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    Growth of epitaxial orthorhombic SnO2 films by PE-ALD and their gas sensing properties

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2012. 8. ํ™์„ฑํ˜„.ํƒœ์–‘์ „์ง€, ํˆฌ๋ช…์ „๊ทน, ์ด‰๋งค์ œ ๋ฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์Šค์„ผ์„œ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‘์šฉ๋˜์–ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” SnO2(Tin Oxide)๋Š” ์•ฝ 3.6 eV์˜ ๋ฐด๋“œ ๊ฐญ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ์จ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ rutile์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์˜จ ๊ณ ์••์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋จ์ด ์˜ˆ์ธกยทํ™•์ธ๋˜์–ด์™”์œผ๋‚˜ ์ƒ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ ์˜จ๊ณ ์••์˜ ๊ณต์ •์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์˜ ์‘์šฉ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์› ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ทธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ orthorhombic ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ SnO๋ฅผ ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ผœ ์ข…๋ž˜์˜ ๊ณ ์˜จ๊ณ ์•• ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ orthorhombic ์ƒ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ณต์ •์ƒ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ orthorhombic ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ ๊ทธ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ธก์€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋‚˜ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ orthorhombic ์ƒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ํ™•์ธ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‘์šฉ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ญํ•  ๋“ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ orthorhombic SnO2 ์ƒ์ด YSZ ๊ธฐํŒ๊ณผ์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒฉ์ž ๋ถˆ์ผ์น˜๋„๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ epitaxialํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๋ณด๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ (100) ๋ฐ (120) YSZ ๊ธฐํŒ์œ„์— ์ฆ์ฐฉํ•œ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์— ํ•œ์ •๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ (100), (110), (111) YSZ ๊ธฐํŒ ์œ„์— PE-ALD๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ SnO2๋ฐ•๋ง‰์„ ์ฆ์ฐฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐํŒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ฑ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด์—๋”ฐ๋ผ XRD๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์— ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์ƒ๊ณผ in-plane๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ HRTEM์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•™์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฉด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๊ธฐ์ , ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Hall measurement์™€ transmittance ์ธก์ •์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์š” ์‘์šฉ๋ถ„์•ผ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ฐ์‘ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋ฉด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Tin oxide is a well-known wide band gap (3.6~4.0 eV) n-type transparent semiconductor which can be used in such applications as gas sensors, solar cells, and transparent electrodes. Generally, SnO2 has several different crystalline phases including rutile-type, orthorhombic-type, and fluorite-type. Under normal conditions, tin oxide exists in the rutile phase (R-SnO2), and has been extensively studied by many researchers. Another phase of SnO2 can exist under high temperature and pressures. Recently, O-SnO2 can be epitaxially grown on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) (100) and (120) substrates by MOCVD method at low pressure and low temperature. The structure and electrical and optical properties of O-SnO2 have been reported, but the detailed researches are still lacking. In this study, the epitaxially grown orthorhombic SnO2 thin films on various YSZ substrates fabricated by PE-ALD (Plasma Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition) method using DBTDA (Dibutyl Tin Diacetate) as a precursor. The deposited films were 60 nm thick and show a fine morphology. The phase analysis was performed by XRD. (100) O-SnO2 and (110) O-SnO2 films were successfully grown on (100) YSZ and (110) YSZ substrates, respectively. The in-plane orientations were investigated by X-ray pole figure. The in-plane relationships of the (100) O-SnO2 film on the (100) YSZ substrate and the (110) O-SnO2 film on the (110) YSZ substrate were [010] O-SnO2[010] YSZ and [10] O-SnO2[10] YSZ, respectively. These results are reconfirmed by cross-section HRTEM. All the SnO2 films exhibited a similar electrical resistivity of ~2 x 10-2 โ„ฆใŽ and the average transmittance of 78% in the visible range and thus the electrical and optical properties were not noticeably changed with film orientation and phase. The gas sensing properties were measured using the flow type sensing equipment. The H2, CO, and ethanol gas sensing properties were determined by measuring the changes in electric resistance between sample gas and pure air. Most films exhibited the maximum gas response at 350โ„ƒ and poly crystalline rutile SnO2, which is deposited on (111) YSZ substrate exhibited the highest gas response and the sensitivity of (100) O-SnO2 is 3 times higher than (110) O-SnO2 toward H2 gas.1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 2. ๋ฌธํ—Œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 3 2.1. SnO2 3 2.1.1. SnO2์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 3 2.1.2. ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ SnO2 ์ƒ 4 2.1.3. Orthorhombic ์ƒ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ฐ ํ˜•์„ฑ 5 2.2. ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ์ฆ์ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐฐํ–ฅ์„ฑ 18 2.2.1. Atomic Layer Deposition 18 2.2.2. Plasma Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition 18 2.2.3. ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•™์  ๋ฐฐํ–ฅ์„ฑ 19 2.2.4. Epitaxial rutile SnO2 ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์ฆ์ฐฉ 21 2.3. ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•™์  ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ „๊ธฐ์ , ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฐ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‘์šฉ 27 2.3.1. ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ 27 2.3.2. ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ 27 2.3.3. ๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒดํ˜• ๊ฐ€์Šค์„ผ์„œ 28 3. ์‹คํ—˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 38 3.1. ์žฅ๋น„์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 38 3.2. ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ์ฆ์ฐฉ 39 3.3. ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ ์ƒ ๋ถ„์„ 40 3.4. ์ „๊ธฐ์  ๋ฐ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 41 3.5. ๊ฐ€์Šค ์„ผ์„œ ์ œ์ž‘ 42 3.6. ๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ฐ์‘ํŠน์„ฑ ์ธก์ • 42 4. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 48 4.1. ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•™์  ๋ฐฐํ–ฅ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” orthorhombic SnO2 ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์ฆ์ฐฉ 48 4.2. ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด, ๋ฐ€๋„ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ 55 4.3. ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ in-plane ๋ฐฐํ–ฅ ํŠน์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ 62 4.4. ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์˜ ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ 75 4.5. ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ 80 4.6. ๊ฐ€์Šค ๊ฐ์‘ ํŠน์„ฑ 82 5. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  88 6. ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 89Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ๋„์‹œ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2020. 8. ๊ถŒ์˜์ƒ.์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ณผ 100์—ฌ ๋…„ ์ „์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์žฌํŽธํ•œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์€ ๊ฐœํ•ญ๊ธฐ์™€ ์ผ์ œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์™œ๊ณก๋œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๋„์ž…๋œ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์ด ๋‹น์‹œ์—๋„ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด, ์ž…์ง€๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™์ผํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ผ๊นŒ? ๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž…์ง€์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ์ œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์ด๋ผ ์นญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ์›, ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ, ํ–‰์ •์ด ํƒ„์ƒํ•œ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ง€๊ธˆ์˜ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ๋„์‹œ์žฌ์ƒ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ, ๊ณต๊ณต ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์—ญํ• ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒ์„ฑ๋œ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ๊ทผ๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ™”๋ž€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์›์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์Šต๋“, ๊ณต์œ , ์ „๋‹ฌ๋œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ , ์ •์‹ ์  ์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ, ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์„ฑ, ์œ ํ†ต, ์†Œ๋น„๋˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์„œ์  ํ™œ๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜๊ธฐ์— ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ์ œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๋„์ž…์€ 1906๋…„ ํƒ์ง€๋ถ€๊ฑด์ถ•์†Œ์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ์‹œ์„ค์€ ์ง€์‹œ(instruction)์™€ ๊ฒ€์—ด(inspection), ํ†ต์ œ(control)๋กœ ํ‘œ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ทœ์œจ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค๋กœ์„œ, ์กฐ์„ ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ฌด๋‹จํ†ต์น˜ ์ฒด์ œ์—์„œ์˜ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•, ํ˜•ํ–‰ ์ œ๋„ ๋“ฑ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋ฌธํ™”์ •์น˜์—์„œ๋Š” ๋™ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์ด ๊ณ„ํš๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€์™€ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ค‘์ด ์ผ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ ‘์ด‰์ง€๋Œ€๋กœ, ๋™ํ™”์˜ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์„ ์—ฌ๊ณผ์—†์ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋„์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์ด ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•จ์˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” 1910๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „์‹œ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” 1937๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์ด๋ฉฐ, ํ†ต์น˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” 1920๋…„์„ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธํ™”์ •์น˜ ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ „๊ฐœ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ฒ”์œ„๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์ „์œ ๋ฌผ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋„์„œ๊ด€, ๊ทน์žฅ, ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„์„œ๊ด€์€ ๋‹น์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ์ค‘ ์ „๋ฌธํ•™๊ต ๋ถ€์„ค๋„์„œ๊ด€์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•œ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋„์„œ๊ด€์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทน์žฅ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๋ฏธ์นœ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ, ์ธ์ง€๋„, ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์€ ๋ฐ•๋žŒํšŒ์™€ ๊ถ๊ถ ๋‚ด ์ž…์ง€ํ•œ ์ „์‹œ์‹œ์„ค, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ƒ์„ค ์ „์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ์ œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ์— ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋„์„œ๊ด€, ๊ทน์žฅ, ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ž…์ง€์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ์ด์ค‘๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์™„ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ์„ ์ง„์„ฑ์˜ ํ‘œ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์— ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ผ์ œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ์— ๋„์ž…๋œ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ๊ฑด์ถ•์ , ๊ฒฝ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ ๋„์‹ฌ๋ถ€์— ์ž…์ง€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ์ œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋„์ž…๋œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ์„œ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋™์ผ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ ์ง“๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด, ๊ทผ๋Œ€์„ฑ๊ณผ ์„ ์ง„์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์กฐ์„  ์™•์‹ค ์†Œ์œ ์˜ ํ† ์ง€์— ๋ถ€๋ฏผ๊ด€์„ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€ํ•œ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์— ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ๋ถ€๋ฆฝ๋„์„œ๊ด€, ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€๋„์„œ๊ด€์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ง•๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ํ—ค๊ฒŒ๋ชจ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅ˜์ง€์˜€๋˜ ๋‚จ์ดŒ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋™ํ™”๋กœ, ์„ ์ง„ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋™๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ์กฐ์„ ์ธ์„ ์œ ์ž…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ œ๋กœ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์ด ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ทผ๋Œ€์‹ ๊ทน์žฅ๊ณผ ์ผ์ œ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ๊ณตํšŒ๋‹น์€ ๋‚จ์ดŒ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ์ˆ˜ํ˜œ์ž๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ„๋œ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ์„ ๋‚จ์ดŒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋น„๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์กฐ์„ ์ธ์€ ์„ ์ง„ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋™๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ค‘์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ๋‚จ์ดŒ๊ณผ ๋ถ์ดŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํฌ์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ์ดŒ๊ณผ ๋‚จ์ดŒ์€ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์™€ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‹๋ฏผ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์— ๊ทœ์ •๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์ด ๋ถ์ง„ํ•จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์˜์—ญ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์€ ์™€ํ•ด๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€์€ ์šด์˜์ƒ์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ํ๊ด€๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํƒ‘๊ณจ๊ณต์› ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ๊ทน์žฅ๋„ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ˆ˜ํƒˆ๊ณผ ํ”ผ์‹๋ฏผ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋ถ€๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฏผ์กฑ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ, ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ, ๋™ํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ํ—ˆ๋ฌผ์–ด์กŒ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์ž…์ง€์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ์ผ์ œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์€ ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ๋„์‹œ์™€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋„์‹œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์˜ ์ƒ์ง•๊ณผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ถ•์ด ๊ทผ๋Œ€์‹ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€๊ณผ ๋ฐ•๋žŒํšŒ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ถ๊ถ ๋‚ด ์œ ํœด๋ถ€์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์ด ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ผ๋ณธ ๋„์ฟ„์˜ ์šฐ์—๋…ธ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ณ„ํšํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—๋„ ๋ง‰๋ถ€์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ง€์šฐ๋ ค ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฉ”์ด์ง€ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ ๋ฌธ๋ฌผ ๋„์ž…์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์–ด ์กฐ์„  ๋ฏผ์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋…น์•„๋“ค์—ˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„์œผ๋กœ, ์ผ์ œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ํ•™์Šต ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ผ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ด€ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ๊ทœ์œจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋ฐฐ์˜ ๋‹ด๋ก ์„ ์ „์‹œ๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฒคํŠธ๋กœ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์„ ๊ณผ์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์œจ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ์ผ์ œ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ฅ™ ์นจ๋žต์˜ ํ•™์ˆ  ๊ต๋‘๋ณด๋กœ์„œ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„์„œ๊ด€์—๋Š” ์ผ์„œ ์œ„์ฃผ์˜ ์ฑ…์„ ์ˆ˜์„œํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๊ทน์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ๊ณผ ์กฐ์„ ์ธ์˜ ๊ฐ„๊ทน์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ „์‹œ์ฒด์ œ ์ „์Ÿ์— ๋™์ฐธํ•  ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์„ ์–‘์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ผ์ œ๋Š” ํ†ต์น˜์ฒด์ œ ๊ฐ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๊ทœ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์šฐ์›”์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์กฐ์„ ์ธ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์„œ๊ด€๊ณผ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์€ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์™€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™” ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์•ฝ์ž๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ต์œก์„ ์ง€์†ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€์  ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ต์œก์€ ๊ต์–‘๊ณผ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ์ด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์ด ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ, ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฏผ์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์œ ํฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ์ œ๋Š” ์กฐ์„  ์™•์กฐ์˜ ์œ ์ ๊ณผ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์กฐ์„ ์„ ๋™ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ๋ฏผ์ค‘์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ์˜ค๋ฝ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์ „์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์„ฑ์˜ ์„ ์ „์žฅ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์›์ง€์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์› ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฏผ์กฑ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์น˜ํ™˜๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์œ ํฌ์™€ ์˜ค๋ฝ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ์ธ์‹๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด, ๊ด€์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋„์ž…๋œ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ์ผ์ œ์˜ ์šฐ์›”์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทœ์œจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜๊ตฌ์  ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ์ง€์—ญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ต์œก์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด์™€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณ„์ธต์„ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋ฏผ์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ, ์ทจ๋ฏธ์ƒํ™œ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋กœ ์น˜ํ™˜๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ์ œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์น˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌด๋‹จํ†ต์น˜, ๋ฌธํ™”์ •์น˜, ๋ณ‘์ฐธ๊ธฐ์ง€ํ™” ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ณต๊ถ์— ๋ฐ•๋žŒํšŒ๋ฅผ ์œ ์น˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ถ๊ถ์— ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์„ ์กฐ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ ์ผ์ œ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ „์น˜๋Š” ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ง€์†๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„์„œ๊ด€์€ ์กฐ์„ ๊ต์œก๋ น ์„ ํฌ ์ดํ›„, ํ๊ด€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธํ™”์ •์น˜ ์ดํ›„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜์—ฌ ์ผ์ œ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต๋„์„œ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ํก์ˆ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทน์žฅ์€ ๊ด€์ œ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์„ ์ „์˜ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๋„์ž…์€ ์ผ์ œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–‘์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์กฐ์„ ๊ณผ ์ผ์ œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ์ฃผ์ฒด์— ์˜ํ•ด, ์ž…์ง€์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋กœ์˜ ์ดํ–‰์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณต๊ณต๊ฑด์ถ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌธ๋ช…ํ™” ๋œ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์œผ๋กœ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์˜ ์œ„๋Œ€ํ•จ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์  ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๊ฒฐ์—ฌ๋œ ์ฑ„, ์„œ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •๊ณผ๋Š” ์ƒ์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ž„์˜๋กœ ํ›ผ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ฑด๋ฆฝํ•œ ์ผ์ œ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ๋™ํ™”์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ๋™ํ™”๋Š” ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์—ญํ• ์˜ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ •์—ฐํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋ฏผ์ค‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ ์œ ํฌ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ์„œ ์ผ์ œ์˜ ์˜ํ•ด ๋„์ž…๋œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋งŒํผ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํŒ๋‹จํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ณดํŽธ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์„ฑ์„ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์ชฝ์˜ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋„์ž…๋œ ์‹œ์„ค๋กœ ์ „๊ทผ๋Œ€์™€์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์˜€์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์—ญํ• ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌํšŒ ์งˆ์„œ์™€ ์ œ๋„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์กฐ์„ ์ธ์„ ํ•™์Šตํ•˜๊ณ  ํ›ˆ์œกํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ฒด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์— ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1910๋…„๋Œ€ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ์ผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง„๋ณดํ•œ ๋ฌธ๋ช…์„ ์„ ์ „ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋„๊ตฌ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  1920๋…„์„ ์ „ํ›„๋กœ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฐฉ๋ฉด์— ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1930๋…„๋Œ€์—๋Š” ๊ด€์— ์˜ํ•ด, ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ณผ๊ฐํžˆ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ผ๋ณธ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”์ƒํ™œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์š•๊ตฌ, ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ณธ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํƒํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์  ์˜์—ญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋Š” ํ๋ ค์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋™ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ์ œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ์‹๋ฏผ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์ผํ™˜์œผ๋กœ ํƒ„์ƒํ•˜์˜€์„์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๋ฏผ์ค‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์šฉ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ž์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜•ํƒœ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ, ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™” ์ˆ˜์ค€, ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ์‹œ๊ธฐ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋งบ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๊ณ ์ •๋œ ๊ฐ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ œ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€๊ธฐ๋ผ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ธฐ์›์€ ๋‹น์‹œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถ”์ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹น์‹œ์˜ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์— ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทœ์œจ๊ณผ ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์˜ ์ ‘์ด‰์ง€๋Œ€๋กœ์„œ, ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ผ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธํ—Œ์ •๋ณดํ•™, ๊ณต์—ฐ์˜ˆ์ˆ ํ•™, ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌํ•™ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒํŽธํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš ๋ถ„์•ผ์™€์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฐจํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด, ํ†ต์‹œ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ๊ณผ ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ์กฐ์„ ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ํ™”์˜ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์ด์ž ์„ธ๊ณ„์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์ง€์˜€์Œ์„ ์ƒ๊ธฐํ•ด๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋„์‹œ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ๋„ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜๋ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.This study begins from the question, Did cultural facilities that introduced in the distorted modernization process originally set the same location and perform the same functions as they do today? The purpose of this study is to analyze the locational features of modern cultural facilities in the Japanese colonial era and social functions according to the current of the times. The core of urban spaces and facilities as well as the origin, publicness, and administration of what we refer to as cultural facilities were created during the Japanese colonial era. Moreover, research must be conducted on this period because it is necessary to reexamine the roles and functions of public cultural facilities in the present times due to the current focus on urban development and regeneration. Culture is a material and spiritual product that is acquired, shared, and delivered by members of society, and cultural facilities are spaces in which various cultures are created, distributed, and consumed. Cultural facilities can be defined as places of mutual emotional, human communication, but they differ from traditional spaces and have grown remarkably at this turning point for modern society. While modern facilities in the military regime were focused on punishment in the judicial and penalty system, cultural facilities that enabled interchange for assimilation were planned as cultural politics. Cultural facilities were contact zones in which the Japanese Government-General of Korea and the Gyeongseong masses routinely met, clearly showing the spectrum of assimilation. This study therefore aims to examine the cultural facilities established by various agents to explain the formation and change of modern urban planning and identify the social implications of cultural facilities in urban spaces. The temporal scope of the study is the period from 1910 to 1937 in which Joseon shifted to a war footing. This study analyzes the formation and development of modern cultural facilities as well as strategies in cultural politics starting from 1920 when changes first occurred in the ruling method. The spatial scope of the study is the boundaries of Gyeongseong-bu, and the subjects are libraries, theaters, and museums as spaces of visual culture that are exclusive properties of modern society. The analysis of cases of libraries, theaters, and museums established in the Japanese colonial era showed that cultural facilities at the time blurred the boundaries of a dual city from a locational perspective. There were a few reasons for this: first, cultural facilities at the time were established in various places of Gyeongseong as a symbol of advancement. Cultural facilities introduced in the Japanese colonial era were located in the heart of the city, with exteriors that differed from those of conventional buildings in terms of architecture and landscape. The buildings introduced by the Empire of Japan were equated with the West and were expressed in terms of modernity and advancement through their distinction from Joseon architecture. Moreover, spatial hegemony was to be seized by creating cultural facilities in nationally symbolic spaces, such as establishing Buminkwan on the land owned by the royalty of Joseon and planning Gyeongseong Prefectural Library and Joseon Government-General Library in the territory of the Korean Empire. Second, cultural facilities were used for the spatial assimilation of Namchon where Japanese people resided, as a mechanism to attracts Joseon people who admired advanced culture. Various modern theaters and Gyeongseong Gonghoedang established by the Empire of Japan were located in Namchon, and the major beneficiaries of these facilities were Japanese people. Cultural facilities that were distributed in a discriminatory manner by the Japanese Government-General of Korea operated as spaces of consumer culture that attracted Joseon people to Namchon, where they experienced modernity as the masses, admiring advanced culture. Third, the boundaries of the ethnic space, which was divided into Namchon and Bukchon, were blurred by cultural facilities. Bukchon and Namchon had been defined within a relationship of colonial authority pointing to domination and resistance, but the boundaries were blurred as the economic power moved north. Gyeongseong Library in Joseon was closed due to operational difficulties, and the theaters around Tapgol Park were also run by Japanese people, showing the way in which Japanese people led spatial changes with the purpose of economic exploitation and the control of colonized people. The boundaries were broken down in the process of ethnic conflicts, competition, and assimilation in the private sector rather than through the influence of the Japanese Government-General of Korea. Moreover, regarding the social function of cultural facilities, this study found that cultural facilities