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์ ๊ทน ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ผ๊ณฑ์งธ, ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๊ต์œกยทํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์‹œ์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ œ์–ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋น„์„œ์ง์˜ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ์ง์—…๋ณด์œ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ์–‘๋ฆฝ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ธฐ์—…์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ง€์›์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋น„์„œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ต์œกโ€คํ›ˆ๋ จ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์‹ค์‹œ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋น„ํŒ์  ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์„ฑ์  ๋‹ด๋ก ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต์„ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋น„์„œ์ง ์ข…์‚ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ง๊ฒฝํ—˜ ์™ธ์—๋„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํŠน์ • ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹ฌ์ธต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์งˆ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ค‘๊ฒฌ๋น„์„œ๊ฐ€ ํ‡ด์‚ฌํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ถ”ํ›„์—๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ž…์งํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ ์‘๊ณผ์ •์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์„ฏ์งธ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์งˆ์ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ(NUDยทIST, NยทVivo ๋“ฑ)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ถ„์„ ์ž‘์—…์— ํšจ์œจํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์ฝ”๋”๊ฐ„์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ์˜๋ฏธ๋„์ถœ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฌ์„ฏ์งธ, ์ด์งํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ๋น„์„œ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋„์ถœ๋œ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•™์Šต์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.The purpose of this study was to understand significantly and describe the turnover experiences of the corporate executive secretaries and their transformative learning process among them. The first specific objective was to understand the lived turnover experiences of corporate executive secretaries and to explore the turnover phenomenon as experienced by the participants. The second objective was to explore the transformative learning process among their turnover experiences. In addition, the separate paragraph was arranged to provide comprehensive description as a discussion and an analysis about the results. To fulfill this purpose of the study, phenomenological qualitative research was performed. For this study, eight corporate executive secretaries were chosen as participants. All of the participants should have at least seven years of work experience as a secretary and they were all over section chief position in their corporation. They can demonstrates the ability to assume responsibility without direct supervision, be able to deal with any problem in their work place everyday, and try to obtain the necessary information as usual. The main method for data collection was through in-depth interview. The in-depth interview were highly important in a phenomenological study. Therefore, the previous in-depth interviews were held three times for improving researcher's interviewing skill. The unstructured interviews were held as the first interview with the participants, and the semi-structured interview were held as the second or third interview with the analyzed data from the first or second interviews transcriptions. Also, all the interviews were focusing on their recent experiences of their turnover, and all the interview records were transcribed immediately. Besides the transcription data of the in-depth interviews, the e-mail data and voice recording data through the phone were analyzed and interpreted. The finding of the study were as follows: First, eight participants' turnover experiences were individually described as the titles of 'the last turnover she wants to experience', 'the farewell story with his boss', 'the story of her constant challenge for new jobs', 'the real story that execute a 180-degree turn', 'unavoidable turnover experience', 'giving up on supporting her boss', 'broadening her mind', 'the opposite extreme turnovers'. And their meanings of their own turnover were as follows: 'getting out of control', 'being alone in the world', 'getting a chance to have their job enlargement or job enrichment', 'turning point in occupational perspective', 'opportunity to make them as a professional executive secretary'. Second, transformative learning process were analyzed by two aspects. As the horizontal analysis for the process, the traditional linear process, the circular process of specific steps' repetition , and the process of skipping critical reflection or rational discourse were determined. As the transformative learning categories, the results were determined such as 'skill learning for the professional', 'communicative learning for living together with others', 'emancipatory learning for breaking away his/her disoriented perspectives'. Third, 'perspective on turnover', 'turnover and the process of career development', and 'transformative learning process through the turnover' were delineated for the comprehensive discussion and analysis. Some recommendations on the basis of this results were suggested: First, organizational support services for work and family compatibility were established for the long retention of their job. Second, critical reflection or rational discourse among the transformative learning process will adopted to some vocational educational course or programme. Third, the qualitative study on many other aspects of the executive secretaries is needed to be conducted. Fourth, this study was focusing on the turnover from leaving the company, but the transformative learning process would be studied focusing on the turnover after entering the new company. Fifth, the analysis based on the computer analysis program such as NUDยทIST, N-Vivo, etc., would enhance the validity and reliability on deriving the meaningful themes. Sixth, there is a need to survey on the executive secretaries based on transformative learning process' steps and aspects generated from the findings of this study.Docto

    ์Šน๋ฌด์™€ ์‚ดํ’€์ด์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์›€์ง์ž„์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ฒด์œก๊ต์œก๊ณผ,1996.Maste

    ๊ธˆ์œต ์ƒํ’ˆ์˜ ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ์ œ์–ด๋ก ์—์„œ์˜ ์™„์ „ ํŽธ๋ฏธ๋ถ„ ๋ฐฉ์ •์‹

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    Thesis(master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ˆ˜๋ฆฌ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€,2005.Maste

    Isoproterenol-induced hypertrophy of neonatal cardiac myocytes and H9c2 cell is dependent on TRPC3-regulated Ca V 1.2 expression

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    CaV1.2 and transient receptor potential canonical channel 3 (TRPC3) are two proteins known to have important roles in pathological cardiac hypertrophy; however, such roles still remain unclear. A better understanding of these roles is important for furthering the clinical understanding of heart failure. We previously reported that Trpc3-knockout (KO) mice are resistant to pathologic hypertrophy and that their CaV1.2 protein expression is reduced. In this study, we aimed to examine the relationship between these two proteins and characterize their role in neonatal cardiomyocytes. We measured CaV1.2 expression in the hearts of wild-type (WT) and Trpc3-/- mice, and examined the effects of Trpc3 knockdown and overexpression in the rat cell line H9c2. We also compared the hypertrophic responses of neonatal cardiomyocytes cultured from Trpc3-/- mice to a representative hypertrophy-causing drug, isoproterenol (ISO), and measured the activity of nuclear factor of activated T cells 3 (NFAT3) in neonatal cardiomyocytes (NCMCs). We inhibited the L-type current with nifedipine, and measured the intracellular calcium concentration using Fura-2 with 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG)-induced Ba2+ influx. When using the Trpc3-mediated Ca2+ influx, both intracellular calcium concentration and calcium influx were reduced in Trpc3-KO myocytes. Not only was the expression of CaV1.2 greatly reduced in Trpc3-KO cardiac lysate, but the size of the CaV1.2 currents in NCMCs was also greatly reduced. When NCMCs were treated with Trpc3 siRNA, it was confirmed that the expression of CaV1.2 and the intracellular nuclear transfer activity of NFAT decreased. In H9c2 cells, the ISO activated- and verapamil inhibited- Ca2+ influxes were dramatically attenuated by Trpc3 siRNA treatment. In addition, it was confirmed that both the expression of CaV1.2 and the size of H9c2 cells were regulated according to the expression and activation level of TRPC3. We found that after stimulation with ISO, cell hypertrophy occurred in WT myocytes, while the increase in size of Trpc3-KO myocytes was greatly reduced. These results suggest that not only the cell hypertrophy process in neonatal cardiac myocytes and H9c2 cells were regulated according to the expression level of CaV1.2, but also that the expression level of CaV1.2 was regulated by TRPC3 through the activation of NFAT.restrictio

    ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ค๊ณ„ Tip

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