The antimicrobial and anti-plaque effect of dentifrice containing baking soda and triclosan

Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and anti-plaque effect of dentifrice containing 24% baking soda and 0.3% triclosan in vitro and in clinical trial. Methods. This study was composed of two parts. The first part evaluated in vitro antibacterial effect of dentifrices containing baking soda or baking soda with triclosan by minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of alamar blue staining. The second part was to evaluate anti-plaque effects by a randomized, double-blind clinical study. A total of 73 subjects were enrolled in this study, and they were all healthy adult volunteers who provided informed consent. They were divided into three groups, which were the baking soda group (dentifrice containing 24% baking soda), the baking soda/triclosan group (dentifrice containing 24% baking soda and 0.3% triclosan) and the control group. All groups were instructed to perform tooth brushing more than two times per day and not use the other oral hygiene products. The plaque was measured by Turesky modification of Quigley-Hein index in the six representative teeth. All subjects were evaluated at baseline, four weeks and eight weeks. Results. According to the antimicrobial effect observed in the in vitro study, the baking soda with triclosan dentifrices group showed the lowest level of MIC to S. mutans (0.04%) and P. gingivalis (0.04%) compared to the control and other test groups. According to the effect of reducing plaque formation in clinical study, the baking soda/triclosan and the baking soda dentifrice groups showed significant reduction of plaque formation at four weeks (p＜0.05), and additional reduction of plaque formation eight week laters (p＜0.05). Conclusions. The dentifrice containing 24% of baking soda and 0.3% of triclosan showed more antibacterial and anti-plaque effects than the control or baking soda group by in vitro study and clinical trial.ope

The characteristics of high caries risk group for 12-year old children in Korea

Objectives. This study examined the characteristics of a high caries risk group of 12-year-old children in Korea. Methods. The oral health status and interview data were collected from 1,755 children (888 males, 867 females), aged 12 years, who participated in the Korea National Oral Health Survey in 2006. The DMFT values of the subjects were sorted. The upper one third was selected as the high risk caries group (N=585) and the other two thirds were classified as the low risk caries group (N=1,170). This study used the demographic and social variables, such as gender, area of residence and governmental support for lunch in school. The variables for the oral health status, oral health related-consciousness and behavior were the number of dental sealants of the first molar, self-perceived oral health, tooth brushing after lunch, average frequencies of tooth brushing per day and the mean frequency of daily snack consumption. The associations between the demographic and social variables, oral health status, oral health related-consciousness and behavior and high risk group were evaluated by logistic regression analysis. Results. Most of the high caries risk group had less than 2 sealant teeth on the first molar (94.2%) and lived mainly in metropolitan areas (46.8%, p＜0.05). They had a poorer self-perceived oral health (41.8%) than the low risk group and more 2∼3 times the snack intake per day (p＜0.05). The determinants of the high risk group were whether the first molar was sealed (‘under 2’, OR=6.05), self-perceived oral health (‘good’, OR=1.77, ‘poor’, OR=2.67), mean frequency of daily snack intake (‘2∼3 time’, OR=1.31, ‘more than 4’, OR=2.34) and area of residence (‘city’, OR=0.79). Conclusions. The characteristics of the high caries risk group in Korean 12-year-old children were less than 2 sealant teeth on the first molar, poor self-perceived oral health, high snack intake per day and living in metropolitan areasope

Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Presenting as a Predominantly Cystic Mass on Ultrasonography: A Case Report

Most medullary thyroid carcinomas show suspicious malignant features such as hypoechogenicity, a spiculated margin and/or intranodular calcifications, which are well known features of papillary carcinoma. We report here on a case of medullary carcinoma that was seen as a predominantly cystic thyroid mass on ultrasonography. This type of case is not common in the literature and we discuss the way to diagnose a medullary thyroid carcinoma.ope

Determination of optimal imaging mode for ultrasonographic detection of subdermal contraceptive rods: comparison of spatial compound, conventional, and tissue harmonic imaging methods.

