Degree Equative Constructions in English

When comparing certain properties between two entities, the evaluation is generally comparatively high or comparatively low. However, a certain type of comparative sentence (hereinafter, a degree equative construction) does not contain the entity to be compared. This study addresses such English degree equative constructions, seeking to identify their grammatical characteristics and describe the circumstances in which they are used by carefully examining their syntactic and semantic properties based on corpora data. To this end, to different analysis types are adopted: raw frequency and collostructional. The study investigates the distributional properties of the parameters to identify which properties degree equative constructions are used to compare. The total number of parameters is only 33, an unexpectedly small number. In addition, the study identifies four different types of degree equative constructions in terms of the relationship between the target of comparison and three other elements: premodificational, postmodificational, predicative, and adverbial. To understand degree equative constructions through collostructional analysis, the study calculates the association strength between the parameters and degree equative constructions. Thirteen parameters are the most strongly associated with the construction, and their value is infinite. Thus, this parameter group can be viewed as providing prototypical meaning

A Study on Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Sexuality of Elderly People in Korea

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the level of knowledge and the attitudes of Korean adults toward sexuality of elderly people. METHODS: This was a descriptive study using a convenience sample of 241 adults. The questionnaire had 34 items for knowledge and 26 items for attitudes. RESULTS: The result showed that, related to sexuality of elderly people, the level of knowledge was average and attitudes were conservative. The level of knowledge was significantly higher in groups that were highly educated and of low economic status (p<.05). Attitudes toward sexuality of elderly people were significantly more conservative in female, older, less educated, and high economic status group. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest a need for more education for Korean adults regarding sexuality in elderly people.ope

Comparison of measurements from digital cephalometric radiographs and 3D MDCT-synthetized cephalometric radiographs and the effect of head position

Purpose : To investigate the reproducibilities and compare the measurements in digital and MDCT-synthesized cephalometric radiograph, and to investigate the effect of head position on the measurement during imaging with MDCT. Materials and Methods : Twenty-two dry skulls (combined with mandible) were used in this study. Conventional digital cephalometric radiograph was taken in standard position, and MDCT was taken in standard position and two rotated position (10°left rotation and 10°right tilting). MDCT data were imported in OnDemand® and lateral cephalometric radiograph were synthesized from 3D virtual models. Two types of rotated MDCT data were synthesized with default mode and with corrected mode using both ear rods. For all six images, sixteen angular and eleven linear measurements were made in V-Ceph® three times. Reproducibility of measurements was assessed using repeated measures ANOVA and ICC. Linear and angular measurements were compared between digital and five MDCTsynthesized images by Student t-test. Results : All measurements in six types of cephalometric radiograph were not statistically different under ICC examination. Measurements were not different between digital and MDCT-synthesized images (P> .05). Measurements in MDCT-synthesized image in 10°left rotation or 10°right tilting position showed possibility of difference from digital image in some measurements, and possibility of improvement via realignment of head position using both ear rods. Conclusion : MDCT-synthesized cephalometric radiograph can substitute conventional cephalometric radiograph. The error on head position during imaging with MDCT have possibility that can produce measurement errors with MDCT-synthesized image, and these position error can be corrected by realignment of the head position using both ear rods. (Korean J Oral Maxillofac Radiol 2009; 39 : 133-47

