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    On the mechanism of RMP-driven pedestal transport and ELM suppression in KSTAR

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์‹œ์Šคํ…œ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2020. 8. ๋‚˜์šฉ์ˆ˜.A tokamak is a torus device that uses a helical magnetic field to confine a hot plasma. It has been developed to produce controlled thermonuclear fusion power. For the ignition of fusion, high-performance plasma must be sustained for sufficient time. Plasma instability can cause a strong perturbation in the plasma and worsen the plasma confinement. Therefore, it is essential to understand and control the plasma instability. Edge Localized Modes (ELM) are rapid Magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) events occurring at the edge region of tokamak plasmas, which can result in damages to the divertor plates. Various methods were developed to control ELM, and among them, the ELM suppression by resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) showed promising results. Therefore, to fully suppress ELMs via RMP is of great interest to reach and sustain high-performance H-mode discharges. It was found that certain conditions must be met for the RMP-driven ELM crash suppression, so understanding its mechanism is crucial for reliable ELM control using RMP. This thesis addresses the effect of RMP on pedestal transport and the mechanism of RMP-driven ELM suppression. They are investigated with nonlinear reduced MHD simulations on KSTAR plasmas. First, I developed a numerical method to reconstruct accurate plasma equilibrium, which is an essential component for these state-of-the-art simulations. I employed theoretical models and numerical schemes to solve obstacles in kinetic equilibrium reconstruction. Second, the effect of RMP on pedestal transport is investigated. The numerical simulation shows that RMP forms the kink-peeling structure, the stochastic layer, and neoclassical toroidal viscosity (NTV). The convective and conductive radial fluxes from these responses increase the radial transport and result in the degradation of the pedestal. Finally, I successfully reproduce ELM suppression by RMP in agreement with experiments. One of the main conclusion of this work is that the ELM crash suppression is attributable not only to the degraded pedestal but also to direct a coupling between ELM and RMP-driven plasma response. The coupling effect 1) enhances the size of magnetic islands at the pedestal, reducing the instability source by further pedestal degradation, and 2) increases the spectral transfer between edge harmonics preventing catastrophic growth and crash of the most unstable modes. Due to these effects, ELMs are non-linearly saturated, and the peeling-ballooning mode activity persists during the suppression phase without a sharp mode crash. I discuss a condition to reinforce this coupling effect for ELM suppression. In summary, this thesis reveals the importance of plasma response and mode coupling to explain the RMP-driven pedestal transport and ELM suppression. In particular, it improves the previous understanding of the mechanism by discovering the contribution of nonlinear mode interaction on the ELM suppression mechanism. Based on this study, new insight and approach for ELM control are expected to be developed.ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ (ELM) ์€ ํ† ์นด๋ง‰ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ์˜ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ ํŽ˜๋ฐ์Šคํƒˆ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ MHD ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ, ํ† ์นด๋ง‰ ๋‚ด๋ฒฝ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์ด๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์— ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…ํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์šด์ „์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ต์œตํ•ฉ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ELM์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ณต๋ช… ์ž์žฅ ์„ญ๋™ (RMP) ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ELM ์–ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, RMP๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด ELM์„ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํŠน์ • ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ถฉ์กฑ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์ข์€ ์ž‘๋™ ์˜์—ญ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ELM ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” RMP-ELM ์ œ์–ด ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ RMP ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŽ˜๋ฐ์Šคํƒˆ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ˆ˜์†ก ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ELM ์–ต์ œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ MHD ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ๋กœ, KSTAR ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์„ ํ˜• MHD ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ํ‰ํ˜• ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ชจ๋ธ๊ณผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ˆ˜์น˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ๋น„์„ ํ˜• MHD ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์™„์„ฑ๋„ ๋†’์€ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ํ‰ํ˜•์ด ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ๋กœ, RMP์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ MHD ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ํŽ˜๋ฐ์Šคํƒˆ ์ˆ˜์†ก ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. RMP์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ตฌ๋™๋˜๋Š” ๋’คํ‹€๋ฆผ-๊ป์งˆ ์‘๋‹ต (KPM) ๋ฐ ํ™•๋ฅ ์  ์ˆ˜์†ก ์ธต์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋‹น ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํŽ˜๋ฐ์Šคํƒˆ ์˜์—ญ์—์„œ ๋Œ€๋ฅ˜, ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์‹ ๊ณ ์ „ (NTV) ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์ˆ˜์†ก์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์˜จ๋„์™€ ๋ฐ€๋„ ํŽ˜๋ฐ์Šคํƒˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. KSTAR ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๊ด€์ธก๋œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€์˜ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณธ MHD ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ˆ˜์†ก ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜, ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋‚œ๋ฅ˜ ์ˆ˜์†ก๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ž‘์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, KSTAR ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ RMP ์ธ๊ฐ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ELM ์–ต์ œ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ์ƒ์—์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ELM ์–ต์ œ๋Š” RMP์— ์˜ํ•œ ํŽ˜๋ฐ์Šคํƒˆ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ELM๊ณผ RMP ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” 1) ํŽ˜๋ฐ์Šคํƒˆ ์˜์—ญ์˜ ์ž์žฅ ์„ฌ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ํŽ˜๋ฐ์Šคํƒˆ ๊ธฐ์šธ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ณ  2) ELM์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์ด๋™์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ELM์€ ๋น„์„ ํ˜•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌํ™” ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ  ์ง€์†ํ•ด์„œ ์–ต์ œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ELM ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ด๋‹น RMP-ELM ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Tokamak 2 1.2 Edge localized mode 4 1.3 RMP-driven ELM suppression 7 1.4 Objectives and outline of this dissertation 9 2 Development of advanced equilibrium tool in KSTAR 11 2.1 Obstacles in KSTAR EFIT reconstruction 13 2.2 Improvement of EFIT constraints 14 2.2.1 Numerical compensation 14 2.2.2 Theoretical compensation 16 2.3 Kinetic EFIT reconstruction in KSTAR 20 2.3.1 GEFIT toolkit 20 2.3.2 Reference equilibrium 21 3 RMP-driven Plasma response 25 3.1 Numerical analysis tools 26 3.1.1 JOREK 26 3.1.2 ERGOS 30 3.1.3 Numerical modeling of RMP 31 3.2 Plasma response 33 3.2.1 Kink response 33 3.2.2 Tearing response 36 3.3 Increased pedestal transport 39 3.3.1 Kink-tearing response driven transport 41 3.3.2 NTV-driven transport 42 3.3.3 Limitation of applied modeling 48 4 RMP-driven ELM crash suppression 51 4.1 Numerical setup for analysis 52 4.1.1 Natural ELM simulation 52 4.1.2 Numerical modeling of RMP and PBM 56 4.2 ELM crash suppression 58 4.2.1 PBM suppression 58 4.2.2 Change in divertor heat flux 60 4.3 RMP and PBM coupling 62 4.3.1 Effect on the pedestal transport 62 4.3.2 Effect on the spectral transfer 66 4.4 RMP-driven PBM locking 75 4.4.1 Enhanced mode coupling by PBM locking 77 5 Conclusions and future work 82 ์ดˆ๋ก 91Docto

