29 research outputs found

    Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor ฮณ Activation Promotes Adipogenesis in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

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    Purpose: In this study, we determined that the troglitazones could induce uniform adipogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) within a short time in a dose- and a time-dependent manners. Materials and Methods: Human MSCs were isolated from bone marrow and cultured in basal or adipogenic medium in the presence of 0 50 ฮผM troglitazone for 5 days. Then we performed flow cytometry, RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Results: In FACS assay, troglitazone induced adipocyte differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. At concentration of 25 ฮผM troglitazone in adipogenic medium, over 50% of the cells differentiated into adipocytes at day 5. This was accompanied by increased mRNA levels for the adipocyte gene markers (LPL, aP2 and PPARฮณ) in RT-PCR. In western blot analysis, we found that ERK phosphorylation was inhibited in the early stage of adipogenesis. Conclusion: Through the addition of troglitazone as a PPAR ฮณ agonist, we could get the uniform adipogenic differentiation within a short time. Thus, troglitazone directly regulates differentiation of human MSCs into adipocytes; induced PPAR ฮณ expression may play a key regulatory role in this process. And we suggest a role for ERK as a regulatory switch for these differentiation pathwaysope

    A Study of the Rhee Syngman Government Policy on the Food Distribution

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ตญ์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ์ •์šฉ์šฑ.๋ณธ ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด์Šน๋งŒ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•œ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์œ ํ†ต์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ณ€์ฒœ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋†์—…์€ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์ฆ์‚ฐ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋˜ ๋งŒํผ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์œ ํ†ต๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ฒ•ยท์ œ๋„์  ํ† ๋Œ€์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์–‘๊ณก์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ, ์œ ํ†ต, ์†Œ๋น„(๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰)์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰์œ ํ†ต์˜ ์ „ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์Šน๋งŒ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์œ ํ†ต์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ •๋ถ€ ํ†ต์ œ ํ•˜์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์œ ํ†ต๊ณผ ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์œ ํ†ต์„ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ์ •๋ถ€ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๋Š” 1950๋…„ ์ œ์ •๋œ ใ€ˆ์–‘๊ณก๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•ใ€‰์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ๋ฒ•์€ ์–‘๊ณก์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋น„์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰ ๋ฐ ์†Œ๋น„์˜ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ™•๋ณด์™€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ ๊ธฐํ•จ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋ฒ•์— ์˜๊ฑฐ ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ด ์œ ํ†ต๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์— ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ๋„์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋‹นํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ณก ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ 1/3 ์ดํ•˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋‚ด์—์„œ, ๊ตญํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋™์˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์œผ๋กœ ์–‘๊ณก์„ ๋งค์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋ณดํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก ์™ธ์˜ ์–‘๊ณก ์œ ํ†ต์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ํ†ต๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ์ถ•์†Œ์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์–‘๊ณก ์œ ํ†ต ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์ปค์กŒ๋‹ค. 6.25์ „์Ÿ์€ ์ •๋ถ€ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹ค. 6.25์ „์Ÿ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœ ์ด์ „ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ์–‘๊ณก์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ง€๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์†Œ๋น„์ง€์ธ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ํ†ต๋˜์–ด, ๋„์‹œ ๋น„๋†๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์‹์ƒํ™œ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ 6.25์ „์Ÿ์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ์˜ ์–‘๊ณก์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ์ž๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฐ๋Ÿ‰๋ฏธ, ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์–‘๊ณก ๋“ฑ ๊ด€์˜ ์ˆ˜์š”์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์Ÿ๊ธฐ ์‹ ์„ค๋œ ์ž„์‹œํ† ์ง€์ˆ˜๋“์„ธ์™€ ๋†์ง€์ƒํ™˜๊ณก ๋“ฑ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋†๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„๋ฌผ์„ ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ „์Ÿ ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ์ง€์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์ „์Ÿ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœ ์งํ›„ ๋†๋ฏผ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ์ „ ์ธ๊ตฌ ์‹๋Ÿ‰๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ ์ฐจ ๊ตฐ๋Ÿ‰๋ฏธ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„์— ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰์€ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ •์ฑ…์—์„œ ํ›„์ˆœ์œ„๋กœ ๋ฐ€๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” 1954๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก์˜ ๋ฏผ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ์ง€ํ–ˆ๊ณ , 1957๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ตฐ๋Ÿ‰๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ด€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰๋„ ์ค‘๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด์Šน๋งŒ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์œ ํ†ต์ •์ฑ…์—์„œ ์›์กฐ ์–‘๊ณก์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์ด์€ ํ‰์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด์‚ฐ ์–‘๊ณก๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก์„ ์ฑ„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 6.25์ „์Ÿ๊ธฐ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Ÿ‰๊ณผ ๊ธ‰์ฆํ•œ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์š”์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฉ”๊พผ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ์›์กฐ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ ์™ธ๊ตญ์‚ฐ ์–‘๊ณก์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ์›์กฐ ์–‘๊ณก์€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ณ„ํš์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตฌํ˜ธ์›์กฐ ์–‘๊ณก์˜ ๋„์ž…ยท๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์›์กฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด์–ด์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๊ถŒํ•œ์ด ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์‚ฐ ์–‘๊ณก๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ณ„ํš์„ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด์„œ, ๊ตฌํ˜ธ์›์กฐ ์–‘๊ณก ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ํ‹€ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ํ”ผ๋‚œ๋ฏผ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์šฉ๋„์— ํ•œ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ตฌํ˜ธ์›์กฐ ์–‘๊ณก์€ ์ „์Ÿ ๋ง๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์›์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌํ˜ธ์›์กฐ ์–‘๊ณก์€ ์ „์Ÿ ์ดํ›„ ์ ์ฐจ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ๊ณ , 1955๋…„ 3์›”๋ถ€๋กœ ๋„์ž… ์ข…๋ฃŒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1955๋…„ ํ•œ๋ฏธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‚ฐ ์ž‰์—ฌ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ๋„์ž…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ˜‘์ •์ด ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  1955๋…„ 5์›” 31์ผ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ๋†์—…๊ต์—ญ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐ ์›์กฐ๋ฒ• ์ œ1๊ด€์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋ฏธํ•ฉ์ค‘๊ตญ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž‰์—ฌ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผํ˜‘์ •, ๋ฏธ ๊ณต๋ฒ• 480ํ˜ธ(PL 480) ์ž‰์—ฌ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ์›์กฐ ํ˜‘์ •์ด ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 1954๋…„์— ๊ฐœ์ •๋œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ƒํ˜ธ์•ˆ์ „๋ณด์žฅ๋ฒ•(MSA) 402์กฐ์— ์˜๊ฑฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋Œ€ํ•œ์›์กฐ์ž๊ธˆ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ž‰์—ฌ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ๊ตฌ์ž…์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ 1955๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒํ˜ธ์•ˆ์ „๋ณด์žฅ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ณต์—ฌ๋œ ICA(๊ตญ์ œํ˜‘์กฐ์ฒ˜) ์›์กฐ์ž๊ธˆ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ž‰์—ฌ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ๊ตฌ๋งค์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž‰์—ฌ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ํŒ๋งค๋Œ€๊ธˆ์€ ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋น„๋กœ ์ „์ž…๋˜์–ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ด์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์Ÿ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘ ์ˆ˜์š” ๋Œ€๋น„ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ณด์ „์ฑ…์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ์›์กฐ ์–‘๊ณก์€ ์ „ํ›„์—๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฐฉ๋น„ ์žฌ์› ์กฐ๋‹ฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์œ ์ง€๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์˜€๊ณ , 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์—๋Š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์š”์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ๋ง‰๋Œ€ํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์ž‰์—ฌ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด์Šน๋งŒ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์œ ํ†ต์ •์ฑ…์ด ๊ตญ๋ฏผ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ™•๋ณด์™€ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๋น„๋†๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋†๊ฐ€์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹์ƒํ™œ์„ ์•ˆ์ •์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์ ์ฐจ ์ถ•์†Œํ•ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰์—์„œ ์ œ์™ธ๋œ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–‘๊ณก์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๋ ฅํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹  ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณก๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์†Œ๊ทน์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1957๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณก๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ์ƒ์Šน์„ธ์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ„์ ˆ์  ๋ณ€๋™์ด ์‹ฌํ•ด ๋น„๋†๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹์ƒํ™œ์€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ž์ธ ๋†๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉยท๋งค์ƒ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ณผ๋„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๋น„ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋Œ€๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹์ƒํ™œ์„ ์•ˆ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์‹คํŒจํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ •์ฑ…์€ ์ „ ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 70%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋†๊ฐ€๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ •์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํ†ตํ™”๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ณผ ์žฌ์ • ์ง€์ถœ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ „์‹œ ์ž„์‹œ์ œ๋„์˜€๋˜ ํ˜„๋ฌผ๋‚ฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ›„์—๋„ ์œ ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ „ํ›„ ๋†๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–‘๊ณก์„ ๋งค์ƒยท์ˆ˜๋‚ฉํ•  ๋•Œ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋Š” ์ €๊ณก๊ฐ€์ •์ฑ…์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ €๊ณก๊ฐ€์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋†๋ฏผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ ฅ์„ ์•…ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ผ์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์ •๋ถ€์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„ ํ•˜์— ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž…๋œ ์›์กฐ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์‚ฐ ์–‘๊ณก์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•˜๋ฝ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ž‰์—ฌ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์ด ์‹œ์žฅ์— ์œ ์ž…๋˜์–ด ๊ณก๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์Šน์„ ์–ต์ œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘ํ›„๋ฐ˜๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ •์ฑ…์—์„œ ์ผ๊ด€๋˜๊ฒŒ ์ด์–ด์ง„ ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์–ต์ œ ๊ธฐ์กฐ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ณก๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฝ(ไฝŽ่ฝ)์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค, ์˜ˆ์ปจ๋Œ€ ๋†์—…์†Œ๋“์˜ ํ•˜๋ฝ๊ณผ ๋†๋ฏผ์ธต์˜ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ •์ฑ…์€ ํ†ตํ™”๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€์ƒ์Šน์„ ์–ต๋ˆŒ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ์ž ์žฌ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ, ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํฌ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๋†๋ฏผ ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋ถ€์žฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์œ ํ†ต์ •์ฑ… 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ์ค‘ํ›„๋ฐ˜ ๋†๊ฐ€์˜ ์ ์ž์™€ ๋ถ€์ฑ„๊ฐ€ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋†์—…์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜จ ์ฃผ๋œ ์›์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋†์ง€๊ฐœํ˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž์ž‘๋†์ด ๋œ ๋†๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ž๊ธฐ ์†Œ์œ ์˜ ๋†์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ธฐ์จ๋„ ์ž ์‹œ, ๋†์ง€๋ฅผ ์–ป์€ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋†์ง€์ƒํ™˜๊ณก๊ณผ ์ž„์‹œํ† ์ง€์ˆ˜๋“์„ธ๋กœ ๋‚ฉ๋ถ€ํ•ด์•ผํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถ€๋‹ด์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ์ „ํ›„ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉ๋Ÿ‰์€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ €๊ณก๊ฐ€ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์ž‰์—ฌ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ๋„์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋†๊ฐ€๊ฒฝ์ œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ฑ„์˜ ์•…์ˆœํ™˜์— ๋น ์ ธ ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์—์„œ 1950๋…„๋Œ€๋ง๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์–ด 5.16์ฟ ๋ฐํƒ€ ์ดํ›„ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•œ ๋†์ดŒ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฑ„์ •๋ฆฌ๋Š” 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ๋†์—… ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŒŒ์ƒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ •์ฑ…์€ ํ•œ์ •๋œ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Ÿ‰์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ˆ˜์š”๋Ÿ‰์„ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•  ์‹œ์—๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์‚ฐ ์–‘๊ณก์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—๋งŒ ์ฃผ์•ˆ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์กฐ์ ˆ์€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์‹์ƒํ™œ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž„์‹œ๋ฐฉํŽธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋น„๋ฃŒ ๊ณต์žฅ ๊ฑด์„ค์ด ๋ณธ๊ฒฉํ™”๋˜์–ด ๋น„๋ฃŒ ์ž๊ธ‰ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ง„๋˜๊ณ , 1960๋…„๋Œ€์—์„œ 70๋…„๋Œ€๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ข…์ž ๊ฐœ๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฌ์—… ๋“ฑ ๋†์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…๋“ค์ด ์ถ”์ง„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ 1950๋…„๋Œ€ ๋†์—… ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์˜€๋‹ค.This study analyzed the changes and contents of the food distribution policy implemented by the Syngman Rhee government. In the 1950s, as it was difficult to increase production immediately in Korean agriculture, the government promoted food policies centering on the distribution sector. This study analyzed the entire process of food distribution, from the formation of the legal and institutional basis of food policy to grain production, distribution, and consumption (rationing). The Rhee Syngman government's food distribution policy combined food distribution under government control and food distribution through the market. The legal basis for the governments food policy in the 1950s was the enacted in 1950. According to this Act, the government-managed grain management system was established. The government-managed grain system was a system to distribute food to areas where food was difficult to distribute through the market and to control market prices. The government sold grain within the range of 1/3 or less of the rice grain production at the price agreed by the National Assembly and secured it as government-managed grain. The volume of government-managed grain was larger than the volumeof grain distributed through the market. In the late 1950s, along with the reduction in the scale of grain managed by the government, the scale of grain distribution through the market increased. The Korean War was an opportunity to change the goal of the government's food policy. Prior to the outbreak of the Korean War, the main goal of food policy was to ensure that grains were smoothly distributed from production areas to cities where they were consumed, thereby ensuring a stable diet for the urban non-farming population. However, going through the Korean War, the government aimed to secure as much grain as possible with minimal funds and supply it to government demand, such as military rice and grain for public officials. To this end, the government continued the system in which farmers received goods in kind, such as the temporary land acquisition tax newly established during the war and farmland redemption grains, even after the war. On the other hand, the government, which had planned food rations for all population except farmers right after the outbreak of the war, gradually placed the priority of food policy on securing military food. Private food rationing has been pushed to a lower priority in food policy. The government abolished the civilian rationing system for government-managed grains from 1954 to 1957, all government rations except military rice were also stopped. Lastly, grain aid was important in the Rhee government's food distribution policy. Due to successive poor harvests during the war, the government could not fill the government-managed grains with only domestic grains. What made up the difference between the insufficient supply during the Korean War and the rapid increase in food demand was foreign grains brought in as relief aid. In 1955, an agreement on the importation of surplus agricultural products from the United States was signed between Korea and the United States. Counterpart Fund from the sale of surplus agricultural products were transferred to the defense budget and used to maintain military power. Grain aid, which was a measure to preserve food shortages compared to demand during the war, was introduced to finance the defense budget after the war. Maintaining South Korea's military power was a common interest of the Korean and US governments, and in the late 1950s, huge amounts of surplus agricultural products were introduced regardless of food demand. Through the above analysis, this article argues that the Syngman Rhee government's food distribution policy failed to achieve "the security of national food and the stability of the national economy." The government's food policy has failed to stabilize the diet of not only the urban non-farming population, but also the farming population. The government gradually reduced the number of food distribution targets. Those who were excluded from rationing had to secure grain through the market. However, instead of concentrating on securing government-managed grains, the government was passive in controlling grain prices through the release of government-managed grains. Until 1957, grain prices continued to rise, and seasonal fluctuations made the diet of the nonfarm population unstable. Even in the case of farmers who are producers, it was difficult to secure food for self-consumption due to excessive government receipts and sales. As such, the government's food policy has failed to stabilize the diet of the majority of the population. The government's food policy failed to stabilize the farm household economy, which accounts for 70% of the total population. The government maintained the payment in kind, which was a temporary system during the war, even after the war in order to reduce the money supply and minimize fiscal expenditure. In addition, after the war, a low grain price policy was implemented to lower the price applied to the purchase and storage of grain from farmers. The government's low-price policy contributed to deteriorating the economic power of farmers. On the other hand, aid agricultural products introduced in large quantities under the same interests of the Korean and US governments also lowered the price competitiveness of domestic grains. A large amount of surplus agricultural products flowed into the market, suppressing the rise in grain prices. The government's food distribution policy was the main cause of the agricultural crisis in the mid-to-late 1950s, when farmers' deficits and debts increased simultaneously.์„œ๋ก  1 1. ๋ฌธ์ œ์ œ๊ธฐ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‚ฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ์™€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ œ 7 3. ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์†Œ๊ฐœ 13 ไธ€. ์ •๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๊ธฐ ์–‘๊ณก๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •๊ณผ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ(1948โˆผ1950๋…„) 20 1. ์ •๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ์งํ›„ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ณ€๋™๊ณผ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฌ์ •์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ 20 1) ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •๊ธฐ-์ •๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ ์งํ›„ ๊ณต์ถœยท๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ •์ฑ… 20 2) 1949๋…„ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ž์œ  ์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜ 42 2. ์–‘๊ณก๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •๊ณผ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ œ๋„์˜ ์ •๋น„ 55 1) ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ˆ˜๊ธ‰์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ 55 2) ์–‘๊ณก๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฒ• ์ œ์ •๊ณผ ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก์ œ๋„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ 62 ไบŒ. 6.25 ์ „์Ÿ๊ณผ ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ •์ฑ…(1950โˆผ1953๋…„) 67 1. ์ „์‹œ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก ๊ทœ๋ชจ์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€ยท 67 1) ํ˜„๋ฌผ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉ์ œ ์‹ค์‹œ์™€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก ํ™•๋ณด 67 2) ๊ตฌํ˜ธ์›์กฐ ์–‘๊ณก ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ๊ด€ยท๋ฏผ์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ์ˆ˜์ž… ์ด‰์ง„ 88 2. ์ „์Ÿ๊ธฐ ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์‹คํ–‰๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ 98 1) ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์‹ค์‹œ 98 2) ์ „์Ÿ๊ธฐ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰ ์ •์ฑ… 122 ไธ‰. ์ „ํ›„ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ ์œ ์ง€์™€ ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ •์ฑ…(1954โˆผ1956๋…„) 135 1. ์–‘๊ณก๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ •๊ณผ ์ „ํ›„ ๋ณต๊ตฌ๊ธฐ ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก ์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ณ„ํš 136 1) ๊ณก๋ฌผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ๋ณ€๋™๊ณผ ์–‘๊ณก๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฒ• ๊ฐœ์ • 137 2) ๊ด€์˜์ˆ˜์š”์—์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ˆ˜๊ธ‰๊ณ„ํš์˜ ์‹œํ–‰ 143 2. ๊ตฐ๋Ÿ‰๋ฏธ์™€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก ํ™•๋ณด ๋ฌธ์ œ 158 1) ํ˜„๋ฌผ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉ์ œ ์กด์†๊ณผ ์–‘๊ณก ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋งค์ƒ ์žฌ๊ฐœ 158 2) 1955๋…„ ํ•œยท๋ฏธ ์ž‰์—ฌ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ํ˜‘์ •๊ณผ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์›์กฐ ์ œ๋„ํ™” 170 3. ์ธํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜๊ณผ ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 185 1) ์ˆ˜๋‚ฉยท๋งค์ƒ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ €๊ณก๊ฐ€์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์‹œํ–‰ 185 2) ๋ฏผ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰์ œ๋„ ํ์ง€ 195 ๅ››. ์ž‰์—ฌ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋„์ž…๊ณผ ์‹๋Ÿ‰์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ „ํ™˜(1957โˆผ1960๋…„) 201 1. ์ž‰์—ฌ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ๋„์ž…๋Ÿ‰ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก์ˆ˜๊ธ‰ ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 201 1) 1957-1960๋…„ ํ•œยท๋ฏธ ์ž‰์—ฌ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ํ˜‘์ •์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ํŠน์ง• 201 2) ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก์˜ ์ถ•์†Œ์™€ ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก ํ™•๋ณด ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 206 2. ์ •๋ถ€๊ด€๋ฆฌ์–‘๊ณก ์ถ•์†Œ์™€ ์ž‰์—ฌ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋„์ž…์˜ ๊ท€๊ฒฐ 223 1) ๊ด€์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ธ‰ ์ถ•์†Œ์™€ ์–‘๊ณก์˜ ์‹œ์žฅ ์œ ํ†ต ํ™•๋Œ€ 223 2) ์ž‰์—ฌ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋‚ด ์œ ํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ–ฅ 226 ๊ฒฐ๋ก  234 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 238 Abstract 247๋ฐ•

    Mechanical stimuli-induced enhancement of osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells and signal transduction pathway

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    ์˜๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์—ฝ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ๊ณจ, ์—ฐ๊ณจ, ์ง€๋ฐฉ์„ธํฌ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ถ„ํ™”๋Šฅ ์„ธํฌ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ณจ์•„์„ธํฌ๋กœ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋Š” ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ž๊ทน์ด๋‚˜ ์ƒ์—ญํ•™์  ์ž๊ทน ๋“ฑ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์œ ๋„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„์ฒด์ค‘ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์†Œ์  ๊ณจ๋‹ค๊ณต์ฆ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ฒด์ค‘ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๊ตญ์†Œ์  ๊ณจ๋‹ค๊ณต์ฆ์„ ํ˜ธ์ „์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์—ญํ•™์  ์ž๊ทน์€ ๊ณจ์•„์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์˜ ์žฌ๋ฐฐ์—ด์ด๋‚˜ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นจ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณจ์•„์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹๊ณผ ๊ณจ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณจ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ์ž๊ทน์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ, ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„, ๋นˆ๋„, ์ข…๋ฅ˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง์€ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ์—ญํ•™์  ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ „๋‹ฌ์ž ์—ญํ• ๋กœ์จ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ธ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋ถ„๋ถ„ํ•œ๋ฐ, ํŠนํžˆ ์ •์ˆ˜์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋‹จ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•œ ๋ฌธํ—Œ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์—ฝ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ถ„ํ•ด์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋‹ด์ฒด์—์„œ ์‚ผ์ฐจ์› ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ฆ์‹์ด๋‚˜ ๊ณจ์•„์„ธํฌ๋กœ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ •์ˆ˜์••๊ณผ ์ „๋‹จ๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒ์—ญํ•™์  ์ž๊ทน์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์กŒ์„ ๋•Œ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ธฐ์ „์ด๋‚˜ ์ธ์ž์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ๋˜์–ด ์ค‘๊ฐ„์—ฝ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณจ์•„์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. /์ƒ์—ญํ•™์  ์ž๊ทน์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฆ์‹์œจ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ, ์—ญ์ „์‚ฌ-์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ „๋‹จ๋ ฅ์€ 30 rpm ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ •์ˆ˜์••์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” +2 ๊ธฐ์••์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •์ˆ˜์••์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ 24 ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ •์ˆ˜์••์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋นˆ๋„๋Š” 1 ๋ถ„ (+2 ๊ธฐ์••)/14 ๋ถ„ (+0 ๊ธฐ์••)์œผ๋กœ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์œ ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ์ƒ์—ญํ•™์  ์ž๊ทน์—์„œ ๋‹ด์ฒด-์ค‘๊ฐ„์—ฝ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€์ „๋‹จ์‘๋ ฅ์€ 0.7906โˆผ0.7932 Pa๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด ๊ฐ’์ด ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์  ํ•˜์ค‘ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ ๊ณจ์„ธ๊ด€ ๋‚ด ์ „๋‹จ์‘๋ ฅ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์ด ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ ํ•ฉํ•จ์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ์—ญ์ „์‚ฌ-์ค‘ํ•ฉํšจ์†Œ ์—ฐ์‡„๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณจ์•„์„ธํฌ ํŠน์ด ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ (7 ์ผ, 14 ์ผ) ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 30 rpm์˜ ์ „๋‹จ๋ ฅ๊ณผ +2 ๊ธฐ์••์˜ ์ •์ˆ˜์••์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ 30 rpm์˜ ์ „๋‹จ๋ ฅ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณจ์•„์„ธํฌ๋กœ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด‰์ง„๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 30 rpm์˜ ์ „๋‹จ๋ ฅ๊ณผ +2 ๊ธฐ์••์˜ ์ •์ˆ˜์••์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๋‹ด์ฒด-์ค‘๊ฐ„์—ฝ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ 30 rpm์˜ ์ „๋‹จ๋ ฅ๋งŒ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค von Kossa ์—ผ์ƒ‰๊ณผ Alizarin red S ์—ผ์ƒ‰, ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์ง ํ™”ํ•™์—ผ์ƒ‰์—์„œ ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ๋„ ์„ํšŒํ™” ์นจ์ฐฉ๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Western blot analysis๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ integrin์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ •๋„์™€ focal adhesion kinase (FAK), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, integrin ฮฒ1์€ ์ƒ์—ญํ•™์  ์ž๊ทน์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ตฐ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐœํ˜„์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒ์—ญํ•™์  ์ž๊ทน์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณจ์•„์„ธํฌ๋กœ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”์—์„œ ๋งค๊ฐœ์ฒด๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” FAK์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋Š” ์ •์  ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ „๋‹จ๋ ฅ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์ •์ˆ˜์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋‹จ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์—๋„ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ERK1/2์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์€ ์ •์  ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์ „๋‹จ๋ ฅ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์ •์ˆ˜์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋‹จ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ์œ ์ง€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ์‚ฐํ™” ERK์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์—ญํ•™์  ์ž๊ทน์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด์™€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ํ›„, ERK1/2์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ •์ˆ˜์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋‹จ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ณจ์•„์„ธํฌ ํŠน์ด ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„์ด ์–ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์นผ์Š˜ ์นจ์ฐฉ๋Ÿ‰ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ด์—ผ์ƒ‰์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์ง ํ™”ํ•™์—ผ์ƒ‰ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ณจ์•„์„ธํฌ๋กœ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™” ์ด‰์ง„ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์–ต์ œ๋จ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์ •์  ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ๊ตฐ, ์ „๋‹จ๋ ฅ๋งŒ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ, ์ „๋‹จ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ ์ •์ˆ˜์••์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ERK1/2 ์ธ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•œ ๊ตฐ์ด ์–ต์ œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์นผ์Š˜์˜ ์นจ์ฐฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํŠน์ด์—ผ์ƒ‰์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์ง ํ™”ํ•™์—ผ์ƒ‰์—์„œ๋„ ์•ฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ผ์ƒ‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. /๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์—ฝ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์‚ผ์ฐจ์› ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์‹œ ์ •์ˆ˜์•• ๋ฐ ์ „๋‹จ๋ ฅ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ€ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณจ์•„์„ธํฌ๋กœ์˜ ๋ถ„ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด‰์ง„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ„ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—๋Š” ERK1/2์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that can differentiate into different mesenchymal lineages, which include bone, cartilage, fat, tendon, and muscle. In particular, osteogenesis requires to be stimulated by chemical or mechanical factors of bone formation and resorption. Mechanical loading of bone stimulates an increase in bone mass, and plays an important role in the treatment of osteoporosis. In addition, bone adaptation is dependent upon strain magnitude, duration, frequency, history, type (compression, tension, and shear), as well as distribution of mechanical loading. The relative levels of importance of strain type, magnitude, duration, and frequency have not been resolved. The cellular mechanisms of mechanically induced signal transduction are largely unknown. Most notably, it is unclear how cells are able to sense physical forces, and little research has been carried out on the activities of mechanotransducers in 3D cultures and the influences of hydrostatic pressure and fluid flow. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to examine how human MSCs grow and differentiate into osteoblast-like cells under different conditions of cyclic hydrostatic pressure and fluid shear in a 3D culture system, and to identify those signal transduction pathways and mechanotransducers that play critical roles in the processes induced by changes in cyclic hydrostatic pressure and fluid shear. The conditions of mechanical stimuli were determined 30 rpm of shear stress, +2 atm of pressure, 24 hours/day and 1 min (+2 atm)/14 min (+0 atm), respectively. The maximum shear stress of the MSC-PLGA complex was calculated as 0.7906~0.7932 Pa using a finite element analysis; this value is considered appropriate, since it lies in the range of shear stresses tolerated by osteoblast in vivo. The expression levels of the mRNAs for osteogenic products and transcription factors were increased on days 7 and 14, and the expression levels of these mRNAs showed more significant increases following exposure to a combination of +2 atm pressure and 30 rpm fluid shear than to 30 rpm fluid shear alone. Furthermore, strong positive staining was observed for immunohistochemistry, von Kossa, and Alizarin red S stains in the case of cells that were subjected to 30 rpm fluid shear and +2 atm hydrostatic pressure. In SEM comparisons