in the Japanese colonial era were used as spaces in which people were encouraged to learn to become modern citizens. First, the Empire of Japan used cultural facilities as disciplinary, government-led spaces. Cultural facilities were used as the academic bridgehead of the continental invasion by the Empire of Japan, with the intention to reproduce the discourse of colonial rule as an event of exhibition and effectively ensure the discipline of the colony by comparing it with Joseon. Libraries were mostly arranged with Japanese books, and theaters and museums were used to create cultural gaps between Japanese and Joseon people while also nurturing people to become war-focused. As such, the Empire of Japan used cultural facilities to emphasize modern discipline and establish cultural superiority in order to reinforce their regime. Second, from the perspective of Joseon people, cultural facilities served as places of enlightenment that led to the emergence of a new social class. Libraries and museums carried out cultural projects for children and women and continued to provide education for the socially disadvantaged. Unlike in Western society, due to social education that was carried out rapidly due to Koreas colonial characteristics, cultural facilities were used as spaces of enlightenment for refinement and the development of rational reason. Third, for the general masses, cultural facilities served as spaces for leisure and entertainment. The Empire of Japan tried to assimilate Joseon by contrasting the historic sites of Joseon royalty with modern spaces, but the Joseon masses transformed these facilities into recreational facilities. At the time, cultural facilities were more like playgrounds that provided interesting attractions rather than places that propagated modernity. They were perceived and substituted as spaces of amusement and recreation by the people. The Japanese colonial era is generally characterized by the military ruling method, cultural politics, and military logistics. However, the displacement of space by the Empire of Japan continued throughout the entire colonial period through the hosting of exhibitions in Gyeongbokgung Palace and the establishment of museums in each palace. Libraries were closed after the declaration of the Joseon Education Decree and reappeared after cultural politics, being absorbed into the public libraries of Japan. Moreover, theaters were used as venues of propaganda used in government events. In other words, this study found that cultural facilities were introduced in a different manner in the Japanese colonial era and confirmed that their locational characteristics and social functions varied depending on whether the establishment agent was Joseon or Japan. The transition to modernity in Western society delivered the greatness of civilization to the people through new public buildings as symbols of a civilized city. However, upon experiencing colonization, Korea lacked independence and showed a different process from that of the West. Japans acts of randomly destroying urban spaces and constructing cultural facilities can be identified as part of the process of assimilation. However, as can be seen in many cases, there was no unilateral form of assimilation, and the use and role of cultural facilities cannot be summarized in an orderly fashion. In other words, for the masses, cultural facilities show that modernity introduced by the Empire of Japan as places of leisure and amusement does not consist of such a dramatic change as we may think. From todays perspective of publicness and universality, cultural facilities at the time are incomplete spaces that failed to fulfill modernity, but the newly introduced facilities formed boundaries with premodernity. This study analyzed cultural facilities in the Japanese colonial era with a focus on their construction as well as their uses and roles. Colonial power at the time intended to teach and discipline Joseon people with a new social order and system, but cultural facilities built by various agents were constructed in Gyeongseong representing each stance, revealing various outcomes. Even though cultural facilities in the Japanese colonial era were created as part of the colonization project, the way in which the masses as the main agent used these spaces was formed autonomously. At the time, cultural facilities formed connections with various elements such as the regional atmosphere, the modernization level, and the point of construction in addition to physical shape, through which cultural facilities were formed as a changing subject instead of a fixed object. Experiences of modernity in the Japanese colonial era must trace the origin of modernity from that time, even if it was a colonial period. This is because the experience of the time created the characteristics of the present times. This study analyzed the space and function of cultural facilities, which are single buildings, along the current of the times as a contact zone for discipline and enlightenment. Studies on cultural facilities are fragmented into the fields of library and information science, performing arts, and art history. However, this study analyzed the specificity of colonial Joseon in a diachronic approach based on cross-disciplinary analysis, combined with urban planning. Considering that cities are labs of modernization as well as the base of cosmopolitanism, the significance of this study is found in the need for and possibility of convergence between studies on cultural facilities and urban spaces.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋ชฉ์  2 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 2 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  5 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 7 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ 7 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ 11 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์ž๋ฃŒ 12 ์ œ3์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  13 1. ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ์œ ๊ด€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋™ํ–ฅ 13 2. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ฑ 17 ์ œ2์žฅ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๋„์‹œ์™€ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค 19 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋„์‹œ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค 20 1. ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ฐœ๋… 20 2. ์‹œ๊ฐ๋ฌธํ™” ํ˜•์„ฑ์˜ ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค 25 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค 26 1. ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด์  ๋ณ€ํ™” 26 2. ์ผ๋ณธ ๋„์ฟ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์  ์ฐจ์šฉ 34 3. ์‹๋ฏผ์ง€ ๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ฐ•์ œ์  ์ˆ˜์šฉ 41 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๋„์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ(ไบฌๅŸŽ)์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ 45 1. ํ•œ์–‘์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 45 2. ๋ฌธํ™”์ •์น˜์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 50 ์ œ3์žฅ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๋„์„œ๊ด€์˜ ์ž…์ง€์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 53 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ผ๋ณธํ™๋„ํšŒ ๋„์„œ์‹ค ์„ค์น˜ ์šด์˜์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ 54 1. ํ™๋„ํšŒ ๋„์„œ์‹ค๊ณผ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๋„์„œ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜ 54 2. ๋ฌธํ™”์ •์น˜ ์ด์ „์˜ ๋„์„œ๊ด€ 55 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ฌธํ™”์ •์น˜ ์ดํ›„, ๊ณต๊ณต๋„์„œ๊ด€์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 56 1. ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ๋ถ€๋ฆฝ๋„์„œ๊ด€ 56 2. ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€๋„์„œ๊ด€ 61 3. ๋งŒ์ฒ ์˜ ์ฒ ๋„๋„์„œ๊ด€ 64 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฆฝ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€ 68 1. ์ผ๋ณธ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€ 68 2. ์œค์ต์„ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€ 70 3. ์ด๋ฒ”์Šน์˜ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ๋„์„œ๊ด€ 71 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 75 ์ œ4์žฅ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๊ทน์žฅ์˜ ์ž…์ง€์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 79 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ทน์žฅ์˜ ๊ธฐ์›๊ณผ 'ํ˜‘๋ฅ ์‚ฌ'์™€ '๊ด‘๋ฌด๋Œ€'์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ 80 1. ํ˜‘๋ฅ ์‚ฌ์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ 80 2. ๊ด‘๋ฌด๋Œ€์˜ ์ž…์ง€์™€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๋ณ€ํ™” 81 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋‚จ๋ถ์ดŒ ๊ทน์žฅ๊ณผ ๋„์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 83 1. ๋ฌธํ™”์ •์น˜ ์ด์ „์˜ ๋‚จ๋ถ์ดŒ ๊ทน์žฅ 83 1) ๋‚จ์ดŒ์˜ ๊ทน์žฅ 83 2) ๋ถ์ดŒ์˜ ๊ทน์žฅ 88 2. ๋ฌธํ™”์ •์น˜ ์ดํ›„ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ทน์žฅ์˜ ๋“ฑ์žฅ 91 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๊ณ ๊ธ‰๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ณตํšŒ๋‹น 97 1. ๋ฌธํ™”์ •์น˜ ์ด์ „์˜ ๊ณตํšŒ๋‹น 97 1) ์กฐ์„ ์ค‘์•™๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์ฒญ๋…„ํšŒ๊ด€ 97 2) ์ฒœ๋„๊ต ์ค‘์•™๋Œ€๊ต๋‹น 100 2. ๋ฌธํ™”์ •์น˜ ์ดํ›„, ๊ทน์žฅ ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๋ณ€ํ™” 103 1) ์ผ๋ณธ ์ž๋ณธ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ๊ณตํšŒ๋‹น 103 2) ๊ณต๊ณต์— ์˜ํ•ด ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋ถ€๋ฏผ๊ด€ 106 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 110 ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ์ž…์ง€์  ํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ 113 ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ถ๊ถ ๋‚ด ์กฐ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ณต๊ณต๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ 114 1. ์ด์™•๊ฐ€๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ 114 1) ์ œ์‹ค๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ 114 2) 1910๋…„ ์ดํ›„์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” 117 2. ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€ 121 1) ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ๋ฐ•๋žŒํšŒ์™€ ์กฐ์„ ๋ฌผ์‚ฐ๊ณต์ง„ํšŒ 121 2) ์กฐ์„ ์ด๋…๋ถ€๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋ณ€ํ™” 126 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๋ฌธํ™”์ •์น˜ ์ดํ›„, ์ „์‹œ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ 131 1. ์‹œ๊ฐ ์ฒดํ—˜์˜ ์žฅ, ์กฐ์„ ๋ฐ•๋žŒํšŒ 131 2. ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ด€ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ 136 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๊ฒฝ์„ฑ ๋‚ด ์ „์‹œ์‹œ์„ค์˜ ํ™•์žฅ 143 1. ์€์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋…๊ณผํ•™๊ด€ 143 2. ๋ฐฑํ™”์ ์˜ ์ „์‹œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 146 ์ œ4์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 152 ์ œ6์žฅ ๊ทผ๋Œ€๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค๋กœ์„œ ๋„์„œ๊ด€, ๊ทน์žฅ, ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ํ•ด์„ 155 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์ด์ค‘๋„์‹œ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ์™„ํ™” 156 1. ์„ ์ง„์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‘œ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํฌ 156 2. ๋‚จ์ดŒ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ '๊ณต๊ฐ„ ๋™ํ™”' 158 3. ๋ฏผ์กฑ๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ์™€ํ•ด 159 ์ œ2์ ˆ ๊ทผ๋Œ€ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ํ•™์Šต ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 162 1. ๊ด€ ์ฃผ๋„์˜ ๊ทœ์œจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 162 2. ๊ณ„๋ชฝ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณ„์ธต์˜ ์ถœํ˜„ 164 3. ์กฐ์„ ์ธ์˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€์ƒํ™œ๊ณผ ์œ ํฌ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 166 ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋ฌธํ™”์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋ณ„, ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ 168 ์ œ7์žฅ ์ข…ํ•ฉ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  175 ์ œ1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  176 ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  178 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 180 [Abstract] 193Docto

    ์‚ผ์ฐจ์› ์žฌ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ CT ์˜์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ํ•˜์•…๊ด€ ์ฃผํ–‰ ์–‘์ƒ

