41 research outputs found
์ธ๊ณต์ง๋ฅ๊ณผ ๋ํํ๊ธฐ: ์ผ๋์ผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์์ฉ์์ฉ์ ์ํ ๋ํํ ์์ด์ ํธ ์์คํ ๊ฐ๋ฐ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ์ฌํ๊ณผํ๋ํ ์ธ๋ก ์ ๋ณดํ๊ณผ, 2022.2. ์ด์คํ."์ธ๊ฐ-์ปดํจํฐ ์ํธ์์ฉ"๊ณผ "์ฌ์ฉ์ ๊ฒฝํ"์ ๋์ด, "์ธ๊ฐ-์ธ๊ณต์ง๋ฅ ์ํธ์์ฉ" ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ "์๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ ๊ฒฝํ"์ ์๋๊ฐ ๋๋ํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ์์ฌ์ํตํ๊ณ ํ์
ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ์์ ํจ๋ฌ๋ค์์ ์ ํํ๋ค. ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์์ด์ ํธ๋ ์ธ๊ฐ ์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ด์
์์ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ๋์ ์ธ ์ญํ ์ ์ํํ๋ค.
ํ์ง๋ง ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ AI ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ด์
๊ณผ ํ ๋ก ์์คํ
๋์์ธ์ ๋ํ ์ดํด์ ๋
ผ์๋ ๋ถ์กฑํ ๊ฒ์ด ์ฌ์ค์ด๋ค. ์ด์ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ธ๊ฐ-์ปดํจํฐ ์ํธ์์ฉ์ ๊ด์ ์์ ๋ค์ํ ํํ์ ์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ด์
์ ์ง์ํ ์ ์๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ํ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด ์ ์๋ ์ผ๋์ผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ํธ์์ฉ์ ์ง์ํ๋ ๋ํํ ์์ด์ ํธ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ๋ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ 1) ์ผ๋์ผ ์ํธ์์์์ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ๊ด์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋์ด๋ ๋ํํ ์์ด์ ํธ, 2) ์ผ์์ ์ธ ์์
๊ทธ๋ฃน ํ ๋ก ์ ์ง์ํ๋ ์์ด์ ํธ, 3) ์์ ํ ๋ก ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ ์์ด์ ํธ๋ฅผ ๋์์ธ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๋ฐํ๊ณ ๊ทธ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ ๋์ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์ ์ฑ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค. ์์คํ
์ ๋์์ธํจ์ ์์ด์ ์ธ๊ฐ-์ปดํจํฐ ์ํธ์์ฉ๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ, ์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ด์
ํ, ์ฌ๋ฆฌํ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ๊ณผํ์ ์ ๋ชฉํ ๋คํ์ ์ ์ ๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์์ด ์ ์ฉ๋์๋ค.
์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ผ๋์ผ ์ํธ์์ฉ ์ํฉ์์ ์ฌ์ฉ์์ ๊ด์ฌ ์ฆ์ง์ ์ํ ๋ํํ ์์ด์ ํธ์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ์ฆํ๋ค. ์ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์ฌ๋ผ๋ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์์ ์ํ๋ ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์น ์ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์ฌ์์ ์๋ต์์ ๋ถ์ฑ์ค๋ก ์ธํด ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ์๋ต ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ํ์ง์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ์๋ก์ด ์ธํฐ๋์
๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ
์คํธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ ๋ํํ ์์ด์ ํธ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ ํ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชฉํ๋ก ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด 2 (์ธํฐํ์ด์ค: ์น ๅฐ ์ฑ๋ด) X 2 (๋ํ ์คํ์ผ: ํฌ๋ฉ ๅฐ ์บ์ฅฌ์ผ) ์คํ์ ์งํํ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ง์กฑํ ์ด๋ก ์ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐํ์ฌ ์๋ต ๋ฐ์ดํฐ์ ํ์ง์ ํ๊ฐํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ฑ๋ด ์ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์ฌ์ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๊ฐ ์น ์ค๋ฌธ์กฐ์ฌ์ ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๋์ ์์ค์ ๊ด์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ , ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ ๋์ ํ์ง์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ด๋ฐ ์ฑ๋ด์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ ํ์ง์ ๋ํ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ์ฑ๋ด์ด ์น๊ตฌ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์บ์ฅฌ์ผํ ๋ํ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ ๋๋ง ๋ํ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ ๋ํํ ์ธํฐ๋ํฐ๋นํฐ๊ฐ ์ธํฐํ์ด์ค๋ฟ ์๋๋ผ ๋ํ ์คํ์ผ์ด๋ผ๋ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฉ์ธ์ง ์ ๋ต์ ๋๋ฐํ ๋ ๋ฐ์ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์๋ฏธํ๋ค.
๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ผ์์ ์ธ ์์
์ฑํ
๊ทธ๋ฃน์์ ์ง๋จ์ ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ ๊ณผ์ ๊ณผ ํ ๋ก ์ ์ง์ํ๋ ๋ํํ ์์คํ
์ ๋ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํด GroupfeedBot์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ํํ ์์ด์ ํธ๋ฅผ ์ ์ํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, GroupfeedBot์ (1) ํ ๋ก ์๊ฐ์ ๊ด๋ฆฌํ๊ณ , (2) ๊ตฌ์ฑ์๋ค์ ๊ท ๋ฑํ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์งํ๋ฉฐ, (3) ๊ตฌ์ฑ์๋ค์ ๋ค์ํ ์๊ฒฌ์ ์์ฝ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์งํํ๋ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ๊ฐ๊ณ ์๋ค. ํด๋น ์์ด์ ํธ๋ฅผ ํ๊ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๋ค์ํ ํ์คํฌ (์ถ๋ก , ์์ฌ๊ฒฐ์ , ์์ ํ ๋ก , ๋ฌธ์ ํด๊ฒฐ ๊ณผ์ )์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ท๋ชจ(์๊ท๋ชจ, ์ค๊ท๋ชจ)์ ๊ดํ์ฌ ์ฌ์ฉ์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ํํ๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์๊ฒฌ์ ๋ค์์ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์์ GroupfeedBot์ผ๋ก ํ ๋ก ํ ์ง๋จ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์์ด์ ํธ์ ํ ๋ก ํ ์ง๋จ๋ณด๋ค ๋ ๋ค์ํ ์๊ฒฌ์ ์์ฑํ์ง๋ง ์ฐ์ถ๋ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ํ์ง๊ณผ ๋ฉ์์ง ์์ ์์ด์๋ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ ์ ์์๋ค. ๊ท ๋ฑํ ์ฐธ์ฌ์ ๋ํ GroupfeedBot์ ํจ๊ณผ๋ ํ์คํฌ์ ํน์ฑ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ค๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋ํ๋ฌ๋๋ฐ, ํนํ ์์ ํ ๋ก ๊ณผ์ ์์ GroupfeedBot์ด ์ฐธ์ฌ์๋ค์ ๊ท ๋ฑํ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์งํ๋ค.
