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    ์œ„์žฅ๊ด€์•”์—์„œ ํžˆ์Šคํ†ค ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ACTL6A์˜ ๊ธฐ์ „ ๊ทœ๋ช…

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ถ„์ž์˜ํ•™ ๋ฐ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค์ œ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ๊น€ํƒœ์œ .SWI/SNF ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ‹ด ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์•”์˜ 20% ์ด์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ณ€์ด๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. SWI/SNF ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์œ ๋‹›๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ„์ž ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ™œ๋ฐœํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์•”์—์„œ ๊ฐ SWI/SNF ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ์œ ๋‹›๋“ค์˜ ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ‹ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํŠน์ด์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „๋žต์„ ์„ธ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. BAF53a ๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์•กํ‹ด ์œ ์‚ฌ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ACTL6A๋Š” SWI/SNF ํฌ๋กœ๋งˆํ‹ด ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋Š” ์œ ๋‹› ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ CRISPR/Cas9 knockout ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ„์•”์˜ ์„ธํฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „ํ•™ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ธ์ž์ธ ACTL6A๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ACTL6A๊ฐ€ ์œ„์žฅ๊ด€์•” ์ฆ์‹์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์€ ์•„์ง ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ธฐ์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „ํ•™ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ธ์ž์ธ ACTL6A๊ฐ€ SWI/SNF ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ์„œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„์ž ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, CRISPR/Cas9๊ณผ shRNA ๋กœ ACTL6A๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋ฉด ์œ„์žฅ๊ด€์•”์˜ ์„ธํฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋•Œ CRISPR/Cas9 resistant ํ•œ ACTL6A๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์„ธํฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ํšŒ๋ณต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค ์ƒ์ฒด ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ACTL6A๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์—๋„ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ์–ต์ œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ACTL6A๊ฐ€ ์œ„์žฅ๊ด€์•”์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์กฐ์œจํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. SWI/SNF ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ACTL6A์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, SMARCA4, SMARCA2, ๋ฐ ARID1A ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ SWI/SNF ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด ์œ ๋‹›๋“ค์„ ์–ต์ œํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ณด๋‹ค, ACTL6A ์–ต์ œ ์‹œ ์œ„์žฅ๊ด€์•”์˜ ์„ธํฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ACTL6A๋Š” SWI/SNF ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ATP ์ด‰๋งค ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ธ SMARCA4/2์˜ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ACTL6A์˜ ์„ธํฌํ•ต ๋‚ด์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์€ SMARCA4/2๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์™€ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋Œ€๋กœ, SMARCA4/2๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ ACTL6A๋Š” SWI/SNF ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์™€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ, ACTL6A์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ SMARCA4/2๋ฅผ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์™€ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, SMARCA4/2 ์œ ๋ฌด์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ACTL6A ์–ต์ œ ์‹œ ์„ธํฌ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ACTL6A๋Š” SWI/SNF ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์™€ ๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ „์‚ฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ „๋„ ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ACTL6A๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ACTL6A๊ฐ€ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ฒด ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ „์‚ฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ ์ถ”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ACTL6A๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ChIP-seq์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํžˆ์Šคํ†ค ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ์ธ H3K27Ac์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ACTL6A๋Š” ์œ„์žฅ๊ด€์•”์—์„œ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํžˆ์Šคํ†ค ๋ณ€ํ˜•์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ฐ ์ „์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.The mammalian SWI/SNF (Switching defective/sucrose non-fermentable) chromatin remodeling complex is mutated in over 20% of human cancer [1]. Mechanistic studies on various SWI/SNF complex subunits have been conducted to further understand SWI/SNF complex-mediated chromatin regulatory process. Better understanding of each SWI/SNF complex subunitโ€™s epigenetic role in cancer could present novel and subunit-specific therapeutic opportunities. Actin-like protein 6A (ACTL6A), also known as BAF53a, is a subunit of SWI/SNF chromatin complex. ACTL6A was previously identified as an essential epigenetic modifier via CRISPR/Cas9 knockout library screening in gastrointestinal cancer [2]. However, the underlying mechanisms of ACTL6A in gastrointestinal cancer remain unknown. In the present study, I aim to identify the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic modifier ACTL6A in relation to SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. Depletion of ACTL6A by CRISPR/Cas9 system and shRNA inhibition significantly impedes cell growth in gastrointestinal cancer. Introduction of CRISPR/Cas9-resistant ACTL6A clone in reversibility assay recovers cell growth. ACTL6A inhibition in mouse xenograft model in-vivo also shows