of the microstructures of the MSC-PLGA scaffolds, depositions of calcification were observed primarily for cells that were exposed to hydrostatic pressure and fluid flow. In order to identify the signal transduction pathways and mechanotransducers that play critical roles in 3D cultures that are exposed to cyclic pressure and fluid shear, the expression levels of integrin, phosphorylated FAK, FAK, phosphorylated ERK1/2, and ERK1/2 were assayed by Western blotting. The expression levels of integrin were constant with time in the presence or absence of mechanical stimuli. Although the expression levels of phosphorylated FAK decreased with time in static culture, they were maintained under conditions of fluid flow or fluid flow with hydrostatic pressure. Based on the levels of phosphorylated FAK, the activation of ERK1/2 was also sustained or increased with time under the condition of mechanical stimulation. Therefore, we believe that ERK1/2 activation plays a critical role in transducing mechanical stimuli to transcription factors for osteogenesis. After confirmation of differential ERK1 2 phosphorylation according to the osteogenic process, the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 was added concomitant with mechanical stimuli, and the extent of osteogenesis was determined by calcium deposition, RT-PCR, staining, and immunohistochemistry. We found that the mRNA levels for osteocalcin, collagen type I, and various transcription factors were decreased by U0126, and that calcium deposition and the degree of staining were inhibited by U0126 during osteogenesis that was induced by mechanical stimuli. These results demonstrate that mechanical stimuli, particularly hydrostatic pressure and fluid flow, regulate osteogenesis in 3D culture systems via ERK1/2 activation.ope

    ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌ์ „ยท์‚ฌํ›„๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€ ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋™๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ, 2014. 8. ์‹ ์ข…ํ˜ธ.์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™”(self-handicapping)๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆํ™•์‹คํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์‹คํŒจ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž์กด๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ „์— ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ๋ณ€๋ช…๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค(Berglas & Jones, 1978). ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด ํ˜น์€ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชจ์˜์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๋•Œ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ผํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ์‹œ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌ์ „๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€ ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌ์ „๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ด์ „์— ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ์•ฝ โ€ฆํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋” ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค(Sanna, 1996). ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ์ดํ›„ ๋” ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ, ๋งŒ์•ฝ โ€ฆํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค(Roese, 1994, 1997Roese & Olson, 1993Sanna, 1996). ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™”์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์—์„œ ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌ์ „๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€ ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ , ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌ์ „๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€ ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์ค‘ ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋™๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ์ง€ ๋น„๊ตํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ์‹œ์ ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€ ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋™๊ธฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™”์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™”์˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊ณผ์ œ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌ์ „๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™”์— ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์—†์ด ๋™๊ธฐ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ๊ณผ์ œ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌ์ „๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ๊ธ์ •์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ์œ ์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋™๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ์‹œ์ ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌ์ „๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜๊ณ  ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋™๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋Š” ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ณผ์ œ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์—์„œ ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ์‹œ์  ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋™๊ธฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์ค€๋น„์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์™”์ง€๋งŒ(Reichert & Slate, 1999Roese & Hur, 1997), ๋†’์€ ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™” ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋™๊ธฐ์— ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌ์ „๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋™๊ธฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ์ฒ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌ์ „๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™”์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ „๋žต์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™” ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌ์ „๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋™๊ธฐ์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™” ํ•™์Šต์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋™๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋‹ค.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ โ… . ์„œ ๋ก  1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 3. ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ธ์˜ ์„ค์ • ๋ฐ ์ •์˜ โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1. ์‚ฌ์ „๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ  2. ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ  3. ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™” 4. ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌ์ „ยท์‚ฌํ›„๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™”, ๋™๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„ โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋„๊ตฌ 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 4. ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• โ…ค.์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 1. ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ • 2. (์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 1) ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌํ›„๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€ ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋™๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 3. (์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 2) ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ์‚ฌ์ „๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€ ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋™๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 4. (์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 3) ์ž๊ธฐ์†์ƒํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋™๊ธฐ ๋ฐ ๊ณผ์ œ์„ฑ์ทจ๋„์— ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ƒํ–ฅ์‹ ๊ฐ€์ •์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ์‹œ์  ํƒ์ƒ‰ โ…ฅ. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 2. ๋…ผ์˜ 3. ๊ต์œก์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œํ•œ์  ๋ฐ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ œ์–ธ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๋ถ€๋ก AbstractMaste

    ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์˜ ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—… ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์šด์šฉ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์‚ฌํ•™๊ณผ, 2012. 2. ์ •์šฉ์šฑ.๋ณธ๊ณ ๋Š” 1945๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1947๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์˜ ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—… ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์‹ค์ œ ์šด์šฉ์ƒ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์ด ๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—… ์šด์šฉ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž์›์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—…์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐ ์œ ํ†ต์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์งโ€ค๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์ œํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๊ณต์—…๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜ ์–‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—…์€ ํ•ด๋ฐฉ ์งํ›„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์œ„์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—…์˜ ์œ„์ถ•์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜จ ์›์ธ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ๊ฒฝ์ œ์™€์˜ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๋ถ€์žฌ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—…์€ ๊ณต์—…์šด์˜์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž์›์„ ์ผ๋ณธ์— ์˜์กดํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ๋ณธ๊ฒฝ์ œ์™€ ๋‹จ์ ˆ๋˜์ž ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ณต์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋‹ค. ์ง„์ฃผ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ํ˜„์ƒ์œ ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๊ธฐ์กฐ๋กœ ์‚ผ๊ณ  ๊ท€์†๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์žฅ์„ ์ ‘์ˆ˜โ€ค๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด์™ธ์— ๋ณ„๋„์˜ ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—…์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 1946๋…„ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์‹๋Ÿ‰๋ถ€์กฑ๊ณผ ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€์ƒ์Šน์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹ฌํ™”์™€ 1์ฐจ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๊ณต๋™์œ„์›ํšŒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋Œ€ํ•œ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ „๋ฐ˜์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ณต์—…์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์ฆ์ง„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ธ์‹ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๊ณต์—…์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ, ์ƒํ•„ํ’ˆ์„ ์ฆ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณต์—…์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์ œ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๋ณด์œ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—…์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ •์ฑ…์ƒ์—์„œ ์šฐ์„ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—…์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ฆ์ง„์„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณผ ์‚ฐํ•˜์— ๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์žฅ์šด์˜๋ถ€(์šด์˜๋ถ€)๋ฅผ ์‹ ์„คํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ํŠน์ • ๊ณต์—…์„ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ์กฐ์ง์€ ์šด์˜๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ผํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—… ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์šด์˜๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ท€์†๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์žฅ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌโ€ค์šด์˜๋งŒ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—… ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์กฐ์ง๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ •๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—…์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์˜ ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—…์ •์ฑ…์€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์žฅ์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ ์œ ํ†ต๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ์›์กฐ๋กœ ๊ณต์—…์šด์˜์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž์›์„ ํš๋“ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ด๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์žฅ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—…์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์›๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œํŽธ, ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ณต์žฅ์ด ๋ฉด์ œํ’ˆ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ๋…์ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ์ ์ฐจ ์šด์˜๋ถ€์‚ฐํ•˜ ๊ท€์†๊ณต์žฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ํ†ต์ œ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฏผ์˜๊ณต์žฅ์—๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•๋Œ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1946๋…„ ํ›„๋ฐ˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์˜ ํ†ต์ œ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—…๊ณ„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์˜๊ณต์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ๊ณต์—…์ž์›์„ ๋ฐฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜๊ฒฌ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ๊ท€์†๊ณต์žฅ์˜ ์šด์˜๊ถŒ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •๊ณผ์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€โ€ค๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ์ด ์กฐ์„ ๋ฐฉ์งํ˜‘ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 1947๋…„ 4์›” ๊ด€์žฌ๋ น 9ํ˜ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์šด์˜๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์ฒด๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์˜ ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—… ์šด์˜๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šด์˜๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ท€์†๊ณต์žฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌด๋ถ€ ๋‚ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ(์กฐ์ง)์•„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์›๋ฉด๋ฐฐ์ •์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์ด์ „โ€ค์„ค์น˜ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹ค๋ฌด๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ๋ฐฉ์งํ˜‘ํšŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ „๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ธ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ์„  1946๋…„ ๋ง๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •๋‚ด์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ํ–‰์ •๊ถŒ์„ ์ด์–‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ์กฐ์„ ๋ฐฉ์งํ˜‘ํšŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹ค๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ฒจ ์กฐ์„ ์ด์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€โ€ค๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์„ ์ž ์žฌ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—…์˜ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ 1946๋…„๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ์•ˆ์ •๋˜์–ด, ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์ด ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—… ์ „๋ฐ˜์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์ด ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—… ์šด์˜์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ •์€ ๋ฉด๋ฐฉ์ง๊ณต์—…์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์— ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์›๋ฉดโ€ค๊ธฐ๋ฃŒํ’ˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ๋งค๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‹จ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณ„์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.This study examined the policies and actual circumstances on management of the cotton spinning and weaving industry during the period of US army military government in Korea (USAMGIK), from 1945 to 1947. Through this, this study found that USAMGIK controlled not only the resource for spinning and weaving industry management but also the production and distribution system in direct and indirect way. Furthermore, this study investigated how the industrial structure in Korea which was built during Japanese colonial period changed through this period. The cotton spinning and weaving industry, which had been developed quantitatively as well as qualitatively during former Japanese colonial period, got big shrink after the liberation. At the first time of its basing, USAMGIK set up 'maintenance of the status quo' as keyword on economic policies, therefore any other specific policies on cotton spinning and weaving industry except management and requisition towards vested mills. At 1946, USAMGIK changed its economic policies. The deepened economic crisis caused by food shortage and inflation, and the policy shift followed after the breakdown of The Joint Soviet-American Commission. In those circumstances, USAMGIK decided to shift the purpose of the initial policies to maintain, to improve the industrial production. However, it is different entire recovery or reconstruction on Korean industry. USAMGIK aimed for improving the product amount of light industry developed during Japanese colonialism. Since it had strong relationship with the economic crisis and large scale of production facilities, the cotton spinning and weaving industry was on the primary sector among the economic policies. USAMGIK established Textile operating sub section (operating sub section) to improve production and of cotton spinning and weaving industry under the Bureau of textile. Unlike the Bureau of textile setting policies on entire spinning and weaving industry, the operating subsection took charge of the management and operation of its own vested mills. After aligning an organization, USAMGIK set up the policies on cotton spinning and weaving industry. The policies of USAMGIK were featured in two aspects. At the first USAMGIK did not abolish readily shaped industrial structure from the period of Japanese colonialism. Secondly, USAMGIK controlled production process and distribution system of cotton spinning and weaving industry. For the last, USAMGIK concentrated the resource for management on large scale textile mills. In result of this, cotton and weaving industry came to have very unusual, unique structure. First, the industry was dependent on Japan in machineries and techniques and on the other side, raw cotton aid was grown. And also, those large scale mills supported by USAMGIK monopolized the production system. USAMGIK gradually strengthened the control power on those vested mills under the operating subsection, and then widened the range of control to private mills. This expansion of control caused the conflicts inside of the industry. The private mills and USAMGIK had different opinion on the way to allocate the industry resource, and the Korean owners and USAMGIK were opposing to obtain ownership of the vested mills. To Korean capitalists and managers of the mills, those conflicts carried them to organize The Korean Spinners and Weavers Association. As the operating subsection was abolished based on Custody Order No. 9 at April of 1947, USAMGIK changed the policies on this industry. The office works relate with the vested mills, former charge of the operating subsection, were handed over to Korean (Korean organization) and the working-level tasks-allocation or raw cotton or transference, installation of machineries- were handed over to The Korean Spinners and Weavers Association. The factors affecting to this change were diverse. The first factor is the Koreanization since the late of 1946, the process of handing over administrative power from USAMGIK to Koreans. The next factor was the motive of USAMGIK had to calm down the complaints from Korean capitalists and managers. The last factor was the settlement of industrial structure of the cotton spinning and weaving industry comparing 1945, 1946s. However, USAMGIK did not step backward entirely from the operation and management of this industry. Still USAMGIK could intervene in a decision making process and operated unilaterally the purchase of resource or raw materials, and fixed the price of the products. And this practice has been lasted until the establishment of the government of Republic of Korea.Maste

    A study on MAXCUT graph partitioning

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    Thesis (master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€,2001.Maste

    ERK 1/2 activation in enhanced osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells in poly(lactic-glycolic acid) by cyclic hydrostatic pressure

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    The aim of this study was to identify the signal transduction pathways and mechano-transducers that play critical roles in the processes induced by changes in cyclic hydrostatic pressure and fluid shear in 3-dimensional (3D) culture systems. Mesenchymal stem cells were loaded into a polymeric scaffold and divided into three groups according to the stress treatment: static, fluid shear, and hydrostatic pressure with fluid shear. Cells were exposed daily to a hydrostatic pressure of 0.2 MPa for 1 min followed by 14 min rest with fluid flow at 30 rpm. Protein extracts were analyzed by Western blot for extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). The complexes were cultured under the mechanical stimuli for 21 days with or without phospho-ERK1/2 inhibitor (U0126) and evaluated by RT-PCR, calcium contents, and immunohistochemistry. Under conditions of mechanical stimulation, the activation of ERK1/2 was sustained or increased with time. U0126 suppressed mechanical stimuli-induced expression of osteocalcin. In addition, calcium contents and the degrees of osteocalcin and osteopontin staining were decreased by this inhibitor. These results demonstrate that mechanical stimuli, particularly hydrostatic pressure with fluid shear, enhance osteogenesis in 3D culture systems via ERK1/2 activation.ope
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