์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์์ ํ ๋ก ์ ์ง์ํ๋ ๋ํํ ์์คํ
์ ๋ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฐ๋ DebateBot์ GroupfeeedBot๊ณผ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ ์ง์งํ ์ฌํ์ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์์ ์ ์ฉ๋์๋ค. DebateBot์ (1) ์๊ฐํ๊ธฐ-์ง์ง๊ธฐ-๊ณต์ ํ๊ธฐ (Think-Pair-Share) ์ ๋ต์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ํ ๋ก ์ ๊ตฌ์กฐํํ๊ณ , (2) ๊ณผ๋ฌตํ ํ ๋ก ์์๊ฒ ์๊ฒฌ์ ์์ฒญํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๋๋ฑํ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์งํ๋ ๋ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฃผ์ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ์ ์ํํ๋ค. ์ฌ์ฉ์ ํ๊ฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ DebateBot์ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ํธ์์ฉ์ ๊ฐ์ ํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ์ฌ์ ํ ๋ก ์ ๊ฐ๋ฅํ๊ฒ ํ๋ค. ํ ๋ก ๊ตฌ์กฐํ๋ ํ ๋ก ์ ์ง์ ๊ธ์ ์ ์ธ ํจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐํํ์๊ณ , ์ฐธ์ฌ์ ์ด์ง์ ์ง์ ํ ํฉ์ ๋๋ฌ์ ๊ธฐ์ฌํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๊ตฌ์ฑ์๋ค์ ์ฃผ๊ด์ ๋ง์กฑ๋๋ฅผ ํฅ์ํ๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ด ์ธ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ค์ ๋ฐํ์ผ๋ก ์ธ๊ฐ-์ธ๊ณต์ง๋ฅ ์ปค๋ฎค๋์ผ์ด์
์ ๋ํ ๋ค์ํ ์์ฌ์ ๋ค์ ๋์ถํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ TAMED (Task-Agent-Message-Information Exchange-Relationship Dynamics) ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ก ์ ๋ฆฌํ์๋ค.The advancements in technology shift the paradigm of how individuals communicate and collaborate. Machines play an active role in human communication. However, we still lack a generalized understanding of how exactly to design effective machine-driven communication and discussion systems. How should machine agents be designed differently when interacting with a single user as opposed to when interacting with multiple users? How can machine agents be designed to drive user engagement during dyadic interaction? What roles can machine agents perform for the sake of group interaction contexts? How should technology be implemented in support of the group decision-making process and to promote group dynamics? What are the design and technical issues which should be considered for the sake of creating human-centered interactive systems?
In this thesis, I present new interactive systems in the form of a conversational agent, or a chatbot, that facilitate dyadic and group interactions. Specifically, I focus on: 1) a conversational agent to engage users in dyadic communication, 2) a chatbot called GroupfeedBot that facilitates daily social group discussion, 3) a chatbot called DebateBot that enables deliberative discussion. My approach to research is multidisciplinary and informed by not only in HCI, but also communication, psychology and data science. In my work, I conduct in-depth qualitative inquiry and quantitative data analysis towards understanding issues that users have with current systems, before developing new computational techniques that meet those user needs. Finally, I design, build, and deploy systems that use these techniques to the public in order to achieve real-world impact and to study their use by different usage contexts.
The findings of this thesis are as follows. For a dyadic interaction, participants interacting with a chatbot system were more engaged as compared to those with a static web system. However, the conversational agent leads to better user engagement only when the messages apply a friendly, human-like conversational style. These results imply that the chatbot interface itself is not quite sufficient for the purpose of conveying conversational interactivity. Messages should also be carefully designed to convey such.
Unlike dyadic interactions, which focus on message characteristics, other elements of the interaction should be considered when designing agents for group communication. In terms of messages, it is important to synthesize and organize information given that countless messages are exchanged simultaneously. In terms of relationship dynamics, rather than developing a rapport with a single user, it is essential to understand and facilitate the dynamics of the group as a whole. In terms of task performance, technology should support the group's decision-making process by efficiently managing the task execution process.
Considering the above characteristics of group interactions, I created the chatbot agents that facilitate group communication in two different contexts and verified their effectiveness. GroupfeedBot was designed and developed with the aim of enhancing group discussion in social chat groups. GroupfeedBot possesses the feature of (1) managing time, (2) encouraging members to participate evenly, and (3) organizing the membersโ diverse opinions. The group which discussed with GroupfeedBot tended to produce more diverse opinions compared to the group discussed with the basic chatbot. Some effects of GroupfeedBot varied by the task's characteristics. GroupfeedBot encouraged the members to contribute evenly to the discussions, especially for the open-debating task.
On the other hand, DebateBot was designed and developed to facilitate deliberative discussion. In contrast to GroupfeedBot, DebateBot was applied to more serious and less casual social contexts. Two main features were implemented in DebateBot: (1) structure discussion and (2) request opinions from reticent discussants.This work found that a chatbot agent which structures discussions and promotes even participation can improve discussions, resulting in higher quality deliberative discussion. Overall, adding structure to the discussion positively influenced the discussion quality, and the facilitation helped groups reach a genuine consensus and improved the subjective satisfaction of the group members.
The findings of this thesis reflect the importance of understanding human factors in designing AI-infused systems. By understanding the characteristics of individual humans and collective groups, we are able to place humans at the heart of the system and utilize AI technology in a human-friendly way.1. Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Rise of Machine Agency
1.3 Theoretical Framework
1.4 Research Goal
1.5 Research Approach
1.6 Summary of Contributions
1.7 Thesis Overview
2. Related Work
2.1 A Brief History of Conversational Agents
2.2 TAMED Framework
3. Designing Conversational Agents for Dyadic Interaction
3.1 Background
3.2 Related Work
3.3 Method
3.4 Results
3.5 Discussion
3.6 Conclusion
4. Designing Conversational Agents for Social Group Discussion
4.1 Background
4.2 Related Work
4.3 Needfinding Survey for Facilitator Chatbot Agent
4.4 GroupfeedBot: A Chatbot Agent For Facilitating Discussion in
Group Chats
4.5 Qualitative Study with Small-Sized Group
4.6 User Study With Medium-Sized Group
4.7 Discussion
4.8 Conclusion
5. Designing Conversational Agents for Deliberative Group Discussion
5.1 Background
5.2 Related Work
5.3 DebateBot
5.4 Method
5.5 Results
5.6 Discussion and Design Implications
5.7 Conclusion
6. Discussion
6.1 Designing Conversational Agents as a Communicator
6.2 Design Guidelines Based on TAMED Model
6.3 Technical Considerations
6.4 Human-AI Collaborative System
7. Conclusion
7.1 Research Summary
7.2 Summary of Contributions
7.3 Future Work
7.4 Conclusion๋ฐ
ํ๋ํ์ค์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ ๋ถ์ ์ ์์ค ํฐ๋์ ์ ํ์ฑ ๊ฑฐ๋ ํด์
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(์์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต๋ํ์ : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋ํ ๊ฑด์คํ๊ฒฝ๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2022.2. ๊นํธ๊ฒฝ.This study performs wave-structure interaction analysis of a submerged floating tunnel (SFT) with mooring lines and investigates the effect of structure parameters on dynamic responses under wave loads. Airy wave theory and Morisonโs Equation are used to calculate the wave force. The numerical model of SFT is verified by comparing it with the dynamic response of the experimental model studied by Oh et al. The effect of key design parameters (Buoyancy weight ratio, clearance, tether incline angle) on the performance of SFT under wave load is presented. Even though the SFT natural frequency and wave frequency were not close, Structure response amplification was observed for a particular range of the parameters. It was found that this amplification is due to the time-dependent fluctuating natural frequency of SFT. The results indicate that fluctuating natural frequency should be evaluated properly since severe displacement can occur in such a specific situation.๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ๊ณ๋ฅ์ ์ด ์๋ ๋ถ์ ์ ์์ค ํฐ๋์ ์ ํ์ฑ ๊ฑฐ๋ ํด์์ ์ํํ์๊ณ , ์ฃผ์ ๋งค๊ฐ๋ณ์๊ฐ ํ๋ํ์ค์ ์ํ ๋์ ์๋ต์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ ํ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ํ๋ ฅ์ ์ฐ์ ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ์์ด๋ฆฌ ์ ํํ ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์จ ๋ฐฉ์ ์์ด ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค. ๋ํ, ๋ถ์ ์ ์์ค ํฐ๋์ ์์น ๋ชจ๋ธ์ ์ ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ์กฐํ์์กฐ ์คํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ๋น๊ตํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ฒ์ฆํ์๋ค. ํ๋ ํ์ค์ด ๊ฐํด์ง ๋, ์์ค ํฐ๋์ ์ฃผ์ ์ค๊ณ ๋ณ์์ธ ๋ถ๋ ฅ-์ค๋๋น, ํฐ๋์ ํ์, ๊ณ๋ฅ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฌ๊ฐ์ด ๋์ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ด ํ๊ฐ๋์๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์ผ๋ก, ๋ถ์ ์ ์์ค ํฐ๋์ ๊ณ ์ ์ง๋์์ ํ์ง๋์๊ฐ ๊ทผ์ ํ์ง ์์์์๋ ๋ถ๊ตฌํ๊ณ , ๋งค๊ฐ๋ณ์์ ํน์ ๋ฒ์์ ๋ํด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฌผ ์๋ต ์ฆํญ ํ์์ด ๊ด์ฐฐ๋์๋ค. ์ด ์ฆํญ ํ์์ P-delta ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ํด ์๊ฐ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ณ๋ํ๋ ๊ณ ์ ์ง๋์๋ก ์ธํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ฐํ์ก๋ค.ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research Background 1
1.2 Research Objective and Layout 4
CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION OF NUMERICAL MODEL 5
2.1 Theoretical background 5
2.1.1 Airy linear wave theory 5
2.1.2 Morison's Equation 9
2.2 Calculation of hydrodynamic load 10
2.3 Governing Equation of wave-structure interaction 13
2.4 Description of numerical model 16
CHAPTER 3 VERIFICATION OF NUMERICAL ANALYSIS 19
3.1 Verification of wave force application 19
3.2 Verification of wave-structure interaction 22
CHAPTER 4 PARAMETER STUDY 28
4.1 Parameter's range selection 28
4.1.1 Considered wave cases 28
4.1.2 The considered range for buoyancy weight ratio 32
4.1.3 The considered range for clearance 33
4.1.4 The considered range for tether incline angle 34
4.2 Wave characteristics case study 36
4.3 Buoyancy-weight ratio case study 38
4.4 Clearance case study 42
4.5 Tether incline angle case study 46
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 48
REFERENCE 50
๊ตญ ๋ฌธ ์ด ๋ก 53์
๋์ด๊ด๊ด์์์ ์๋น์๋ค์ ์ํ ๊ด๋ จ ํ๋
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๋์
์๋ช
๊ณผํ๋ํ ๋๊ฒฝ์ ์ฌํํ๋ถ(์ง์ญ์ ๋ณด์ ๊ณต), 2018. 8. ๋ฌธ์ ํ.As a sustainable strategy to conserve rural environment, agritourism has been gaining attention from many stakeholders and is expected to grow in the future. This study aims to investigate the consumers food-related behavior in agritourism. Essay 1 examines the effect of agritourism experience on consumers grocery purchase patterns. In order to achieve the aim of the research, the food expenditure data from consumer panel is analyzed by using Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). As a result, agritourism experience alters the consumers grocery purchase patterns in grain, vegetable, fruit, meat, and fish. In essay 2, the effects of meal type and food preparation activity on food evaluation are investigated. The field experiments are conducted with 130 participants in the restaurant. The results indicate that the food type significantly affects the willingness to pay, in addition, this main effect is moderated by food preparation activity.โ
. Essay 1: The effect of agritourism experience on consumers future food purchase patterns 1
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Chapter 2. Literature Review 6
2.1. Economic Impact of Agritourism 6
2.2. Effect of agritourism on consumers future purchase 9
2.3. Application of AIDS in relevant studies 13
Chapter 3. Data and Methodology 16
3.1. Data Collection 16
3.2. Methods 20
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 22
4.1. Parameter and elasticity estimates 22
4.2. Effects of experience of agritourism 28
Chapter 5. Conclusion 32
โ
ก. Essay 2: The effect of meal type and involvement on Consumers evaluation in Agritourism 36
Chapter 1. Introduction 36
1.1. Study Background 36
1.2. Purpose of Research 38
Chapter 2. Theoretical Framework 40
2.1. Involvement and consumer behavior 40
2.2. Extraordinary and Ordinary food 43
Chapter 3. Hypotheses Development 46
Chapter 4. Research Methodology 49
4.1. Experiment Design 49
4.2. Field Experiment Process 52
Chapter 5. Data analysis and Results 57
5.1. Data collection 57
5.2. Demographic information 57
5.3. Manipulation Check 59
5.4. Hypothesis Test 60
Chapter 6. Discussion 65
6.1. Summary of Findings 65
6.2. Contributions and Limitations 67
Reference 71
Appendix A. IRB Documents 83
Appendix B. Recruitment Document 91
Appendix C. Manipulation Material (Agriculture Situation) 94
Appendix D. Survey 100Maste
๋ฉํ๊ฒ๋ ์ผ๊ธฐ์์ด ํด๋ฌ์คํฐ๋ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ ๋น๊ต
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์ฌ๋ฒ๋ํ ์ํ๊ต์ก๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ์ ์ฐ์ฃผ.With the recent advances in next generation sequencing technologies, shotgun metagenomics, direct sequencing of genetic materials from environmental samples, became available. Shotgun metagenomics enables research of previously under-examined or unknown microbes that cannot be cultured in laboratories. Metagenomics therefore has potential to identify novel genomes from samples and its abundance within samples. Since short-read sequencing outputs a large number of reads in a single run, the task is to construct the genome from which the reads originate. However, since the reads produced by next generation sequencing technologies generally have short lengths, assembling reads into contigs cannot reconstruct the sequence of complete genomes. Aligning reads to the reference genome is also hindered if the reference genome is not available or coverage is insufficient. Moreover, since environmental sample contains various microbial species or strains, different reads obtained from metagenomics shotgun sequencing may originate from different taxa. Therefore, clustering contigs into bins, where each bin corresponds to a species, is needed. After sequencing reads from microbial samples, reads are assembled into contigs, which can then be clustered into species to identify which species reside in the samples. Here we compare eight taxonomy independent contig binning methods that utilizes composition and coverage information to bin contigs into clusters. By comparing their performances across 26 in silico datasets with varying parameters, we suggest a guideline of choosing appropriate methods of binning contigs for various datasets.