decreased tumor growth, further verifying the cell proliferation regulating role of ACTL6A. Functional study of ACTL6A in relation to SWI/SNF complex reveals that the depletion of ACTL6A is more effective in cell growth inhibition compared to other SWI/SNF complex subunits such as SMARCA4, SMARCA2, and ARID1A. As a subunit of SWI/SNF complex, ACTL6A regulates protein stability of the catalytic subunits SMARCA4/2. Expression and nuclear localization of ACTL6A is consistent in SMARCA4/2 proficient and SMARCA4/2 deficient cell lines. I demonstrate that ACTL6A is not part of the SWI/SNF subcomplex that lacks SMARCA4/2, which is consistent with the findings from previous studies [3,4]. Interestingly, loss of function study of ACTL6A in SMARCA4/2 proficient and SMARCA4/2 deficient cell lines shows that ACTL6A inhibition effectively arrests cell proliferation regardless of SMARCA4/2 presence. This results suggests an additional role of ACTL6A, independent from SWI/SNF complex. Transcriptome sequencing of ACTL6A knockout cells indicates that ACTL6A regulates genome wide transcription via chromatin remodeling. ChIP-seq of ACTL6A knockout cells showed decreased genome-wide enrichment of histone activation marker, H3K27Ac. Collectively, my study presents that ACTL6A regulates genome-wide histone modifications and global gene transcription in gastrointestinal cancer.Abstract i Table of Contents iv List of Tables v List of Figures vi 1. Introduction 1 2. Materials and Methods 3 3. Results 12 4. Discussion 30 5. Reference 34 Abstract in Korean 38Maste

    ์ธ๊ฒฉ์ ํ‘œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ, 'ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ถŒ'์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋น„๊ต๋ฒ•์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ -์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์™€ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ-

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ(์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ์ „๊ณต),2019. 8. ์ •์ƒ์กฐ.The advancement of visual media and information and communications technology and the development of advertisement and content businesses have given rise to commercial use of an individual's identity, such as his or her name and image, thereby increasing conflicts related to the practice. In the beginning, this issue was approached in the scope of the right to privacy in the United States. In some cases involving celebrities, however, it proved to be difficult to deem their rights to privacy violated when their names or images were exploited without consent, due to attributes of their professions. Consequently, the right of publicity emerged in the Haelan decision handed down in 1953, and the right to commercially use ones identity has developed into a separate property right. In Germany, what is discussed as the right of publicity in America is dealt within the framework of personality rights. In the famous Marlene Dietrich decision, the Federal Court of Justice of Germany held that property elements of personality rights are inheritable regardless of their transferability. This decision bears significance in that the court recognized inheritability of property elements under personality rights though it did not clarify its position on transferability. The American right of publicity was also introduced in Korea, and the right of publicity has since been acknowledged in some cases. However, there has been neither substantive enactment regarding the right of publicity nor precedents established by the Supreme Court of Korea in respect to recognition or the legal nature of the right of publicity. The discussion on the need to protect the right of commercially using personal identity seems to have reached a consensus. However, it has still been hotly debated whether the right should be protected either under the right of publicity, which deems a separate property right, or by extending the scope of protection of personality rights to economic benefits. This paper aims to draw implications for reasonable settlement of the issue by introducing the French legal system, which plays a crucial role in civil law. In France, commercial exploitation of personal identity is discussed within the scope of the right to name (droit au nom), the right to voice (droit ร  la voix), and the right to image (droit ร  l'image). The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the French judiciary, acknowledged the right of ones name that is nationally well-known as property. In terms of the rights to ones voice and image, the prevailing theory regarded these rights as no more than personality rights in the early 20th century when the main problem concerned was the photographing and exploitation of someone elses image without consent made possible by the advancement of advertisement technology. Since the mid and late 20th century, however, when individuals identity, such as ones name and image, began to be subject to contract and property, the predominant views have been either an integrated approach that the right to ones image holds the nature of both personality and property rights or a separate approach which divides the right to ones image into a personality right as a negative right and a property right to image as a positive right. An even more radical theory, which proposes that the original image rights be incorporated into the right to privacy and that the right to ones image be newly legislated as a property right, has also emerged. The nature of property rights which image rights hold has been recognized in a number of precedents in the first instance courts and courts of appeal. The Court of Cassation, however, has never clearly indicated whether the right to ones image can be considered a property right but only approached the issue as a matter of contract attributed by agreement and consent of the individual concerned. As can be seen from the above, how the country deals with changes in the society and resolves the problems arising from them is bound to differ depending on its law and theories built upon it, and its legal system established based on precedents. In the case of Korea, taking into consideration the need for protection of the right to commercial use of individuals identity, its background, theoretical and legal basis, and consistency and predictability in problem-solving procedures, I propose that this right be understood as property rights in a broad sense in order to prevent unfair competitions and that its transferability and inheritability also be recognized. In a specific case, it should be examined whether the use of the individuals identity infringes ones rights or is subject to regulation according to the elements of Civil Law Article 270 and Unfair Competition Prevention Act Article 2 Subparagraph 1. The worry over the formalization of personality can be dispelled by strictly interpreting the intent of the individual concerned, and applying general principles of jurisdiction, such as public order and morality good morals, principle of good faith, and abuse of right.