OBJECTIVE: To determine which mode of ultrasonography (US), among the conventional, spatial compound, and tissue-harmonic methods, exhibits the best performance for the detection of Implanon® with respect to generation of posterior acoustic shadowing (PAS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 21 patients, referred for localization of impalpable Implanon®, underwent US, using the three modes with default settings (i.e., wide focal zone). Representative transverse images of the rods, according to each mode for all patients, were obtained. The resulting 63 images were reviewed by four observers. The observers provided a confidence score for the presence of PAS, using a five-point scale ranging from 1 (definitely absent) to 5 (definitely present), with scores of 4 or 5 for PAS being considered as detection. The average scores of PAS, obtained from the three different modes for each observer, were compared using one-way repeated measure ANOVA. The detection rates were compared using a weighted least square method. RESULTS: Statistically, the tissue harmonic mode was significantly superior to the other two modes, when comparing the average scores of PAS for all observers (p < 0.00-1). The detection rate was also highest for the tissue harmonic mode (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Tissue harmonic mode in uS appears to be the most suitable in detecting subdermal contraceptive implant rods.ope

Glioma Grading Capability: Comparisons among Parameters from Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI and ADC Value on DWI

OBJECTIVE: Permeability parameters from dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) can be quantitative physiologic metrics for gliomas. The transfer constant (K(trans)) has shown efficacy in grading gliomas. Volume fraction of extravascular extracellular space (ve) has been underutilized to grade gliomas. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ve in its ability to grade gliomas and to assess the correlation with other permeability parameters and ADC values. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 33 patients diagnosed with pathologically-confirmed gliomas were examined by 3 T MRI including DCE-MRI and ADC map. A region of interest analyses for permeability parameters from DCE-MRI and ADC were performed on the enhancing solid portion of the tumors. Permeability parameters form DCE-MRI and ADC between low- and high-grade gliomas; the diagnostic performances of presumptive metrics and correlation among those metrics were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: High-grade gliomas showed higher K(trans) (0.050 vs. 0.010 in median value, p = 0.002) and higher ve (0.170 vs. 0.015 in median value, p = 0.001) than low-grade gliomas. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed significance in both K(trans) and ve for glioma grading. However, there was no significant difference in diagnostic performance between K(trans) and ve. ADC value did not correlate with any of the permeability parameters from DCE-MRI. CONCLUSION: Extravascular extracellular space (ve) appears to be comparable with transfer constant (K(trans)) in differentiating high-grade gliomas from low-grade gliomas. ADC value does not show correlation with any permeability parameters from DCE-MRI.ope

A study on orthodontic clinic patients’ treatment hospital determinants and satisfaction