์ผ๊ธฐ์์ด ๊ฒฐ์ ๊ธฐ์ (์ํ์ฑ)์ด ๋ฐ๋ฌํ๋ฉด์ ์์ฐํ๊ฒฝ์์ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ์ ์ผ๊ธฐ์์ด ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ง์ ์ป์ ์ ์๋ ๋ฉํ๊ฒ๋์ด ๋ฐ์ ํ๋ค. ๋ฉํ๊ฒ๋์ ์ด์ฉํ์ฌ ์ด์ ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์ง ์์๋ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ์ํ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ป์ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ ์ํ์ ์ผ๊ธฐ์์ด ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๊ฒน์น๋ ๊ตฌ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํด ๊ธด ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ ์ํ์ค์ธ ์ฝํฐ๊ทธ๋ก ํฉ์น๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ์ด์
๋ธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น๋ค. ํฉ์น๋ ์ด์
๋ธ๋ฆฌ ๊ณผ์ ์ ํตํด ์ป๋ ์ฝํฐ๊ทธ๋ค์ ์ํ์ฑ์ผ๋ก ์ป์ ์กฐ๊ฐ๋ค์ ๋นํด ๊ธด ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง์ง๋ง ๊ฒ๋ ์ ์ฒด์ ์ผ๊ธฐ์์ด์ ์์ฑํ์ง๋ ๋ชปํ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๊ฐ ์ฝํฐ๊ทธ๊ฐ ์ด๋ค ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ ์ข
์์ ์ ๋ํ ๊ฒ์ธ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ์ฝํฐ๊ทธ ํด๋ฌ์คํฐ๋ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฉํ ์ ์๋ค. ์ฝํฐ๊ทธ ํด๋ฌ์คํฐ๋ง์ ํตํด ์ฝํฐ๊ทธ๋ค์ ํด๋ฌ์คํฐ์ ๋๋ ์ ๋ด๊ณ , ๊ฐ ํด๋ฌ์คํฐ์ ๋์ํ๋ ๋ฏธ์๋ฌผ ์ข
์ ์ผ๊ธฐ์์ด ์ ๋ณด์ ๊ทธ ์ข
์ด ์ํ ๋ด์์ ์กด์ฌํ๋ ๋น์จ์ ์ถ์ ํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ปจํฐ๊ทธ ์งํฉ์ ๊ตฌ์ฑ๊ณผ ์ปค๋ฒ๋ฆฌ์ง์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด์ฉํ๋ ์ฌ๋๊ฐ์ง์ ์ฝํฐ๊ทธ ํด๋ฌ์คํฐ๋ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ค์ ๋น๊ตํ์๋ค. ์ปดํจํฐ ์๋ฎฌ๋ ์ด์
์ ํตํด ์๋ก ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ปค๋ฒ๋ฆฌ์ง์ ์ํ ์๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง๋ 26๊ฐ์ง์ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ ํ, ์ฌ๋๊ฐ์ง์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ค์ ์ ์ฉํด ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ์ธก์ ํ๊ณ ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ด๋ค ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ์๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋์ ์ฑ๋ฅ์ ๋ณด์ด๋์ง, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ ํด๋ฌ์คํฐ๋ง ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ๋ค์ด ์ ์ฉ๋๊ธฐ์ ์ ํฉํ ๋ฐ์ดํฐ๋ ๋ฌด์์ธ์ง ์ดํด๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํ๋ค.Abstract i
Contents iii
Contents of Figures v
Contents of Tables viii
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1. Study Background 1
1.2. Purpose of Research 6
Chapter 2. Body 10
2.1. Methods 10
2.1.1. Data simulation 10
2.1.2. Data preprocessing 13
2.1.3. CONCOCT 15
2.1.4. COCACOLA 18
2.1.5. MetaBAT 22
2.1.6. MaxBin2 24
2.1.7. GroopM 27
2.1.8. BMC3C 29
2.1.9. MyCC 33
2.1.10. GATTACA 35
2.1.11. Evaluation measures 37
2.2. Results 41
2.2.1. Results of data with no strain variation 42
2.2.2. Results of data with multiple strain variations 57
2.3. The performance of each method 71
2.3.1. The performance of CONCOCT 72
2.3.2. The performance of COCACOLA 74
2.3.3. The performance of MetaBAT 76
2.3.4. The performance of MaxBin2 78
2.3.5. The performance of GroopM 80
2.3.6. The performance of BMC3C 82
2.3.7. The performance of MyCC 84
2.3.8. The performance of GATTACA 86
Chapter 3. Conclusion 88
Reference 92
Appendix 102
๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ด๋ก 180Maste
The Study on the Recovery of Epidermal Langerhans Cells in C3H Mice After UVA Irradiation
์ํ๊ณผ/์์ฌ[์๋ฌธ]
[ํ๊ธ]
์์ธ์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ก ์ธํด ํํผ Langerhans์ธํฌ์ ํํ์ ์์ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์๊ธด๋ค๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ๋๋ฆฌ
๋ณด๊ณ ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ฌํ Langerhans์ธํฌ์ ๋ณํ๋ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ ์์ธ์ ๋์ ๋น๋กํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ๋ ์๋ ค
์ ธ ์๋ค. ์์ธ์ ์กฐ์ฌํ ๊ฐ์๋ ํํผ Langerhans์ธํฌ์์ ์๊ฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํ๋ณต ์์์
๋ํ์ฌ๋ ์์ธ์ B ๋ฐ PUVA์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ง์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ณด๊ณ ๋ค์ด ์์ผ๋ ์์ธ์ A์ ๋ํด์๋ ์์ธ
ํ ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋ณ๋ก ์๋ค. ๋์ฐ๊ธฐ ๋๋์ ์์ธ์ ์ ๋ถํ ํ์ฌ ์์ผ๊ฐ ์กฐ์ฌํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ 1ํ ๋จ์
๊ฐ์ ์ง์ค์กฐ์ฌํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ์๊ฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํ๋ณต์์์ ๋น๊ต๋ ์์ง ์์ธํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋์ด์ง ๋ฐ
์๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋๋ค
์ด์ ์ ์๋ค์ C^^3 H์์ฅ์์ ์กฐ์ฌ๋๊ณผ ์กฐ์ฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌํ์ฌ ์์ธ์ A๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌํํ ์๊ฐ
๊ฒฝ๊ณผ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ํํผ Langerhans์ธํฌ์ ํ๋ณต์ ๋ณด๊ณ ์ C^^3 H์์ฅ์ ๊ท๋ถ์์ 200J/ใ ๋ฐ 40
0J/ใ ์ ์์ธ์ A๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1ํ ์ง์ค์กฐ์ฌ ๋ฐ 5์ผ์ ๊ฑธ์ณ 5ํ ๋ถํ ์กฐ์ฌํ ํ ์์ธ์ ์ ์กฐ์ฌ
๋ฐ์ง ์์ ์ ์๋์กฐ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์คํ๊ตฐ์ ๊ท๋ถ์๋ฅผ ์๊ฒํ๊ณ ๋ฉด์ญ๊ณผ์ฐํํจ์ ์ผ์(immuno-peroxi
dase stain)์ ์ํํ์ฌ Ia์์ฑ ํํผ Langerhans์ธํฌ์๋ฅผ ๊ด์ฐฐํ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค.
1. 200J/ใ ์ ์กฐ์ฌ๊ตฐ์์๋ ์ง์ค์กฐ์ฌ๊ตฐ์์ ๋ถํ ์กฐ์ฌ๊ตฐ์ ๋นํด ์กฐ์ฌํ 7์ผ, 14์ผ์ Ia
์์ฑ ํํผ Langerhans์ธํฌ์๊ฐ ์์์๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ํจ์ ๋ณด์๋ค.
2.400J/ใ ์ ์กฐ์ฌ๊ตฐ์์๋ ๋ถํ ์กฐ์ฌ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ง์ค์กฐ์ฌ๊ตฐ์ฌ์ด์ ์กฐ์ฌ 21์ผํ๊น์ง Ia์์ฑ ํ
ํผ Langerhans์ธํฌ์์ ๋ณํ์ ์์์๋ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์๋ค.
3. ์์ธ์ A์กฐ์ฌํ ๊ฐ์๋ Ia์์ฑ ํํผ Langerhans์ธํฌ์๋ 200J/ใ ์กฐ์ฌ๊ตฐ์ ๋ถํ ์กฐ์ฌ๊ตฐ
์์ ์กฐ์ฌํ 14์ผ์ ์ง์ค์กฐ์ฌ๊ตฐ์์ ์กฐ์ฌํ 21์ผ์ ์ ์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ณต๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ, 400J/ใ ์กฐ์ฌ
๊ตฐ์ ๋ถํ ์กฐ์ฌ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์ง์ค์กฐ์ฌ๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋์์ ์กฐ์ฌํ 21์ผ์ ์ ์์ผ๋ก ํ๋ณต๋์๋ค.
์ด์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ๋ณด์ C^^3 H์์ฅ์์ Ia์์ฑ ํํผ Langerhans์ธํฌ์๋ 200J/ใ ์ ์์ธ์
A๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ถํ ์กฐ์ฌ๊ตฐ๋ณด๋ค ์ง์ค์กฐ์ฌ๊ตฐ์์ ์กฐ์ฌํ 7์ผ, 14์ผ์งธ ๋ ๋ง์ด ๊ฐ์ํ๊ณ
ํ๋ณต๋ ๋๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ,200J/ใ ๋ฐ 400J/ใ ์กฐ์ฌ๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋์์ ์กฐ์ฌ 21์ผ ํ์๋ ์ธํฌ์๊ฐ ์ ์์ผ๋ก
ํ๋ณต๋จ์ ์ ์ ์์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ผ์ ๋์ ์์ธ์ A๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ถํ ์กฐ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ง์ค์กฐ
์ฌ๋ณด๋ค ๋ฉด์ญํ์ ์ธ ์์์ด ๋ ์ ์ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ์๊ฐ๋๋ค.
The Study on the Recovery of Epidermal Langerhans Cells in C^^3 H Mice After UVA
Irradiation
Soo-Min Kim
Department of Medical Science, The Graduate School, Yonsei University
(Directed by Professor Yoon-Kee Park, M.D., Ph.D.)