์˜์ƒ๋งค์ฒด์™€ ์ •๋ณดํ†ต์‹ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ, ๊ด‘๊ณ  ๋ฐ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ช…, ์ดˆ์ƒ ๋“ฑ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์  ํ‘œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ๊ณผ ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ”„๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„์‹œ๊ถŒ(Right of Privacy)์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฐ์˜ˆ์ธ, ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ์€ ์„ฑ๋ช…์ด๋‚˜ ์ดˆ์ƒ์ด ๋ฌด๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ง์—…์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ”„๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์นจํ•ด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ 1953๋…„์— Haelan ํŒ๊ฒฐ์—์„œ ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ถŒ(Right of Publicity)์ด ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ธ๊ฒฉ์  ํ‘œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋…์ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์  ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ์— ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋…์ผ์—ฐ๋ฐฉ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์€ 1999๋…„ ๋ง๋ ˆ๋„ค ๋””ํŠธ๋ฆฌํžˆ ํŒ๊ฒฐ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ ์–‘๋„์„ฑ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์ƒ์†๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์–‘๋„์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋‚˜, ์ƒ์†์„ฑ์€ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ถŒ๋ก ์ด ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ถŒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ํŒ๋ก€๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„์ง ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ถŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ช…๋ฌธ ๊ทœ์ •์ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์ธ์ • ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ•์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› ํŒ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์ธ๊ฒฉ์  ํ‘œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ถŒ์ด๋ž€ ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์  ์ด์ต์œผ๋กœ ๋„“ํž˜์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ์น˜์—ดํ•œ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฅ™๋ฒ•๊ณ„์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๋ฒ•์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด ์Ÿ์ ์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฒฉ์  ํ‘œ์ง€์˜ ์ƒ์—…์  ์ด์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๋ช…๊ถŒ(droit au nom), ์Œ์„ฑ๊ถŒ(droit ร  la voix), ์ดˆ์ƒ๊ถŒ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๊ถŒ(droit ร  l'image)์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•๋ฒ•์›์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋ฒ•์›์ธ ํŒŒ๊ธฐ์›์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์Œ์„ฑ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์ดˆ์ƒ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์‚ฌ์ง„, ๊ด‘๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ํ—ˆ๋ฝ ์—†์ด ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์ดˆ์ƒ์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ดˆ์—๋Š” ์ด ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์„ค์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค. 20์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ฑ๋ช…, ์ดˆ์ƒ ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฒฉ์˜ ๊ณ„์•ฝํ™”โ€ค์žฌ์‚ฐํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ž ์ดˆ์ƒ๊ถŒ์— ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ๊ณผ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด ๊ณต์กดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ์†Œ๊ทน์  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ดˆ์ƒ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ด๊ณ  ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ดˆ์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ข…๋ž˜์˜ ์ดˆ์ƒ๊ถŒ์€ ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ํก์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ดˆ์ƒ๊ถŒ์„ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์„ค๋„ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ 1์‹ฌ๊ณผ ํ•ญ์†Œ์‹ฌ ํŒ๋ก€ ์ค‘์—๋Š” ์ดˆ์ƒ๊ถŒ์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํŒŒ๊ธฐ์›์€ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ดˆ์ƒ๊ถŒ์— ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•œ ๋ฐ” ์—†๊ณ , ์ดˆ์ƒ๊ถŒ์ž์˜ ๋™์˜, ์Šน๋‚™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ฌํšŒํ˜„์‹ค ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€์‘๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๊ฐ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘” ํ•™์„ค, ํŒ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด๋ฃฉ๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ๋ฒ•์  ์ฒด๊ณ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์  ํ‘œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ, ์ด๋ก ์ โ€ค๋ฒ•์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ, ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์˜ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ๊ณผ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ด ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ด‘์˜์˜ ๋ถ€์ •๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ , ์–‘๋„์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ƒ์†์„ฑ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏผ๋ฒ• ์ œ750์กฐ, ๋ถ€์ •๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฒ• ์ œ2์กฐ ์ œ1ํ˜ธ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ์นจํ•ด ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋‚˜ ๊ทœ์ œ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฒฉ์˜ ํ˜•ํ•ดํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค๋Š” ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์—„๊ฒฉํžˆ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ณต์„œ์–‘์†, ์‹ ์˜์น™, ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋‚จ์šฉ ๋“ฑ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์›์น™์„ ์ ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ œ๊ธฐ 1 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  2 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 4 ์ œ2์žฅ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์  ํ‘œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•  ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 5 ์ œ1์ ˆ ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ถŒ๋ก  5 โ… . ๊ฐœ๋… 5 โ…ก. ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ถŒ 6 1. ์„œ์„ค 6 2. ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ์ • 7 โ…ข. ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ถŒ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 13 1. ์˜์˜ 13 2. ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 14 3. ๊ฒ€ํ†  17 โ…ฃ. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 18 1. ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ถŒ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ๋„์ž… 18 2. ๋ฒ•์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•™์„ค 19 3. ๋ฒ•์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 21 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ๋ก  25 โ… . ์„œ์„ค 25 โ…ก. ๋…์ผ์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ๋ก  26 1. ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „ 26 2. ์ธ๊ฒฉ์  ํ‘œ์ง€์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 29 โ…ข. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ์„ค 31 1. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ 31 2. ์„ฑ๋ช…๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์ดˆ์ƒ๊ถŒ 33 3. ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ฒฉ์  ํ‘œ์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด์ต์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅํ•˜์ž๋Š” ๋…ผ์˜ 35 4. ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ถŒ์„ค์„ ๋น„ํŒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 37 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 39 ์ œ3์žฅ ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 42 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 42 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ 42 โ… . ๊ฐœ๋… 42 โ…ก. ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 43 1. ์ƒ์„ฑ 43 2. ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ ๊ทœ์ •์˜ ๋„์ž… 43 โ…ข. ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฒ”์œ„ 44 โ…ฃ. ์ธ๊ฒฉ์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐํ™” ํ˜„์ƒ 45 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์„ฑ๋ช…๊ถŒ 45 โ… . ๊ฐœ๋… 45 โ…ก. ์„ฑ๋ช…๊ถŒ์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์„ฑ 46 1. ํŒŒ๊ธฐ์› ํŒ๊ฒฐ 46 2. ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์žฌํŒ์†Œ์˜ ํƒœ๋„ 47 โ…ข. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 48 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์Œ์„ฑ๊ถŒ 48 โ… . ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ๋‚ด์šฉ 48 โ…ก. ์Œ์„ฑ๊ถŒ ์นจํ•ด์™€ ์ €์ž‘์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ ์นจํ•ด ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 49 โ…ข. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 50 ์ œ5์ ˆ ์ดˆ์ƒ๊ถŒ 50 โ… . ๊ฐœ๋… 50 โ…ก. ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ณผ์ • 51 1. ์ธ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 51 2. ์ดˆ์ƒ๊ถŒ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ํŒ๋ก€ 51 3. ์ดˆ์ƒ๊ถŒ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ƒํ™œ์„ ์กด์ค‘๋ฐ›์„ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ •๋ฆฝ 53 โ…ข. ๋ฒ•์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 53 1. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ทœ์ • 53 2. ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ ์šด๋™์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ • 56 โ…ฃ. ๋ฒ•์  ์„ฑ์งˆ 56 1. ์„œ์„ค 56 2. ํ•™์„ค 57 3. ํŒ๋ก€ 61 โ…ค. ์นจํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์žฌ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ 67 1. ์ •์‹ ์  ์†ํ•ด 67 2. ์žฌ์‚ฐ์  ์†ํ•ด 70 3. ์ •์‹ ์  ์†ํ•ด์™€ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์  ์†ํ•ด์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 71 4. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 72 โ…ฅ. ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ก  72 1. ์ž…๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 72 2. 2003๋…„ ์ž…๋ฒ•์•ˆ ์†Œ๊ฐœ 73 3. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 73 ์ œ4์žฅ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํŒ๋ก€ 75 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์„œ์–ธ 75 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋Œ€๋ฒ•์› ํŒ๋ก€ 75 โ… . ์„ฑ๋ช…๊ถŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ • 75 โ…ก. ์ดˆ์ƒ๊ถŒ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํŒ๊ฒฐ 76 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์‹ฌ ํŒ๋ก€ 77 โ… . ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ถŒ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋œ ํŒ๋ก€ 77 โ…ก. ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ถŒ์ด ๊ธ์ •๋œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 78 1. ์„œ์šธ์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์› 1995. 6. 23. ์„ ๊ณ  94์นดํ•ฉ9230 ํŒ๊ฒฐ(๋น„๋‹ฌ์‚ฌ์ˆœ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด) 78 2. ์„œ์šธ๋™๋ถ€์ง€๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์› 2004. 2. 12. ์„ ๊ณ  2002๊ฐ€ํ•ฉ3370 ํŒ๊ฒฐ(ํ—ˆ๋ธŒ์ขŒํ›ˆ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด) 79 3. ์„œ์šธ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ฒ•์› 2005. 6. 22. ์„ ๊ณ  2005๋‚˜9168 ํŒ๊ฒฐ(์ด์˜์•  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด) 79 4. ์„œ์šธ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ฒ•์› 2010. 2. 9. ์„ ๊ณ  2009๋‚˜47458 ํŒ๊ฒฐ 80 5. ์„œ์šธ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ฒ•์› 2013. 8 22. ์„ ๊ณ  2012๋‚˜105675 ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 81 โ…ข. ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ถŒ์ด ๋ถ€์ •๋œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์  ์‚ฌ๋ก€ 82 1. ์„œ์šธ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ฒ•์› 2002. 4. 16. ์„ ๊ณ  2000๋‚˜42061 82 2. ์„œ์šธ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ฒ•์› 2015. 1. 30. ์„ ๊ณ  2014๋‚˜2006129 ํŒ๊ฒฐ 83 โ…ฃ. ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ์ œ1์‹ฌโ€คํ•ญ์†Œ์‹ฌ ํŒ๊ฒฐ 85 1. ์ตœ๊ทผ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ 85 2. ์„œ์šธ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ฒ•์› 2014๋‚˜2028495 ํŒ๊ฒฐ 86 3. ์„œ์šธ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ฒ•์› 2016๋‚˜2057657 ํŒ๊ฒฐ 87 4. ์„œ์šธ๊ณ ๋“ฑ๋ฒ•์› 2018๋‚˜2003098 ํŒ๊ฒฐ 87 โ…ค. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 88 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์Ÿ์ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋น„๊ต ๊ฒ€ํ†  90 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์–‘๋„ ๋ฐ ์ด์šฉํ—ˆ๋ฝ 90 โ… . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ 90 1. ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ถŒ์„ค์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 90 2. ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ์„ค์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 92 3. ํŒ๋ก€ 94 โ…ก. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค 95 1. ์„œ์„ค 95 2. ๊ณ„์•ฝ์˜ ์ž์œ  96 3. ํ˜•์‹ 96 4. ๋™์˜ ๋‚ด์ง€ ํ—ˆ๋ฝ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ 98 5. ์ œํ•œ 99 โ…ข. ๊ฒ€ํ†  100 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์ƒ์† 101 โ… . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ 101 1. ํผ๋ธ”๋ฆฌ์‹œํ‹ฐ๊ถŒ์„ค์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 101 2. ์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ถŒ์„ค์˜ ๋…ผ์˜ 103 3. ํŒ๋ก€ 104 โ…ก. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค 105 1. ์ƒ์†์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€์ • 105 2. ์‚ฌํ›„ ๋ณดํ˜ธ 106 โ…ข. ๊ฒ€ํ†  107 ์ œ3์ ˆ ํ•œ๊ณ„ 108 โ… . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ 108 1. ์„œ์„ค 108 2. ํ•™์„ค 109 3. ํŒ๋ก€ 109 โ…ก. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค 110 1. ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 110 2. ์ •๋ณด์˜ ์ž์œ ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 110 3. ํ’์ž๋งŒํ™” 112 4. ๋ถ€์ˆ˜์  ํŠน์ง•์˜ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ(reproduction ร  caractรจre accessoire) 113 5. ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 114 ์ œ4์ ˆ ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 114 โ… . ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ 114 1. ์นจํ•ดํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๊ธˆ์ง€์ฒญ๊ตฌ 114 2. ์†ํ•ด๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ 115 โ…ก. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค 115 1. ์นจํ•ด์˜ ์š”๊ฑด 115 2. ์นจํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์žฌ 115 ์ œ6์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  118 ์ฐธ ๊ณ  ๋ฌธ ํ—Œ 121 ABSTRACT 128Maste

    ๊ฒฐํ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์˜ ํˆฌ์‚ฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์กฐ์†Œ๊ณผ, 2022.2. ์ด์šฉ๋•.์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ๊ฒฐํ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ํ•„ํ„ฐ๋กœ์จโ€˜๊ฒฐํ•โ€™์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ , ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์žก์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„๋…ธ๋‚˜ ์šฐ์šธ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์Šนํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐํ•์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒฐํ• ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์›๋™๋ ฅ(๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•)์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์ด ๋˜์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. โ€˜์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์žโ€™๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฐ์ • ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”โ€˜๊ณตํฌโ€™์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ์ •์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต๊ฐ„, ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋งŒ ๋˜์–ด๋„ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์‘ ์ค‘์— ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š๋‚€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณตํฌ์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•์€ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ถฉ๋Œ์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์ฆ, ๋™์‹ฌ์˜ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•จ์„ ์žƒ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์ฆ, ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์  ํƒœ๋„์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•์ฆ์ด๋‹ค.The primary purpose of this study is to make images to help people see their hidden desires themselves. In the process of making images, it is possible to see your own deficiencies and obsessions. Itโ€™s hard to accurately recognize your emotions without practice and a medium of expression. Unwanted situations often occur without realizing it in an effort to express those emotions and find relief. Itโ€™s because our unwanted emotions instinctively find any medium to project as an outlet, we often unleash them in an unhealthy manner. There are pros and cons to expressing deficiencies and obsessions, because there are good feelings and bad feelings. We can show our violence to those weaker than ourselves, like animals, children or women. Sometimes there is no true care but we can use all emotions, even negative ones, or violent ones as proofs that we love or are loved.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ โ… . ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ 1 โ…ก. โ€˜๊ฒฐํ•โ€™๊ณผ โ€˜๊ฐ•๋ฐ•โ€™์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 6 โ…ข. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ํˆฌ์‚ฌ 9 โ…ฃ. ๋งบ์œผ๋ฉฐ 55 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 58 Abstract 59์„