현대사회는 치과간의 경쟁이 더욱 치열해지고 있으며, 병원급이나 의원급 치과 의료기관의 경우 종합병원과 비교하여 나름의 장점을 부각시켜 경쟁력 확보를 위해 노력하고 있다. 또한 과거와 비교하였을 때, 현대에는 이가 아파야지만 치과에 간다는 생각에서 벗어나 치열 및 안모의 이상이나 저작기능에 대한 불만 등으로 치과병원을 찾는 사람들이 점차 늘어나고 있으며, 치아 교정치료에 대한 관심 증가와 더불어 심미성을 추구하는 대중의 수가 증가하면서 교정치료의 수요는 점점 더 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 그러므로 경쟁이 심한 치과 의료시장 환경에서 생존하고 발전하기 위해서는 교정을 위해 치과에 내원하는 환자들의 병원 선택요인을 명확하게 파악하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 또한 병원을 선택한 환자들의 만족도를 높이기 위해서 노력하는 것은 교정치료 시 치과의사, 직원들과 환자와의 관계를 증진시키고 더 좋은 치료 결과가 나오도록 하며, 양질의 진료를 하는 데에 도움을 주게 된다. 그러나 기존의 연구들은 대형병원에서 일반적인 만족도에 관한 연구들이 대부분이고, 의원급에서 치과, 특히 교정 치료 분야에 국한한 연구는 거의 찾아보기 힘든 것이 현실이다. 이에 본 연구는 서울시 강남구에 위치한 3개의 교정전문 치과의원에 내원하고 있는 141명의 치아교정환자들을 대상으로 치과 결정요인과 만족도에 관한 조사를 실시하였다. 만 20세 이상의 성인 환자만을 대상으로, 총 180부의 구조화된 설문지를 대상자에게 나누어 준 다음, 자기기입식으로 작성한 후 수거하는 방법으로 진행되어 최종 141부가 연구에 사용되었다. 연구에 이용된 설문지는 5개 부문으로 일반적 특성 9문항, 치과방문 동기와 치과선택자, 치과 선택 경로에 관한 질문 3문항, 치료병원 결정요인은 18문항, 치료병원과 교정치료 만족요인은 18문항, 치과에 대한 불만사항 여부와 치과 재이용 및 타인권유 여부에 관한 질문은 6문항으로 구성하였다. 수집된 자료는 통계 프로그램인 IBM SPSS Ver. 19.0을 이용하여 Chi-square test, t-test 검정, one way ANOVA, 상관관계분석, 다중회귀분석을 시행하였고, 분석을 통해 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 일반적인 특성에 따른 만족도와의 상관관계에서‘성별’, ‘결혼유무’,‘학력’, ‘월평균 수입’은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았고, ‘병원까지 소요시간’만이 통계적으로 유의하였다. (p&amp;lt;0.05) 2. 교정치과 내원 환자들의 병원 결정요인은‘치과위생사와 직원들의 친절’, ‘병원 진료시설의 청결’, ‘의사의 의학적 지식과 기술에 대한 신뢰감’ 순서로 나타났다. 3. 교정치과 내원 환자들의 병원과 교정치료에 대한 만족요인은‘치과위생사와 직원들의 친절’,‘의사의 임상적 지식과 기술’,‘병원내의 청결’순이었고, 각각의 만족도는 5점 만점에 4.47, 4.35, 4.34로 나타났다. 4. 병원 결정요인 중 ‘접근성’, ‘의료진’,‘병원의 시스템’, ‘진료비’요인은 만족도와의 상관관계에서 통계적으로 유의하였고, ‘추천’ 요인은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. (p&amp;lt;0.05) 5. 만족도를 종속변수로 하고 병원 결정요인을 설명변수로 한 회귀분석 결과 ‘병원시스템’(β=.382, t=6.456, p=.000),‘의료진’ (β=.362, t=6.818, p=.000),‘진료비’ (β=.179, t=4.957, p=.000),‘접근성’ (β=.081, t=3.205, p=.002) 순서였고, 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났다. (p&amp;lt;0.05) 6, 치과에 대해 불만경험이 있는 환자는 25.5%에 해당하는 36명이었고, 불만사항은 대기시간, 진료비, 예약시간조절 순으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과로 미루어 볼 때 교정치과의원에서는 환자들이 병원 내 시설들을 청결하고 쾌적하게 느낄 수 있도록 관리하고, 접수, 수납 및 예약절차를 간편하게 하여 편리함을 제공해야 할 것으로 사료된다. 또, 의사와 치과위생사들은 환자들을 대할 때 의학적 지식과 기술에 대한 신뢰감을 주는 것과 더불어 말투와 표정, 행동에서 거부감 없이 응대하는 것이 중요하다 하겠다. 특히 환자들이 만족감을 느끼는 요인들 중 치과위생사의 역할이 중요하다는 것을 알 수 있었기에 환자를 위하는 마음을 기반으로 전문성과 친절함을 겸비하도록 노력하고, 교정비용, 교정기간에 대하여 충분한 설명을 해주는 등의 노력이 더 필요할 것으로 사료된다. 환자들은 ‘병원시스템’과 ‘의료진’ 요인을 중요한 병원 결정요인으로 생각한다고 하였는데, 의료진들은 이러한 환자들의 요구를 반영하되 반드시 의학적 지식과 기술을 바탕으로 그에 더하여 양질의 시스템을 갖추는 노력이 필요할 것이며, 환자들 또한 병원의 시스템뿐만 아니라 다양한 요인을 고려하고 현명한 판단으로 치과를 선택하여 양질의 진료서비스를 받을 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다.;It seems obvious that the competition amongst dental clinics is becoming harsher than ever, and many of the clinics, irrelevant of their sizes, strive to have a leverage over big hospitals through refining their strong points. Moreover, many patients who are concerned with their teeth arrangements, facial forms, or masticatory functions visit dental clinics nowadays, compared to the past when everyone went to a dental clinic only because of the pain. The average people’s interest in orthodontic treatment and its aesthetical result is as high as ever, and the demand for the orthodontic treatment is increasing consequently. Therefore, in order to survive and prosper in this competitive dentistry market, it is imperative to identify precisely the factors that affect the patients to choose a certain orthodontic clinic. Furthermore, raising the visiting patients’ satisfaction will tighten the relationship between the patients and the staffs of the clinics, produce better treatment results, and make the best care possible. However, traditional studies were mainly concentrated on patients’ satisfaction of big hospitals, and studies of dental clinics, especially orthodontics, were scarce. Current study, which was an investigation on the selection factors and the degree of satisfaction about dental clinics, was conducted on 141 patients who visited three dental clinics in Gangnam-gu, Seoul that specialized in orthodontics. Total of 180 questionnaires were distributed among the patients who are over 20 of age. The questionnaires were filled out manually by the patients themselves, and 141 questionnaires were collected at the end. The questionnaire had 5 parts: 1. 9 questions on general characteristics of the patients; 2. 3 questions on the motives of visit, the person who actually chose the clinic, and the source of information on the clinic; 3. 18 questions on the factors that affected them to choose that specific clinic; 4. 18 questions on the satisfactory factors about the clinic and the treatments; 5. 6 questions on the complaints on the clinic and the intention of revisit or recommending to others. The collected data was statistically analyzed via IBM SPSS Ver. 19.0, and the tests and analyses run were Chi-square test, t-test, one way ANOVA, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The results are as follows: 1. On the relationship between the general characteristics and the degree of satisfaction, ‘gender’, ‘marital status’, ‘degree of education’, and ‘monthly income’ were not statistically significant, and only ‘the commuting time to the clinic’ was significant. (p&amp;lt;0.05) 2. The top three factors that influence patients to visit certain orthodontic clinic were hospitality of the staff, clean facility, and reliable knowledge and skill of the dentist, in the order highest to lowest. 3. The top three factors of the orthodontic clinics and the treatment that satisfied the patients were: 1. hospitality of the staff; 2. clinical knowledge and skill of the dentist; 3. cleanliness of the facility. The three factors scored 4.47, 4.35, and 4.34 out of 5, respectively. 4. Among the selection factors, ‘proximity’, ‘the staff’, ‘system of the clinic’, and ‘treatment fee’ were statistically significant in a correlation analysis with the degree of satisfaction, while ‘recommended by others’ was not. (p&amp;lt;0.05) 5. In a regression analysis where the degree of satisfaction was the dependent variable and the selection factor was the explanatory variable, ‘system of the clinic’ (β=.382, t=6.456, p=.000), ‘the staff’ (β=.362, t=6.818, p=.000), ‘treatment fee’ (β=.179, t=4.957, p=.000), ‘proximity’ (β=.081, t=3.205, p=.002) produced the above results and were statistically significant.(p&amp;lt;0.05) 6. 36 patients (25.5%) had complaints about their clinics, and they were not happy about the waiting time, price, and the inflexible appointments. Hence, orthodontic clinics should manage the facility so that the patients would feel clean and pleasant, and simplify the registration, payment, and appointment processes to provide convenience to them. Dentists and dental hygienists should appear trustworthy regarding their clinical knowledge and skills. Both of them also should not show reluctance when they interact with patients, which would be seen from their words, facial expressions, and actions. Given that among the factors that satisfied the patients the most dental hygienists took a big part in it, dental hygienists should be armed with aptitude and hospitality, based on their ‘good heart’ for the patients. To satisfy the patients to the fullest, there should be thorough explanation about the duration and price of the orthodontic treatments, to lower the price and time and raise the quality of the treatment at the same time. It was shown that the patients thought of ‘the system of the dental clinic’ and ‘the staff’ to be important selection factors. Meeting their demands should be the first thing the dental clinics should do, but the staffs must not forget to deliver reliable clinical knowledge and skills at all times. On top of that, patients should consider diverse factors including the system of the clinic and make wise decisions to get the highest quality of treatment that they can get.Ⅰ. 서론 1 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법4 A. 연구대상 4 B. 연구방법 4 1. 연구절차 4 2. 설문지의 구성 4 C. 자료분석 9 Ⅲ. 연구결과 10 A. 연구대상자의 일반적 특성 10 B. 연구대상자의 치과방문 동기, 치과선택자, 치과선택 경로 14 C. 연구대상자의 병원 결정요인16 D. 연구대상자의 병원과 교정치료에 대한 만족도 19 E. 연구대상자의 병원 결정요인과 만족도간의 상관관계 22 F. 연구대상자의 병원 결정요인과 만족도간의 회귀분석 24 G. 연구대상자의 불만사항 여부, 치과 재이용, 타인권유 여부 25 IV. 고찰 27 V. 결론 31 참고문헌 33 부록. 설문지 36 Abstract 4