It has been reported widely that the changes in morphology and number of
epidermal Langerhans cells are brought about by ultraviolet irradiation and it is
known that the changes in Langerhans cells are proportional to the amount of
ultraviolet irradiation. There have been many studies on the aspect of the recovery
of the reduced number of epidermal Langerhans cells in relation to time after
ultraviolet B(UVB)and PUVA irradiation, but not many detailed reports about
ultraviolet A(UVA) have been made, Besides, no study has been done on the aspect of
the recovery in relation to time when an equal amount of ultraviolet rays is
exposed in fractionated doses for a few days compared to when it is exposed in one
single large dose at one time.
To see the recovery in epidermal Langerhans cells in relation to time after UVA
irradiation through different amounts and ways of exposure in C^^3 H mice, we
irradiated the ears of C^^3 H mice with UVA 200J/ใ and 400J/ใ in a single dose at
one time and 5 fractionated doses for 5 days and performed biopsies on the ears of
the control and experimental groups after 2, 7, 14, 21 days of irradiation and
stained them with immunoperoxidase method. We obtained the following results after
observing the number of the la-positive epidermal Langerhans cells,
The results are summarized as follows,
1. We observed a significant decrease in the number of the la-positive epidermal
Langerhans cells in the single-dose-exposed group compared to the
fractionated-dose-exposed group on 7th and 14th days irradiated with UVA 200J/ใ .
2. There was no significant difference in the change in the number of the
la-positive epidermal Langerhans cells until 21 days of exposure between the
single-dose-exposed group and the fractionated-dose-exposed group irradiated with
UVA 400J/ใ .
3. In the group irradiated with UVA 200J/ใ , the reduced number of the
la-positive epidermal Langerhans cells returned to normal on the 14th day after
irradiation in the fractionated-dose-exposed group and on the 21st day in the
single-dose-exposed group. In the group irradiated with 400J/ใ , the number
returned to normal on the 21st day of irradition both in the
fractionated-dose-exposed group and in the single-dose-exposed group.
From the results obtained, the number of the la-positive epidermal Langerhans
cells in C^^3 H mice is decreased more and also the recovery is slower in the
single-dose-exposed group than in the fractionated-dose-exposed group on the 7th
and 14th days after irradiation with UVA 200J/ใ and the number of the cells
returned to normal after 21days of exposure in both groups irradiated with UVA
200J/ใ and 400J/ใ . Therefore, for an equal amount of UVA irradiation it is
thought that the fractionated-dose-exposed group received less immunological damage
than the single-dose -exposed group.restrictio
๊ฑด์ถ๋ด์ฅ์ฌ ํ๋ฉด ์ ์ฐฉ์ฉ ์นํ๊ฒฝ MFPVAc ์์ง์ ์ ์ฐฉํน์ฑ ๋ฐ ์์ฉ ๊น์๋ฏผ.
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ์ฌ) --์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :์ฐ๋ฆผ๊ณผํ๋ถ(ํ๊ฒฝ์ฌ๋ฃ๊ณผํ์ ๊ณต),2007.Docto
ํค๋ฅด๋ง ๋ธ๋กํ์ ใ๋ชฝ์ ๋ณ์๋คใ ์ฐ๊ตฌ
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (์์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๋
์ด๋
๋ฌธํ๊ณผ, 2012. 2. ์ํ๋ฐฐ.์ธ๊ธฐ ์ ํ๊ธฐ์ ์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์์์๋ ์๋ ๋ณ๋์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ์๊ณผ ํผ๋์ ์ํ์ ๋ฐ์ํ ์๊ฐ์ ์์ ๊ฐ๋ค์ด ์ ์ง ์์๋ค. ์ค์คํธ๋ฆฌ์์ ์๊ฐ ํค๋ฅด๋ง ๋ธ๋กํ๋ ์ฒ ํ์ ์ธ ์์ธ์ด์ ๋ฌธํ์ด๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ์์ค์ ํตํด ๋น์์ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ๋นํ์ ์ผ๋ก ํต์ฐฐํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ์ผ๋ถ์ ์์ค ใ๋ชฝ์ ๋ณ์๋คใ์ 19์ธ๊ธฐ ๋ง์์ 20์ธ๊ธฐ ์ด์ ์ด๋ฅด๋ ์๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฝ ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅํ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ค์ ๊ฐ์น๋ถ๊ดด์ ์ธ ๋ด๋ฉด์ ๋ชจ๋๋์ฆ์ ์์คํ์์ ํตํด ํํํ์๋ค. ๋ณธ ๋
ผ๋ฌธ์ ๋ธ๋กํ๊ฐ ์ด ์์ค์์ ๋ชฝ์ ๋ณ์ด๋ผ๋ ์์ง์ ํตํด ๋ํ๋ธ ๊ฐ์น๋ถ๊ดด์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ ์ฑํฅ์ ์ํ ๋ด์ ์ธ ๋ถ์์ ํตํด ์ดํผ๊ณ ์๋ค.
์ด ์ํ์์ ๋ชฝ์ ๋ณ์ ๋น์ ์ ์ธ ์๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง๋๋ฉฐ ์ธ๊ฐ์ด ์ง๋ ์ธ์์ ํํ์ ๊ทธ ํ์๋ฅผ ๊ท๋ช
ํ๋ ๋ง๋ก ์ฌ์ฉ๋์๋ค. 3๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง ์ด ์์ค์ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๋ค์ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์ ํ๊ธฐ์ ์๊ตฌ ์ ๋ฝ ์ฌํ์ ๋ชธ๋ด๊ณ ์ด์๊ฐ๋ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ค์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ค์ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์ ์๋์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ํ๋ฒํ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ ์ ํ๋ค์ด๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ด๋ค์ ํ๋ฒํจ์ ์ด๋ฉด์๋ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ๋ถ๊ดด๋์ด๊ฐ๋ ์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ดํตํ๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์๋ฌผ์ ์ธ ๊ทผ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋นํ์ ์ธ์์ด ๋ถ์ฌํ ํผ๋์ค๋ฌ์ด ๋ด๋ฉด์ด ์จ์ด์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋ ๋ธ๋กํ๊ฐ ์ฃผ์ฅํ ๊ฐ์น๋ถ๊ดด์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ณ ์ํฉ๊ณผ ๋ฌด๊ดํ์ง ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ 20์ธ๊ธฐ ์ด์ ์ ์น โง ๊ฒฝ์ ์ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ฌํ ๋ณ๋๊ณผ ๋๋ถ์ด ์ด๋ฌํ ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋ณํ์ ๋์ํ๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ๋ณธ๋์ ์ธ ์์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์น๋ถ๊ดด์ ์ธ ์ธ์ํ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ๋งํ์๋ฉด ๋ชฝ์ ๋ณ์ ์๊ตฌ ์ ๋ฝ์ ๊ฐ์น๋ถ๊ดด์ ์์์ด ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์์๊ณผ ํ๋์์์ ๋นํฉ๋ฆฌ์ฑ์ ํตํด ๋ฐํ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋น์ ํ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค.