    Quantitative Assessment of Vascular Permeability in Migraine on Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ์ตœ์Šนํ™.Introduction: To determine the pathophysiologic loci of migraine, we analyzed the quantitative blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeability in migraine-associated brain regions using dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and methods: From September 2016 to December 2017, 56 subjects underwent DCE MRI after gadobutrol administration and were classified into migraine (n=35) and control groups (n=21). Automatic volumetric segmentation was performed on the precontrast T1-weighted image using FreeSurfer, and migraine-associated brain region masks were extracted using NordicICE. The corresponding pharmacokinetic parameters of Ktrans, the volume transfer constant, and Vp, the fractional plasma volume, maps were coregistered with the region of interest masks, and their statistics were calculated. For comparison between the two groups, the unpaired t-test or Mann-Whitney test was used. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to identify correlations between clinical characteristics and the aforementioned perfusion parameters. Results: Age in the migraine group was significantly younger than that in the control group (p<0.0001). In the migraine group, the mean value of Vp in the left amygdala was lower than those in the control group (p=0.0382). Only the mean value of Vp in the left amygdala had a correlation with the intensity of headache attack in migraine patients (p=0.0350). Conclusion: The decreased Vp in the left amygdala is related to migraine, which can be used as a migraine-associated imaging biomarker.๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์ : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™์  ์กฐ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ• ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ณต๋ช… ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‡Œ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์ •๋Ÿ‰์  ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๋‡Œ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ ํˆฌ๊ณผ์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต์˜ ๋ณ‘ํƒœ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•: ์‹ค์ œ ์ž„์ƒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด 2016๋…„ 9์›”๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 2017๋…„ 12์›”์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๊ฐ€๋„๋ทฐํŠธ๋กค ํˆฌ์—ฌ ํ›„ ์–ป์€ ๋™์  ์กฐ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ• ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ณต๋ช… ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ดฌ์˜ํ•œ 56๋ช…์˜ ํ”ผํ—˜์ž๋ฅผ ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต๊ตฐ (์ด 35๋ช…) ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ (์ด 21๋ช…) ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ”„๋ฆฌ์„œํผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ์˜์ฆ๊ฐ• ์ „ T1 ๊ฐ•์กฐ ์˜์ƒ์—์„œ ์ „์ฒด ๋‡Œ ์˜์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๋™ ์˜์—ญ ๋ถ„ํ• ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ดํ›„, ๋…ธ๋ฅด๋”•์•„์ด์Šค๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๋™ ์˜์—ญ ๋ถ„ํ• ์ด ๋๋‚œ ์ „์ฒด ๋‡Œ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‡Œ ์˜์—ญ ๋งˆ์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋™์  ์กฐ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ• ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ณต๋ช… ์˜์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ด ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์™ธ ์„ธํฌ์™ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™๋˜๋Š” ์กฐ์˜์ œ์˜ ๋ถ„์œจ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ์ฒด์ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ƒ์ˆ˜ (Ktrans) ์ง€๋„์™€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ด ํ˜ˆ์žฅ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์ฒด์ ์ง€๋„ (Vp)๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์•ž์„œ ์ถ”์ถœํ•œ ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋‡Œ ์˜์—ญ ๋งˆ์Šคํฌ๋งˆ๋‹ค ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ž์ธ ์ฒด์ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ƒ์ˆ˜ (Ktrans) ๋ฐ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์ฒด์  (Vp) ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์˜์—ญ ๋งˆ์Šคํฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ž์˜ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ ์˜์—ญ ๋งˆ์Šคํฌ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ž์˜ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…๋ฆฝํ‘œ๋ณธํ‹ฐ๊ฒ€์ •๊ณผ ๋งจ-ํœ˜ํŠธ๋‹ˆ ๊ฒ€์ •์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์‹ ์ž ์กฐ์ž‘ ํŠน์„ฑ ๊ณก์„  ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ด์ „ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„์‹œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ: ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต๊ตฐ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์—ฐ๋ น์€ 57.23 ์„ธ (๋ฒ”์œ„: 26 โ€“ 79์„ธ)๋กœ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์—ฐ๋ น 71.33 ์„ธ (๋ฒ”์œ„: 58 โ€“ 87์„ธ)๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค (P<0.0001). ์ขŒ์ธก ํŽธ๋„์ฒด์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์ฒด์  (Vp) ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์€ ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต๊ตฐ์—์„œ 4.45x10-1ยฑ4.64x10-1 ml/100g ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์—์„œ 7.17x10-1ยฑ9.22x10-1 ml/100g ๋กœ ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค (P=0.0382). ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ž„์ƒ์  ํŠน์„ฑ ์ค‘ ๋‘ํ†ต ๋ฐœ์ž‘์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๋งŒ์ด ์ขŒ์ธก ํŽธ๋„์ฒด์—์„œ ์ธก์ •๋œ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์ฒด์  (Vp) ์˜ ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค (P=0.0350). ๊ฒฐ๋ก : ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ขŒ์ธก ํŽธ๋„์ฒด์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์ฒด์  (Vp) ํ‰๊ท ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋Š” ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ด€๋ฅ˜ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ธ์ž๋Š” ํŽธ๋‘ํ†ต๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๋‡Œ ์žฅ๋ฒฝ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋œ ํˆฌ๊ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์˜์ƒ ์ƒ์ฒดํ‘œ์ง€์ž๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.Abstract (in English) I Contents IV List of tables V List of figures VI Introduction 1 Materials and methods 3 Results 13 Discussion 17 References 22 Abstract (in Korean) 57Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๋‚ด๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต,1996.Docto