    Selector Device ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ SixTe1-x ์นผ์ฝ”์ œ๋‚˜์ด๋“œ ์œ ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ํŠน์„ฑ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 8. ํ™ฉ์ฒ ์„ฑ.Due to the ongoing advancement in higher density memory technologies, selector devices have become critical components in emerging nonvolatile memories within a passive crossbar array structure. However, the current existing selector devices have been yet to fulfill all the performance requirements necessary for device implementation. The ovonic threshold switching (OTS) device is one of the promising candidates proposed as 3d-stackable selector device composed of chalcogenide material. In this work, silicon-tellurium binary system is investigated for an OTS selector application. Using triangular pulse measurements, the amorphous SixTe1-x (0.2โ‰ค xโ‰ค0.48) based OTS devices demonstrated high switching speed (โ‰ค 45ns) with low holding voltage (โ‰ค 0.6V). The incorporation of Si in concentrations above 24 at. % decreased the OFF-state resistance owing to the favorable formation of Si2Te3 which is known for its hygroscopic nature. The Si-Te binary system was segregated into metallic Te atoms and amorphous SiOx wherein the formation of Te conductive filament was enhanced by increasing O and Si contents. No significant change in VT, VH, and td was observed with varying Si conc. possibly due to measured portion of the SixTe1-x film maintained the same in composition. The OTS behavior exhibited by the Si-Te system is speculated to be attributed by amorphous Te atoms that migrated between Te nanocrystalline clusters to create a conductive path.๊ณ ์ง‘์  ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด, ์„ ํƒ์†Œ์ž(selector device)๋Š” ํŒจ์‹œ๋ธŒ ํฌ๋กœ์Šค๋ฐ” ์–ด๋ ˆ์ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋น„ํœ˜๋ฐœ์„ฑ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์†Œ์ž๋Š” ์•„์ง ์žฅ์น˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์š”๊ตฌ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ถฉ์กฑํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ovonic threshold switching (OTS) device ๋Š” ์นผ์ฝ”์ œ๋‚˜์ด๋“œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ 3d-stackable selector ์žฅ์น˜๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์œ ๋งํ•œ ํ›„๋ณด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” OTS selector ์‘์šฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด Silicon - Tellurium ์ด์„ฑ๋ถ„๊ณ„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์‚ผ๊ฐ pulse ์ธก์ • ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋น„์ •์งˆ SixTe1-x (0.2โ‰คxโ‰ค0.48)์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” OTS ์†Œ์ž๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์Šค์œ„์นญ ์†๋„ (โ‰ค45ns) ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚ฎ์€ ์œ ์ง€ ์ „์•• (โ‰ค0.6V)์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. OFF ์ƒํƒœ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ ๊ฐ’์€ 24 at. % Si ์ด์ƒ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ์ด๋Š” ํก์Šต ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ Si2Te3์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์ด ์šฉ์ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. Si-Te ๊ณ„๋Š” Te ์›์ž์™€ ๋น„์ •์งˆ SiOx ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, Si์˜ ๋†๋„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์‚ฐ์†Œ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” Te ์ „๋„์„ฑ ํ•„๋ผ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. Si์˜ ๋†๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ VT, VH ๋ฐ td ์˜ ๊ฐ’์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ธก์ •๋œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ SixTe1-x ํ•„๋ฆ„์˜ ์กฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. Si-Te ๊ณ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” OTS ๊ฑฐ๋™์€ ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ Te ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ฒฐ์ • ํด๋Ÿฌ์Šคํ„ฐ ์‚ฌ์ด๋กœ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ •์งˆ Te ์›์ž์— ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background 1 1.2. Selector Device Considerations for 3D Crossbar Memory 2 2. Literature 8 2.1. Chalcogenide Material 8 2.2. Ovonic Threshold Switching 9 2.3. Conduction Mechanism of Chalcogenide Glass 17 3. Experimental Method 20 3.1. DC Co-sputtering of SixTe1-x Thin Film 20 3.2. CBA Device Fabrication 22 3.3. Thin Film Analysis 24 4. Experimental Results and Discussions 27 4.1. Characterization of Sputtered SiXTe1-X Thin Film 27 4.2. Electrical Properties 30 4.3. AES and XPS Analysis 38 5. Conclusion 47 Reference 48 List of publications 52 Abstract (in Korean) 63Maste

    ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ์˜ ๋ณต์ง€์˜์‹

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    Welfare and Educational Activities of the Korean Community Credit Cooperatives

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์กฐ์†Œ๊ณผ ์กฐ์†Œ์ „๊ณต,1996.Maste

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    ๊ฐ„์•”์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ํ†ก์†Œํฌ์ž์ถฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ GRA16์˜ ํ•ญ์•”๊ธฐ์ „ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ,2020. 2. ์‹ ์€ํฌ.Dense granule protein 16 (GRA16) is a Toxoplasma gondii secreted protein that localizes to the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) membrane. According to the recent studies, GRA16 interacts with HAUSP, a deubiquitinase enzyme, and directly regulates p53 and MDM2 through deubiquitylation. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of GRA16 in anticancer treatment. Given that alterations in phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and p53 are vital in liver carcinogenesis, and considering that the abnormal p53 gene appears in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), I investigated whether the expression of GRA16 in genetically modified HCC cells (GRA16-p53-wild HepG2 and GRA16-p53-null Hep3B) regulates PTEN and p53. I established the above mentioned GRA16 cell lines using the retrovirus system and evaluated the detailed mechanism of PTEN regulation using these cells. According to the results, the cell proliferation, anti-apoptotic factors, p-AKT/AKT ratio, cell migration, and invasive activity decreased in GRA16-stable-HepG2 cells. Conversely, the apoptotic factors PTEN, p53, and apoptotic cells (%) increased in GRA16-stable-HepG2 cells. However, these trends were not observed in Hep3B cells. Furthermore, HAUSP-bound GRA16 preferentially increased the stabilization of p53 by the nuclear localization of PTEN, rather than by MDM2-dependent mechanisms. These molecular changes appear to correlate with the reduced tumor mass in GRA16-stable-HepG2 cell-xenograft nude mice. A central finding of this study is that GRA16 as a HAUSP inhibitor targets the nuclear localization of PTEN and induces the anticancer effect in a p53-dependent manner. The genetic absence of p53 lowers the endogenous PTEN level and does not induce the GRA16-related anticancer activity. Taken together, my results suggest that the action of GRA16 targets the nuclear localization of PTEN and exerts an anticancer effect in a p53-dependent manner. Therefore, the efficacy GRA16 could be newly highlighted in the HCC treatment in a p53-dependent manner.GRA16 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ํ†ก์†Œํฌ์ž์ถฉ ๋ถ„๋น„๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋กœ์จ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ ๊ณตํฌ๋ง‰์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, GRA16์€ P53๊ณผ MDM2์˜ ํƒˆ์œ ๋น„ํ€ดํ‹ดํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง์ ‘ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ์ธ HAUSP์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ญ์•” ์น˜๋ฃŒ์—์„œ HAUSP์™€์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ GRA16์˜ ํ•ญ์•” ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ„์•” ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ํฌ์ŠคํŒŒํƒ€์ œ ๋ฐ ํ…์‹  ์ƒ๋™์ฒด(PTEN)์™€ p53์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ํ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ฐ„์•”์„ธํฌ์ธ ์ค‘ ์•ผ์ƒํ˜• p53 ํƒ€์ž…์ธ HepG2 ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์™€ p53์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์‹ค๋œ Hep3B ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋ ˆํŠธ๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๊ธฐ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ ๋œ GRA16 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ PTEN๊ณผ p53 ์กฐ์ ˆ์˜ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋œ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์ฒด ์™ธ(In vitro) ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ์ฆ์‹, ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ๊ธฐ, ์„ธํฌ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ, ์•”์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ „์ด ๋ฐ ์นจ์Šต ๊ด€๋ จ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์•ผ์ƒํ˜• p53 ํƒ€์ž…์ธ HepG2-GRA16 ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ PTEN์˜ ํ•ต ๋‚ด ๊ตญ์†Œํ™” ๋ฐ p53์˜ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์•”์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ฑ์žฅ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” p53์ด ์†Œ์‹ค๋œ Hep3B-GRA16 ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ์—๋Š” ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ํƒˆ์œ ๋น„ํ€ดํ‹ด ํšจ์†Œ์ธ HAUSP์™€ GRA16์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ HAUSP ์–ต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ MDM2 ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๋ณด๋‹ค PTEN์˜ ํ•ต ๊ตญ์†Œํ™”์— ์˜ํ•œ p53์˜ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์•” ์„ธํฌ ์–ต์ œ ์ž‘์šฉ์€ ๋ˆ„๋“œ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์—์„œ ์•”์„ธํฌ ์ด์ข…์ด์‹์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. HepG2-GRA16 ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ ์—์„œ๋Š” GRA16์„ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” HepG2 ์„ธํฌ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ข…์–‘ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ Hep3B-GRA16 ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ ์—์„œ๋Š” GRA16์ด ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” Hep3B ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€ HAUSP ์–ต์ œ์ œ๋กœ์จ GRA16์ด PTEN์˜ ํ•ต ๊ตญ์†Œํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  p53 ์˜์กด์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ•ญ์•”ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ, GRA16์€ p53 ์˜์กด์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์•”์„ธํฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค.Introduction 1 Materials and Methods 3 Results 14 Discussion 34 References 39 Abstract in Korean 42Maste

    The Utilization of New Media and the Quality of Life

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    SH-SY5Y ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์•„์ข…์„ธํฌ์—์„œ Retinoic acid ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋ถ„ํ™” ์œ ๋„์™€ cAMP ์‹ ํ˜ธ์ „๋‹ฌ๊ณ„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    Thesis (master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ถ„์ž์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๊ณผ,1998.Maste
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