๋ธ๋กํ๋ ๊ฐ์น๋ถ๊ดด ์ด๋ก ์ ํตํด ๋ฅด๋ค์์ค ์ดํ๋ก ๊ทผ๋ํ์ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๊ฒช๋ ์ ๋ฝ์ฌํ๋ฅผ ์ฒ ํ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ฌํ๋นํ์ ์ธ ์๊ฐ์ผ๋ก ๋ถ์ํ์๋ค. ๊ทธ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ฐ์น๋ถ๊ดด์ ์ธ ์ธ์ํ๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ด์ฑ์ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์ผ๋ก ํ์ฉ๋๊ธฐ ์์ํ ๊ทผ๋์ ์์ ๊ฐ์ํ ๋์๋ค. ๋งํ์๋ฉด ์ธ๊ฐ์ด ์ต๋ํ์ ์์จ์ฑ์ ํ ๋๋ก ์ด์ฑ์ ์ฌ์ฉํจ์ผ๋ก์จ ๊ทผ๋์ ์ฐ์
์ ๋๋ถ์๊ฒ ๋ฐ์ ํ์์ง๋ง, ์ฌ๊ธฐ์๋ ์ด์ ๋๋ถ์ด ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด์ฑ์ ์ ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ๋งน์ ํ๋ ๋ฌด๋นํ์ ์ธ ํ๋๊ฐ ๋๋ฌ๋ฌ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๊ฐ์น๋ถ๊ดด ์ด๋ก ์ ๋ธ๋กํ๋ ใ๋ชฝ์ ๋ณ์๋คใ์ ํตํด ์์ค๋ก ํ์ํํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ์ฌ๊ธฐ์์ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋์ฑ์ ์ถ์ข
ํ์ฌ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ๋งน์ ํ๋ ๊ฐ์ด๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ ์ ๋นํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ธ์ํ์ง ๋ชปํ๊ณ , ๋๋ถ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ํ๋์ ์ณ๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ฆ์กฐ์ฐจ ํ๋จํ ์ ์๋ ์ํ์ ๋์ฌ์๋ค. ์ด๋ก์จ ์์ค์ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋ค์ ๋ฏธ์ฒ ๊ฟ์์ ๊นจ์ง ๋ชปํ์ฌ ์์ํ์ง ๋ชปํ ์ฑ ํ๋ํ๋ ๋ชฝ์ ๋ณ์๋ค์ ๋น์ ๋๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ชฝ์ ๋ณ์๋ค์ ํ์๋ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ์ํ ๊ฐ์น์ฒด๊ณ์ ํฉ๋ฆฌ์ฑ์ ์ฒ ์ ํ๊ฒ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด๊ธฐ์ ํ๋นํ ๋ฏ ๋ณด์ด๋, ๊ทธ๋ฌํ ์ฒด๊ณ์ ๋
ผ๋ฆฌ์ฑ๋ง์ ๋ฌด๋นํ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ข
ํ๋ ๊น๋ญ์ ๋๋ด ๋ถํฉ๋ฆฌํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ช
๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ชฝ์ ๋ณ์๋ค์ ๋นํฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ฑํฅ์ ์ ์ฒด ์ธ๊ณ์ ํต์ผ์ฑ์ ์ํด์ํค๋ฉด์ ์ธ๊ฐ๊ฐ์น์ ๋ฌดํ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฅํ๋ ๋์ธ์ด ๋๊ณ ์๋ค.
ใ๋ชฝ์ ๋ณ์๋คใ์ 1๋ถ์ 2๋ถ์ ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ์์ํ ํฐ ํ์ ๋
ธ์ ์์ฐ๊ตฌ์คํธ ์์ฌ๋ ๋ ๋ค ์๋์ ๋ค๋จ์ด์ง ๋ก์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ํ๋ฉด์ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ ๋์ฑ์ ๋ถ์ฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ์์ํ์ ํ๋ก์ด์ผ์ ์ฅ๊ต ์ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ์์ ์๊ฒ ๋ฏ์ ์๋ฏผ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋๋ผ๋ ํผ๋์ ํผํด ์ฅ๊ต์ ์ ๋ณต์ ๊ฐ์ท๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๋ฐฉํจ๋ก ์ธ์ํ๊ณ ๊ทธ๊ฒ์ ์ ๋ดํ๋ค. ์์ฌ๋ 1๋ถ์์์ ํผ๋ํ ์ํ์์ ๋ ๋์๊ฐ ๊ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋๋ฌ๋ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฐ์ธ์ ์ธ ์ฒดํ์์ ๋น๋กฏ๋ ์ฌํ์ ๋ฌด์ง์ํ ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ ์ฒด ์ธ๊ณ์ ๋ฌด์ง์์ ์นด์ค์ค๋ก ์ฌ๊ธฐ๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๋
๊ต์ ์ธ ๋งน์ ์ ์ฌ๋ก์กํ์ ์ธ๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ํ๋ ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋นํ์ค์ ์ธ ์๋ง์ ์ธ๊ฐ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ํ๋ฝ์ํค๊ณ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ฌ๋ฌผํ ยท ๋๊ตฌํํ๋ ๊ณผ์ ์ ํตํด์ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง๋ค. 3๋ถ์ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต ๋นํฌ๋ฆ ํ๊ฒ๋์ฐ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ฅ ๊ทน๋ช
ํ๊ฒ ๋๋ฌ๋ธ๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ธ๊ฐ์ ์ดํดํ๋ฉด์๋ ์์ ์ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋นํํ๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ฐ์ฑํ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ํ๊ฐ์น์ ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด๋ค. ์์ปจ๋ ๊ทธ๋ ์์ธ์ผ๋ก์์ ๋ฌผ์ง์ ์ด์ต๋ง์ ์ ๋์ ์ผ๋ก ์ถ์ข
ํ ๋ฟ ์ฌํ์ ๊ฐ์น๋ค์๋ ๊ด์ฌ์ ๋์ง ์๋๋ค. ์ด๋ ๋ฏ ์ค์ง ๋ฌผ์ง์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์น๋ง์ ์ค์ํ๋ ์ฆ๋ฌผ์ฃผ์์ ํ๋๋ 1์ฐจ๋์ ์ ์ ์๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ผ๋ก ๋ฑ์ฅํ๋ ๊ธฐํ์ฃผ์์ ์ธ ํ์์ ์ ํ์ผ๋ก ๋ ์ค๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ์ธ๊ฐ๊ฐ์น์ ํ๋ฝ๊ณผ ์ข
๋ง์ ์๊ฒฌํ๋ ๊ฐ์น๋ถ๊ดด์ ์๋์ ์์์ผ๋ก ํด์๋๊ณ ์๋ค.Um die Jahrhundertwende reflektierten in รsterreich nicht wenige Schriftsteller und Kรผnstler in ihren Werken die Unruhe und Zweifel ihrer Epoche. Hermann Broch hat die zeitgenรถssische Gesellschaft in seinen philosophischen Essays und Romanen kritisch analysiert. In seiner Romantrilogie Die Schlafwandler stellt er den โZerfall der Werteโ dar und zeigt Individuen, die von den Symptomen des Zerfalls charakterisiert werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht das Motiv des โSchlafwandelnsโ als Symptom des Wertezerfalls.
โSchlafwandelnโ hat hier einen metaphorischen Sinn und beschreibt die Perzeption und das Handeln der Menschen. Die Protagonisten erscheinen als Durchschnittsbรผrger der damaligen Gesellschaft. Doch hinter den modellhaften Masken verbergen sich Philister ohne eigene Wertevorstellungen. Die Mentalitรคt dieser Menschen befindet sich in einem schlafwandelnden Zustand. Schlafwandler zu sein bedeutet hier das Unvermรถgen, sich selbst und die Realitรคt zu erkennen, die Menschen verfallen dem Wahnsinn. Broch betrachtet die Unruhe der Moderne in Zusammenhang mit den erkenntnistheoretischen Aspekten der Menschen. In dem Roman versucht Broch den Einfluss des Wertezerfalls auf das menschliche Geistesleben kritisch darzustellen.
In seiner Theorie รผber den โZerfall der Werteโ setzt sich Broch mit der Entwicklung der europรคischen Moderne seit der Renaissance auseinander. Nach Broch beschleunigt sich der abendlรคndische Wertezerfall durch die Instrumentalisierung der Vernunft. Hinter der konsequenten Applikation der Vernunft steht der blinde Glaube an die Rationalitรคt der Vernunft. Broch gestaltet diesen vernunftskritischen Gedanken in Die Schlafwandler durch die moderne Romanform: die Protagonisten der Trilogie verfolgen das Absolute, aber in ihrer Unreflektiertheit vermรถgen sie nicht, รผber ihr eigenes Verhalten kritisch zu urteilen. Sie verhalten sich, als ob sie aus ihrem Traum noch nicht erwacht wรคren, so sind sie mit Schlafwandlern vergleichbar. Sie zeigen scheinbare Nomalitรคten, da sie die rationalen Gesetze ihres Wertesystems radikal einhalten. Doch durch die radikale Rationalitรคt isolieren sie sich und werden gleichgรผltig gegenรผber anderen Menschen. Nach Broch ist der Schlafwandler in seiner Einsamkeit irrational, und dies ist das Bild einer zerfallenen Welt.