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[์˜๋ฌธ] [ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์‚ฐ์ „์ง„๋‹จ์˜ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์ „์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ, ํƒœ์•„์™€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๊ณผ์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹๋“ค์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜ ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํƒœ์•„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ถ€ ์„ ์ฒœ์„ฑ ๊ธฐํ˜•์€ ์ž๊ถ์„ ์ ˆ๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐํ˜•์„ ๊ต์ •ํ•˜ ๋ ค๋Š” ํƒœ์•„์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ด ์‹œ๋„ ๋˜๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ํƒœ์•„์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ ์—์„œ ์ฐฝ์ƒ์ด ๋ฐ˜ํ”์œผ๋กœ ์น˜์œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ˜ํ”์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‚จ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ์น˜ ์œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํƒœ์•„์˜ ์ƒ์ฒ˜์น˜์œ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ทผ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ 71๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํƒœ์ž์˜ ์ƒ์ฒ˜์น˜์œ  ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์„ฑ์ˆ™๊ฐœ์ฒด์™€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ ์žํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๋ฐฑ์„œ ํƒœ์ž์—์„œ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ›„์˜ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ๊ฒฐ์ฒด์กฐ์ง์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํƒœ์ž๋ฐฑ์„œ(์ˆ˜์ž„ 19-20์ผ), ์‹ ์ƒ๋ฐฑ์„œ(์ƒํ›„1์ผ) ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์ˆ™๋ฐฑ์„œ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ€์— ์ „์ธตํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ฐฝ์ƒ (full thickness skin incision)์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ ํ›„ ๋ด‰ํ•ฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜์ˆ  5์ผํ›„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ƒ์—์„œ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ƒ๊ฒ€ํ•˜์—ฌ hematnxylin-rosin์—ผ์ƒ‰, Masson's trichrome ์—ผ์ƒ‰ ๋ฐ ๊ต์›์งˆ type โ…ข, โ…ฃ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™(immunohistochemical) ์—ผ์ƒ‰์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํƒœ์ž ์ฐฝ์ƒ์กฐ์ง์˜ hematoxylin-eosin์—ผ์ƒ‰์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ผ์ฆ์ƒˆํฌ์˜ ์นจ์œค์ด๋‚˜ ๋ชจ์ƒˆํ˜ˆ ๊ด€์˜ ์ฆ์‹์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, Masson's trichnome ์—ผ์ƒ‰์—์„œ ๊ต์›์งˆ์˜ ์นจ์ฐฉ๋„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ƒ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์ˆ™๋ฐฑ์„œ ์ฐฝ์ƒ์กฐ์ง์˜ hematoxyline-eosin์—ผ์ƒ‰์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ผ์ฆ์„ธํฌ ์นจ์œค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊นจ ์œก์•„์กฐ์ง(granulation tissue)์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ์™€ ๋ชจ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€์˜ ์ฆ์‹์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜ ์—ˆ๋‹ค.Masson's trichrome ์—ผ์ƒ‰์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง„ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์œผ๋‚˜ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ต์›์งˆ์˜ ์นจ์ฐฉ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™์—ผ์ƒ‰์—์„œ๋Š” ํƒœ์ž, ์‹ ์ƒ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์ˆ™๋ฐฑ์„œ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘๊ต์›์งˆ type โ…ข, โ…ฃ์— ์–‘์„ฑ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Œ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ์ƒ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์ˆ™๋ฐฑ์„œ์˜ ์ฐฝ์ƒ์น˜์œ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ๊ต์›์งˆ์˜ ์นจ์ฐฉ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํƒœ์ž๋ฐฑ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ผ์ฆ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ๊ต์›์งˆ์˜ ์นจ์ฐฉ์—†์ด ์ฐฝ์ƒ์ด ์น˜์œ ๋˜๋Š” ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. Histological studios of the fetal wound of rats Yeon Soo Kim Department of Medicine, The Graduate School, Yonsei University (Directed by Professor Keuk Shin Shin) Fetal diagnosis has undergone explosive growth in the past decade. As a result of antenatal diagnosis, the fetus is now considered a patient. Recent experimental work supports Rowlatt's clinical observation that the midgestation human fetus he83s by mesenchymal proliferation and without scar formation normally seen in the adult. Studies using rats, rabbit sheep, and monkeys all demonstrate distinct differences between fatal and adult skin wound healing. However, the nature of these differences remains unknown, and it might be hypothesized that the cellular and connective tissue responses to injury in the fetus are distinctly different from those of the adult. To directly test this hypotheses, the tissue response to injury was studied in fetal, neonatal, and adult Sprague-Dawley rats using a standard wound model. A 1.0 cm paravertebral linear incision was made on the back of fetal rats with a No. ll knife blade and repaired with # 8-0 nylon sutures. One-day-old rats and adults rats were wounded in identical fashion. Wounds were excised 5 days postoperatively in the fetuses, neonates, and adults. All specimens were fixed immediately in 10 % buffered formalin, Processed and examined with hematoxylin-eosin stain, Masson's trichrome stain, and immunohistochemical stain. In the fetus, inflammatory process ๏ผ† granulation tissues were not noted, and no collagen was seen. In neonatal and adult rat, inflammatory Uocess, granulation tissues,and deposition of collagen were noted. There was no positive reaction to collagen type โ…ข and โ…ฃ in immunohistochemical stain . Conclusively, We could see the inflammatory reaction and collagen deposition in the neonate and adult wounding, and find that fetal wound was repaired without the inflammatory reaction and collagen deposition.restrictio

    (A) literature review for a model development of community health diagnosis