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    Purpose : The location of the mandibular canal is must be determined before performing implant surgery and other procedures. This study was undertaken to identify the running patterns of mandibular canals in the Korean population using a 3- dimensional reconstructed computed tomographic(CT) image. Materials and methods : CT images of 30 patients were included in the investigation. The vertical and bucco-lingual positions of the mandibular canals were identified under each premolar and molar, and the location of the mental foramen and the anterior extension of the anterior loop were measured using 3-D CT reconstruction software. The vertical position of the canal and mental foramen were measured from the CEJ of the tooth to the upper border of the structure. Results : The mean lengths between the cement-enamel junction of the tooth and the canal were 19.94, 19.07, 17.82, and 15.75mm under the first and second premolars and the first and second molars. Most of the canals were located at the lingual aspect under the molars, and at the buccal aspect under the 1st premolar. The average vertical location of the mental foramen was 15.37mm from the CEJ, and had an average diameter of 2.32mm. The mean length of the anterior loop was found to be 4.23mm. Conclusion : In most subjects, the vertical position of the mandibular canal was closer to the molars than the premolars. The running pattern of the mandibular canal from the molar region to the premolar region tended to be from the lingual to the buccal aspect of the mandible. The mental foramen was located superior to the canal, and the anterior loop extended anteriorly in various lengthsope

    Piezosurgeryยฎ ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํ•˜์•… ์ •์ค‘๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ถ€์˜ block bone ์‹œ์ˆ  ๋ฐ ์ž„ํ”„๋ž€ํŠธ ์‹๋ฆฝ ์น˜ํ—˜๋ก€

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    Purpose: The aim of this case report is to describe block bone graft from mandibular symphysis using Piezosurgery๏ฟ A and implant installation procedure. Materials and Methods: A 19 year old male patient walked in with complaint of missing tooth on #31, 41 due to congenital missing. Block bone was grafted from mandibular symphysis and fixed with screws. After 4 months, implant was installed(Replace NP โ“’โ„ข3.5x13mm). The patient requested early restoration and the final restoration was delivered 6 weeks after implant 1st surgery. Results: Relatively enough bone was acquired using block bone even though there was considerable bone loss in vertical dimension. Bone quality was good enough to place implant fixture. Slight gingival recession took place during soft tissue healing period after 1st surgery, and the patient agreed re-visit for final restoration check up. Conclusion: Block bone graft from symphysis using Piezosurgery๏ฟ A can be used as a predictable procedure for ridge augmentation when certain precautions are observedope

    Diplopia after Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block Anesthesia -A Case Report-

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    Inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia is one of the most common procedures in dental clinic. Although it is well known as safe procedure, complications always can be occurred. Ocular complications such as diplopia, loss of vision, opthalmoplegia are very rare, but once it happens, dentist and patient can be embarrassed and rapport will be decreased between them. We experienced one diplopia case after inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia and treated without any further complication. We report this case and describe the cause, diagnosis, and treatment objectives of diplopia caused by inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesiaope

    Histometrical evaluation of biphasic calcium phosphate in surgically created 1-wall periodontal intrabony defects in dogs

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    PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluated biphasic calcium phosphate applied in surgically created 1-wall periodontal intrabony defects in dogs by histometrical analysis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Critical sized(4 mm x 4 mm), one wall periodontal intrabony defects were surgically produced at the proximal aspect of mandibular premolars in either right and left jaw quadrants in four canines. The control group was treated with debridement alone, and experimental group was treated with debridement and biphasic calcium phosphate application. The healing processes were histologically and histometrically observed after 8 weeks. RESULTS: In biphasic calcium phosphate group, more new bone and cementum formation, less epithelium and connective tissue attachment were observed compared to other groups. But there was no statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Though the statistically significant difference could not be found, it seemed that there was more new bone and cementum formation with applying biphasic calcium phosphate in 1 wall intrabony defects in dogs by preventing junctional epithelium migration.ope

    The effect of fibronectin-coated implant on canine osseointegration

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    PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to characterize the osseointegration of the fibronectin-coated implant surface. METHODS: Sand-blasted, large-grit, acid-etched (SLA) surface implants, with or without a thin calcium phosphate and fibronectin coating, were placed in edentulous mandibles of dogs 8 weeks after extraction. All dogs were sacrificed forhistological and histomorphometric evaluation after 4- and 8-week healing periods. RESULTS: All types of implants were clinically stable without any mobility. Although the bone-to-implant contact and bone density of the SLA implants coated with calcium phosphate (CaP)/fibronectin were lower than the uncoated SLA implants, there were no significant differences between the uncoated SLA surface group and the SLA surface coated with CaP/fibronectin group. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of this study, SLA surfaces coated with CaP/fibronectin were shown to have comparable bone-to-implant contact and bone density to uncoated SLA surfaces.ope
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