Im ersten und zweiten Teil der Trilogie sind Joachim von Pasenow und August Esch jeweils in โMoral-Dogmenโ gefangen. Sie versuchen, in den zerfallenen Werten einen absoluten Charakter zu finden. Joachim, ein preuรischer Offizier, betrachtet die zivile Welt als eine fremde und chaotische Welt, und fasst seine Uniform als Schutz gegen dieses Durcheinander auf. Er verehrt die Uniform, die als ein Zeichen des wilhelminischen Konservatismus gilt. Diese Verwirrung wird bei August Esch noch gesteigert. Esch verfรคllt dem Wahn, dass ausschlieรlich durch die katholische Religion die Erlรถsung der in Chaos zerfallenen Welt mรถglich sei. Solcher Glauben wird auf Kosten der menschlichen Werte erkauft. Diese Symptome kommen bei Wilhelm Huguenau am radikalsten zum Vorschein. Huguenau ist frei von allen moralischen Werten und nur in seinen eigenen Interessen verfangen. Selbst wenn er einen Menschen ermordet, rechnet Huguenau als Geschรคftsmann nur seinen eigenen Gewinn aus. Solche Kรคlte ist vor dem Hintergrund der Zeit des ersten Weltkriegs als ein Vorbote der Vernichtung der menschlichen Werte und eines apokalyptischen Weltunterganges einzuschรคtzenMaste
(The) effect of various psoralens and ultraviolet A on melanocytes, Langerhans cells and the formation of sunburn cells in C57BL mice
์ํ๊ณผ/๋ฐ์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
๊ดํํ์๋ฒ์ ํผ๋ถ์ ์์ ์นจ์ฐฉ ํจ๊ณผ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ์ฆ ์น๋ฃ์ ์ฐ์ด๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ดํํ์๋ฒ์
์ฌ์ฉ๋๋ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ธ psoralen์ ์ง์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถ๋๋ค. ์ง์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ 8-methox
ypsoraven(8-MOP) ๋ฐ 5-methoxypsoralen(5-MOP)์ ์ด์ค ์์ฉ๊ธฐ (bifunctional) psoralen
์ผ๋ก ์์ธ์ A๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฌํ์์ ๋ ์ธํฌ DNA ๊ฐ๋ฅ ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ต์ฐจ๊ฒฐํฉ์ ์ผ์ผํค๋ฉฐ ๋์ฐ๋ณ์ด, ๋ฐ
์์ฑ, ๊ด๋
์ฑ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฑ์ ๋ถ์์ฉ์ ์ด๋ํ ์ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ฉด ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ angelicin์ ๋จ์ผ
์์ฉ๊ธฐ(monofunctional) psoralen์ผ๋ก ์์ธ์ A ์กฐ์ฌ์ ์ธํฌ DNA ๊ฐ๋ฅ ์ฌ์ด์ ๊ต์ฐจ๊ฒฐํฉ
์ ๊ฑฐ์ ํ์ฑํ์ง ์๊ณ ๋ถ์์ฉ์ ๋น๊ต์ ์ ๊ฒ ์ผ์ผํจ๋ค. ์์ ์นจ์ฐฉ์ ์ํ ๊ดํํ์๋ฒ์
์๋ ๋ฉ๋ผ๋์ธํฌ์์ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํค๋ฉด์ ๊ด๋
์ฑ ๋ฐ์ ๋ฐ ๋ฉด์ญํ์ ๋ณํ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ฒ ์ผ์ผํค
๋ ์ฝ์ ์ ์ ํ์ด ๋ฐ๋์งํ๋ค.
๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ ์ง์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ 8-MOP๊ณผ, ์ญ์ ์ง์ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ด๋ 8-MOP์ ๋นํด ๋ถ์์ฉ์ด ์
๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ง 5-MOP, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ angelicin์ ์ด์ฉํ ๊ดํํ์๋ฒ์ ์ํํ์ฌ 5-
MOP๋ฐ angelicin์ด ํ์ฌ ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ์ฆ ์น๋ฃ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ 8-MOP์ ๋นํด ๋ฉ๋ผ๋์ธํฌ์ ์์
ํฌ๊ธฐ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ์ด ์ด๋ ํ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ์์๋ณด๊ณ , ๋ํ ๊ดํํ์๋ฒ ํ ์ด๋๋๋ ๋ฉด์ญํ์ ์ด์
์ ์ค์ํ ์ญํ ์ ํ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์๊ฐ๋๋ ๋๊ฒ๋ฅดํ์ค์ธํฌ ๊ฐ์์, ๊ด๋
์ฑ ๋ฐ์์ ์งํ๊ฐ ๋๋
์ผ๊ดํ์์ธํฌ ํ์ฑ์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ๊ฐ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋น๊ตํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. ์ฆ C57BL ๋ง์ฐ์ค์ 8-
MOP, 5-MOP ๋ฐ angelicin์ ์ด์ฉํ ์ ์ ๊ดํํ์๋ฒ์ ์ํํ๊ณ ๊ดํํ์๋ฒ 1์ฃผ, 3์ฃผ ๋ฐ
6์ฃผ์ ํผ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์๊ฒํ ํ dihydroxyphenylalanine(DOPA) ์์ฑ ๋ฉ๋ผ๋์ธํฌ์ ์, ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐ
๋๋ ๊ธธ์ด์ ATPase ์์ฑ๋๊ฒ๋ฅดํ์ค์ผํฌ ์, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํํผ์ ์ผ๊ดํ์์ธํฌ ์๋ฅผ ์ธก์ ํ์ฌ
๋ค์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ป์๋ค.
1. ๋ฉ๋ผ๋์ธํฌ ์๋ 8-MOP ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ, angelicin ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ, 5-MOP ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ ๋ชจ๋์์ ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ์
๋นํด ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์์ผ๋ ๊ฐ ์ฝ๋ฌผ ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ํ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์๋ค.
2. ๋ฉ๋ผ๋์ธํฌ ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐ ๋๋ ๊ธธ์ด๋ 8-MOP ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ, angelicin ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ, 5-MOP ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ, ๋
์กฐ๊ตฐ์ ์์ผ๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ดํํ์๋ฒ 6์ฃผ์ 8-MOP ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ ๋ฐ angelicin ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ์์ 5-
MOPํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ์ ๋นํด ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๋ค.
3. ATPase ์์ฑ ํํผ ๋๊ฒ๋ฅดํ์ค์ธํฌ ์๋ 8-MOP ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ, 5-MOP ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ, angelicin ํฌ
์ฌ๊ตฐ, ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ์ ์์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์๊ฐ ๋ง์์ผ๋ฉฐ 8-MOP ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ์์ 5-MOP ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ ๋ฐ angelicin ํฌ
์ฌ๊ตฐ์ ๋นํด ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ํ์๋ค.
4. ์ผ๊ดํ์์ธํฌ ์๋ 8-MOP ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ, 5-MOP ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ, angelicin ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ, ๋์กฐ๊ตฐ์ ์์ผ
๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐํ์์ผ๋ฉฐ 8-MOP ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ์์ 5-MOP ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ ๋ฐ angelicin ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ์ ๋นํด ์ ์ํ๊ฒ
๋ง์ด ํ์ฑ ๋์๋ค.