유방암 진단 당시의 양측 유방 초음파의 진단적 수행 평가

Dept. of Medicine/석사Purpose: To evaluate the positive predictive value (PPV) of bilateral whole-breast ultrasonography (BWBS) on detection of synchronous breast lesions on initial diagnosis of breast cancer and evaluate factors affecting PPV of BWBS according to variable clinical and imaging factors.Methods: Total 75 patients who had synchronous lesions with pathologic confirmation at the initial diagnosis of breast cancer during Jan 2007 and Dec 2007 were included. Clinical factors of the patient such as age, history of breast cancer and menopause status was evaluated. One observer retrospectively reviewed mammography and BWBS images of the index breast cancer lesion and the synchronous lesion. The PPV for additional biopsy was calculated for BWBS and variable clinical and imaging factors affecting the PPV for BWBS was evaluated.Results 97 synchronous breast lesions were included. Overall PPV for additional biopsy was 21.6%. The PPV for synchronous lesions detected only on mammography, detected both on mammography and BWBS, detected only on BWBS was 11.1%, 76.9% and 14.3% respectively. There was no clinical factor affecting the PPV for BWBS. Among the imaging factors ipsilateral location of the synchronous lesion to the index lesion (p=0.06) showed marginal statistical significance for synchronous breast lesion to be malignant. Mass with calcification mammography presentation (p <0.01), presence of calcification among the ultrasonography findings (p <0.01) and high BI-RADS final assessment (p<0.01) were imaging factors of the additional synchronous lesion with statistical significance for the synchronous lesion to be malignant.Conclusions: BWBS can be a useful adjunct to mammography for detection of additional synchronous malignancy at the diagnosis of breast cancer with a relatively high PPV, especially when mammography findings are correlated with sonography findings.ope

Magnetic resonance visualization of surgical classification of rotator cuff tear: comparison with three-dimensional shoulder magnetic resonance arthrography at 3.0 T.