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    ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ง„๋‹จ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ž ์žฌ์ , ํ˜„์‹œ์  ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์›์ธ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ, ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ์„œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ƒํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์„ ํ–‰์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ผ์ฐจ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ ํ™œ๋™ ์˜์—ญ ๋ฐ ์—ญํ™œ์ด ์ฆ๋Œ€๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณด๊ฑด๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ง„๋‹จ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ง„๋‹จ์€ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์ด ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ธ์‹๋˜์–ด ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ์ข…์ข… ํ”ผ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ๋ฐฉ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ์™”๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง„๋‹จ์˜ ์ •์˜์กฐ์ฐจ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ฐœ๋…ํ™”๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ ์ง„๋‹จ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ง„๋‹จ์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋ถ„๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”์šฐ๊ธฐ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์‹ค์ •์€ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ง„๋‹จ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ์ œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ง„๋‹จ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ง„๋‹จ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฃผ์•ˆ์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ •์˜๋œ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ง„๋‹จ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ฌธํ—Œ๊ณ ์ฐฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„ธ๋ถ€๋ชฉ์ ์˜ ์ˆœ์„œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ง„๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ํ›„, ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ•ด์„œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ง„๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„, ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆœ์„œ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„, ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ณตํ†ต์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ, ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์กฐ์ง, ์ƒํ™œ๊ณต๊ฐ„, ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ„์˜ ์š”์†Œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ, ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ, ์ธ๊ตฌ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ, ์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ค€ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ, ๊ณตํ†ต์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋กœ์„œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ, ํ‰ํ˜•, ์ ์‘, ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์š”์†Œ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ, ํ‰ํ˜•, ์ ์‘์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ๋กœ์„œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์ธ ์—ญํ•™์  ๋ชจ๋ธ, ๋‰ด๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋ธ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ง„๋‹จ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ง„๋‹จ์˜ ์š”์†Œ ๋น„๊ต์—์„œ ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์—ญํ•™์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ˆ™์ฃผ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ๋‰ด๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ์ฒด๊ณ„ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€. ์—ญํ•™์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋ณ‘์ธ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ๋‰ด๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์› ์š”์†Œ์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํˆฌ์ž… ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€, ์—ญํ•™์  ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์š”์†Œ์™€ ๋‰ด๋งŒ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์„ ๊ณผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์›์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ฒด๊ณ„ ๋ชจ๋ธ์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๋ฐฉ์–ด์„ (๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์„  ๋ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์„ ), ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์› ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ง„๋‹จ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The purpose of this study is to establish concepts, compare models, and develop a new approach for community health diagnosis. Community heal th diagnosis is defined as the identification of actual and potential heal th problems in communities or populations. It is a label that both describes a situation and implies an ethiology. Because the community health diagnosis gives direction to both community health nursing goals and intervention, community health diagnosis is the keystone of community health practice. Although it is widely acknowledged that community health diagnosis is an essential precursor to community health nursing intervention, it still has ambiguous definition, unmeasurable goals, and a tenuous structure. In addition, the eclipse of community health diagnosis theory in the literature is so complete that some texts even exclude diagnosis as a stage of the nursing process applied to the community, and put it under the rubric of community assessment. Many people argue about the approaches in applying community health diagnosis: It is their opionion that nursing theory has not developed sufficiently to guide community health nurses in the application of the nursin diagnosis with in the community. In an attempt to clarify the concepts and to develop an new approach of community health diagnosis, the sub-goals of thin study are: 1. To clarify and re-establish the concepts of community and community health. 2. To investigate models explainning community health, to compare them, and to draw common features in community health diagnosis. 3. To develop a new approach to community heal th diagnosis. The study method and the results of the study are that: 1. The concepts of community and community health reviewed and then utilized for community heal th diagnosis. 2. The epidemiological model, Neuman model, and system model were studied and commonalities elicited. 3. A new approach for community health diagnosis was developed. In this approach, the basic components for identification of community health problems were core, community strength, and stressor factors.restrictio

    Inquiry Classes by Middle School Science Teachers : In Relation to Earth Science Teachers

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ(์ง€๊ตฌ๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต),2010.2.Maste

    ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ํ™˜์›๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ Pt-CeO2C ์ „๊ทน์ด‰๋งค ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2006.Maste
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