์ด์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ก ๋ณด์ ๋ฉ๋ผ๋์ธํฌ ์, ๋ฉด์ ๋ฐ ๋๋ ๊ธธ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ angelicin ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ ๋ฐ 5-M
OPํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ์์ ํ์ฌ ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ์ฆ ์น๋ฃ์ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๊ณ ์๋ ์ฝ๋ฌผ์ธ 8-MOP ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ์ ๋นํด ์์์ด ์
์์ผ๋ฉฐ, ATPase ์์ฑ ๋๊ฒ๋ฅดํ์ค์ธํฌ ๊ฐ์์ ์ผ๊ดํ์์ธํฌ ํ์ฑ์ angelicin ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ ๋ฐ 5
-MOP ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ์์ 8-MOP ํฌ์ฌ๊ตฐ์ ๋นํด ์ ์์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ์์ ์นจ์ฐฉ์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ํ๋ ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ์ฆ์
์น๋ฃ์ angelicin ๋ฐ 5-MOP์ ์ด์ฉํ ๊ดํํ์๋ฒ์ด ์ข์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฅ์ฑ์ด ์๋ค๊ณ ์๊ฐ
๋๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]
The combination of psoralen and subsequent exposure of ultraviolet A(UVA) is used
with increasing importance in the treatment of vitiligo. There are two forms of
psoralens. Linear psoralens and angular psoralens. Linear psoralens, such as
8-methoxypsoralen(8-MOP) and 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP),are photochemically
bifunctional psoralens which can form interstrand cress-linking with DNA and may
induce mutagenic and carcinogenic side effects in the presence of UVA. Angular
psoralens, such as angelicin, are photochemically monofunctional psoralens and
rarely form interstrnnd cross-linking with DNA on irradiation and consequently lead
to less side effects than linear psoralens. For the purpose of increment of
pigmentation, photosensitizing agents should be selected which increase the number
and size of melanocytes while minimizing phototoxic reactions and immunologic
alterations in the presence of UVA.5-MOP, a bifunctional psoralen, showed less side
effects such as phototoxic reactions, mutation, and gastrointestinal problems than
8-MOP in the photochemotherapy. Angelicin is a monofunctional psoralen and the
effect of angelicin on the number and size of melanocyte with UVA irradiation is
still unknown.
The objectives of this study are to compare the effects of photochemotherapy of
linear psoralens,8-MOP and 5-MOP, and an angular psoralen, angelicin. In
particular, the number and size of melanocytes formed, the number of Langerhans
cells which are important in immune surveillance system and the number of sunburn
cells which are the quantitative index of phototoxic reactions are compared. For
this purpose, we injected these psoralens intraperitoneally into C57BL mice and
subsequently exposed the mice to 4 J/cm**2 of UVA twice a week for 6weeks. We
biopsied the skin at 1,3 and 6weeks of photochemotherapy, and stained them with
DOPA stain, ATPase stain, and hematoxylineosin stain to measure the number, area
and perimeter of melanocytes formed, the number of ATPase**+ Langerhans cells and
the number of sunburn cells. The results are summarized as follows:
1. There were increases in the number of melanocytes in groups treated with
8-MOP, 5-MOP and angelicin compared with the UVA-only treated group. No
statistically significant difference between groups treated with phototoxic drugs
was observed.
2. There were marked increases in the area and the perimeter of melanocytes in
groups treated with 8-MOP, angelicin and 5-MOP compared with the UVA-only treated
group. Groups treated with 8-MOP and angelicin showed statistically significant
increases in the area and the perimeter of melanocytes than the group treated with
5-MOP in the 6th week of treatment.
3. Threr were marked reductions in the number of ATPase**+ Langerhans cells in
groups treated with all of phototoxic drugs compared to the UVA-only treated group.
in the group treated with 8-MOP, there was statistically significant decrease in
the number of ATPase**+ Langerhans cells than 5-MOP and angelicin treated groups.
4. There were increased formations of sunburn cells in all groups treated with
phototoxic drugs compared to the UVA-only treated group. In the 8-MOP treated
Broup, the number of sunburn cells was larger than that of 5-MOP and angelicin
treated groups.
In summary, 5-MOP and angelicin showed similar pigmentation with less side
effects than 8-MOP, a commonly used psoralen for the treatment of vitiligo, and we
have found encouraging possibilities for 5-MOP and angelicin to be useful
photochemotherapeutic drugs.restrictio
Bioactive glass ์ ursolic acid ๋ฅผ ํจ์ ํ ๋ณตํฉ ๋ ์ง์ 6๊ฐ์ ์ฆ๋ฅ์ ์ ์ฅ ํ Streptococcus mutans ๋ฐ์ด์ค ํ๋ฆ์ ๋ํ
Dept. of Dentistry/์์ฌ1. Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the S.mutans biofilm formation on composite
surface containing bioactive glass and ursolic acid when exposed to distilled water for 6
months compared with fresh antibacterial composite resin specimen.
2. Materials and methods
Four experimental groups and one control group were prepared : Conventional
composite (10%wt OX50 silica nanofiller instead of BAG) as control, BAG filler group
(BAG), BAG filler coated with UA group (UA BAG), UA added to resin matrix (BAG+UA
Monomer), and UA added to BAG and resin matrix (UA BAG+UA Monomer). All
specimens were stored in distilled water for 6 months (the aged resin group). After
sterilization with ethylene oxide gas, biofilm assay was performed again on all five groups.
The specimens for the aged resin group were fabricated on the previous study by Kim
(Kim B, 2013), and re-used for this study.
For biofilm assay, S. mutans was incubated for 24 hours with each composite resin disk
specimen in a biofilm medium with either glucose or sucrose in the presence or absence of
a salivary coating. The adherent bacteria were quantified after sonication of the specimen
by counting the colony forming units of viable bacteria.
Calcium and fluoride ions concentration released from new and aged specimens were
analyzed quantitatively by using Ion Chromatography (IC).
Five disk specimens of each group were immersed and stored in 5 ml distilled water for
24 hours. The measurement of ion release was carried out by using the IC on 1-day
interval for 7 days.The t-test for variable CFU was used for biofilm assay to analyze statistical significance between new and aged groups. To analyze the effect of composite composition on the biofilm formation, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a multiplecomparison Tukey test was performed. The amount of calcium and fluoride ion release between old resin groups and new resin groups was compared using t- test at a 5% level of significance.
3. Result
When glucose was given as a carbohydrate source, there was no significant difference
between new and aged resin under saliva non-coating condition. In new resins, the CFU
values of all experimental groups were significantly lower than control group. However, in
aged resin, only the BAG + UA Monomer group showed significantly lower CFU value than
control group. In saliva coating condition, the CFU value of all aged resin groups
significantly increased compared to all new resin groups. In the new resin groups, the CFU
value of all experimental groups was significantly lower than control. However, there was
no significant difference between control and BAG group on aged resin.
When sucrose was given as a carbohydrate source, under salivary non-coating condition,
CFU value of aged resin significantly increased more than new resin on all experimental
groups except in the control group. In the new resin groups, the CFU value of BAG + UA
Monomer, UA BAG + UA Monomer group was significantly lower than control. However,
there was no significant difference between all groups in aged resin groups. In saliva
coating condition, the CFU value of BAG + UA monomer, UA BAG + UA Monomer group
was significantly lower than control group in aged resin and new resin.
On both calcium and fluoride, new resin showed higher amount of ion release than aged
resin. A significant difference was shown on fluoride ion release all day, and new resin
showed significantly higher release of calcium ion on the 1st, 5th day. On both calcium and
fluoride, a significantly high concentration of ion release was shown on the 1st day in new
resin specimen. The amount of ion release showed significant decrease on the 2nd day, but
increased on the 3rd day.
4. Conclusion
In glucose source, experimental new composites containing BAG and/or UA showed
significant reduction of biofilm formation by S. mutans. However, after storage in distilled
water for 6 months, experimental composites containing BAG showed decreased biofilm
inhibition effect. The composites with UA added to the monomer still showed significant
inhibition effect of the biofilm formation by S. mutans even after storage in distilled water.
In sucrose source, the new composites of UA Monomer group showed significant
antibacterial effect under any salivary treatment. After storage in distilled water for 6
months, the biofilm formation was affected by salivary treatment. In Saliva non-coating
groups, there were no significant difference in all groups, and in saliva coating groups, BAG
+ UA Monomer and UA BAG + UA Monomer groups showed lower CFU values.
Following the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that the UA incorporated in
monomer was more effective method to keep the antibacterial effect in any biofilm
formation condition after 6 month water storage condition.
Within the limitation of this experiment, this result indicates that UA inhibits biofilm
formation by S. mutans and suggests that UA has potential for use as an effective
antibacterial agent to prevent dental caries in the future.ope
์๋ชจ๋ ํผ์ํฝ ์ ๋ฝ์์ฅ ์ฑ๊ณต ์ ๋ต์
Thesis(masters) --์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๊ฒฝ์ํ๊ณผ(SNU Global MBA), 2009.8.Maste