The purpose was to evaluate the diagnostic feasibility of magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) for surgical classification of rotator cuff tear (RCT). Two-dimensional (2D)/three-dimensional (3D) MRAs of 45 patients who underwent and subsequent arthroscopy were evaluated. Full-thickness tears of supraspinatus-infraspinatus tendon were classified based on surgical categories: crescentic, U-shaped, and L-shaped. Signal-to-noise ratios showed no significant difference (P>.05); however contrast-to-noise ratios were significantly higher on 2D MRA (P=.02). Diagnoses of RCTs using 3D MRA were similar to diagnoses using 2D MRA, but had a shorter imaging time. MR visualization for surgical classification was feasible. However, diagnosis of L-shaped tears was limited.ope

Wavelength control using double contact F-P LD

학위논문(석사) - 한국과학기술원 : 전기및전자공학전공, 2006.2, [ ii, 55 p. ]WDM-PON 광원으로 제안된 파장 잠김 된 F-P LD의 온도 의존성은 시스템의 동작 가능 온도 범위를 제한하여, 이를 해결하기 위해 LD의 동작 온도를 고정하는 고가의 열전냉각기 (thermoelectric cooler 이하 TEC)나 히터 (heater)의 사용이 불가피하다는 단점이 있다. 이는 경제성 면에서 TDM-PON에 비해 열세를 보이고 있는 WDM-PON의 구축 비용을 상승시키는 원인이 되므로, 이를 해결하기 위한 방안에 대한 연구가 절실하다. 따라서 고가의 TEC나 heater와 같은 온도 조절 소자를 사용하지 않고, F-P LD의 발진 파장을 고정시킬 수 있는 방안이 제안된다면, 경제적인 WDM-PON의 구현이 가능해질 것이다. 본 논문에서는 두 개의 주입 전극을 갖는 페브리 페롯 레이저 다이오드의 주입 전류를 조절하여 온도에 무관하게 파장을 고정시킬 수 있음을 보였다. 또한, 현재 WDM-PON에 대한 연구는 채널 수 증가와 고속화, 그리고 저가의 광원 개발에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 더욱이, 채널 수 증가와 데이터 속도의 고속화를 위해서는 파장 독립적인 동작이 필수적이다. 본 논문에서는, TEC나 heater를 사용하지 않고도 파장 독립적인 동작이 가능하도록 하는 광원에 대해 알아보았다.한국과학기술원 : 전기및전자공학전공

Erosive potential of fruit flavored acidic candies in vitro and in vivo

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate erosive potential of commercial fruit flavored candies in vitro and in vivo using candy stimulated human saliva. Methods: Three kinds of commercial fruit flavored sour candies (pomegranate, plum, lemon) evaluated in this study. According to measurement of pH in vitro, candy solutions were prepared by dissolving 4 grams of candy powder in 20 ml of distilled water or artificial saliva. For in vivo evaluation, Saliva was collected from 12 healthy non-medicated volunteers. The candies were given in a randomized order and test persons were blinded as to which candy subjects were having. Collections of whole saliva lasted 19 minutes and were divided into four periods: 5 minutes; non-stimulated saliva, 4 minutes; candy-stimulated saliva, and 10 minutes; post-stimulated saliva which was divided into two steps. For evaluating erosive potential of each candy, 5 mg of pure hydroxyapatite (HAp) powder was added to 5 ml of candy-stimulated saliva. Then the pH was monitored for 5 minute at 15 seconds intervals under constant stirring. Immediately after dissolution of HAp, a back titration with acid (1 M HCl) was performed to estimate how much HAp was dissolved. Results: The pH of candies dissolved in distilled water and artificial saliva of in vitro evaluation were < 5.5. In terms of in vivo trial, pH of the candy-stimulated saliva of all samples was lower than pH of original non-stimulated. Each candy-stimulated saliva was dissociated HAp powder. Among them plum candy-stimulated saliva showed the highest solubility. Conclusion: In this study, fruit flavored acidic candies induced an erosive environment in the oral cavity during intake and those have erosive potential. Especially plum candy showed higher erosive potential than other candiesope