(A) STUDY ON ANXIETY LEVEL AND ITS FACTORS OF THE PREOPERATIVE PATIENTS

최근 의학기술이 향상되었다는 것이 모든 환자에게 인식되어 있으나 그럼에도 불구하고 수술의 결정은 환자에게 위기의식을 불러 일으켜 특별한 불안감을 느끼게 한다. 이러한 불안감의 심화는 생리적 기능의 변화, 수술후의 회복등에 영향을 주는 원인이 되고 있으므로 본 연구는 수술 전 환자들을 대상으로 그들의 불안정도를 파악하고 불안 요인을 분석함으로써 그들의 불안을 감소시키고 개별화된 전인간호를 위한 효과적인 간호중재에 필요한 기초 자료를 제공하기 위해 시도하였다. 연구대상으로는 서울 시내에 위치한 3개 대학부속병원에 수술을 목적으로 입원한 환자 107명으로 하였다. 연구도구는 연구자가 문헌 고찰을 참고로 하고 수술 전 환자와 직접면담을 통하여 만든 도구로서 타당도를 높이기 위해 간호학교수 4명, 간호학 석사 6명, 외과계 병동 수간호원 6명의 의견을 종합하여 내용과 문구를 수정하였으며 신뢰도 검사에서는 ALPHA=0.90982였다. 자료수집은 설문지 방법을 사용하여 1987년 3월 16일부터 4월10일까지 26일 동안이었다. 수집된 자료는 S.P.S.S.를 사용하여 백분율, 평균, t-검정, ANOVA을, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, Factor Analysis로 분석하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 수술전 환자의 불안정도를 측정한 결과 높은 순위별로 열거하면 &amp;quot;수술 중 또는 수술 후 심한 통증이 있을까 불안하다&amp;quot;(M=2.093, SD= 1.314), &amp;quot;오랫동안 몸을 마음대로 움직이지 못하는 것에 대해 불안하다&amp;quot; (M=1.720, SD= 1.227), &amp;quot;수술중 심한 출혈이 있을까 불안하다&amp;quot; (M= 1.673, SD= 1.127)의 순으로 나타났다. 가장 불안의 평균치가 낮은 항목은 &amp;quot;사회의 동료나 친지들로부터 소외당할까 불안하다&amp;quot; (M= 0.308, SD: 0.770)이었으며 다음은 의료인 (의사, 간호원)의 능력을 잘 몰라서 불안하다&amp;quot; (M= 0.626, SD= 0.795), 재정적 파산 또는 손실이 올까 불안하다&amp;quot; (M=0.626, SD=1.103)등의 순서로 낮게 나타났다. 2. 불안의 요인을 분석한 결과 5개의 주요 요인으로 분류되었는데 신체와 관련된 불안요인, 경제상태와 관련된 불안요인, 장래생활 및 대인관계에 관련된 불안요인. 병원환경과 관련된 불안요인, 가족관계와 관련된 불안요인으로 나타났다. 3. 일반적인 특성에 따른 불안정도를 보면 교육정도, 가족의 월수입, 직업에 따라 유의한 차이가 있었다. 즉 교육정도에서는 국졸이하가 가장, 높은 불안정도를 나타내었고 그 다음 중졸, 고졸, 대졸이상의 순으로 높았고(F=4.257, P=0.0071), 월수입에 따른 불안정도에서는 30만원이하인 경우가 가장 높은 불안정도를 나타내었고 그 다음이 30-50만원, 50-100만원, 100만원 이상의 순으로 불안이 높았다(F=6.273, P=0.0006). 직업에 따라서는 농업의 경우 가장 높은 불안정도를 나타내었고 그 다음이 상업 ·운수업, 기타, 공무원·사무원 ·교직원의 순으로 불안이 높았다(F=3.943. P=0.0104 ) 성별, 연령, 결혼상태, 종교유무, 수술경험 유무 등에서는 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 이상의 연구를 종합하여 볼 때 수술 전 환자의 불안사정시에는 대상자의 교육정도, 월수입 및 직업을 고려한 간호사정이 필수적이며 또한 수술 전 환자에게 불안을 야기시키는 중요 요인이 생리적 욕구를 위협받는 신체와 관련된 것이므로 대상자에게 알맞는 간호계획이 세워져야 할 것으로 생각된다.;It has been known to most of all patients that general conditions in hospital has been increased because of the latest development in medicine. In spite of this fact, the decision of operation makes them feel a crises and get special anxiety. Increasing of such anxiety changes their physiological function and effects on postoperative recovery. Therefore this study on preoperative patients has been tried to supply a basic data for decreasing their anxiety and effective nursing intervention for individual nursing care by checking their anxiety level and analizing its factors. For this study, 107 Patients were selected, who were in three university hospital in Seoul. The instrument used for this study were made from the review of literatures and direct interview with preoperative patients. Data for this study was collected by useing a questionaire in period of 26 days, from March 16 to April 10, 1987. Analysis of this data has been made by using persentages, mean, t-test, ANOVA and pearson correlation Coefficient. The results of this study are summerized as following; 1. The result of preoperative patients&amp;apos; anxiety level checked in this study has been exposed in following from the highest one. First : They feel anxiety that they would get severe pain during or after operation (M=2.093, SD=1.314). Second : They feel anxiety that they could not move their body freely for a long time (M=1.720, SD=1.227). Third : They feel anxiety that operation would make severe bleeding (M=1.673, SD=1.393). 2. The result of anxiety factors analized is that they have been devided into 5 major ones, which are physical, economical, about hospital circumstancies, about the relationship with family, and about future life plan and relationship with other persons. 3. In anxiety level about general characteristics, there have been meaning differences according to kinds of their jobs, education level, and total income of their family. Namely, the group who received the lowest education (F=4.257, p=0.0071), who has the lowest income of their family (F=6.273, p=0.0006), and whose iob is a agriculture (F=3.943, P=0.0104), have the highest anxiety in each part . In conclusion of this study, it is necessary that nurses give preoperative patients a nursing assessment considering their job, their education level, and total income of their family, and then nursing planning must be made due to patient need because the factors making anxiety to them is related to their body under the condition of being threatened their physiological requirement.목차 = ⅲ 논문개요 = ⅵ Ⅰ. 서론 = 1 A. 연구의 필요성 = 1 B. 연구의 목적 = 3 C. 용어의 정의 = 3 D. 연구의 한계 = 4 Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 및 선행연구 = 5 A. 불안 = 5 B. 간호 상황에서의 대상자 불안 = 8 C. 수술 전 상황에서의 불안요인 = 10 Ⅲ. 연구방법 = 13 A. 연구대상 = 13 B. 자료수집 = 13 C. 연구도구 = 13 D. 자료분석 방법 = 14 Ⅳ. 연구결과 및 고찰 = 15 A. 연구대상자의 일반적인 특성 = 15 B. 연구대상자의 불안정도 = 15 C. 연구대상자의 불안요인 및 요인 분석 = 20 D. 연구대상자의 일반적 특성과 불안정도와의 관계 = 23 Ⅴ. 결론 및 제언 = 27 참고문헌 = 29 부록 = 37 ABSTRACT = 4

Relationship of School Resilience to Life Attitude in Vocational High School Girls : the case of needy students

The purpose of this study was to examine whether there were any differences in life attitude between needy adolescents who fitted into school resilience and needy teenagers who were relatively maladjusted and whether the two groups perceived the benefits of harsh conditions in a different manner. The subjects in this study were 284 sophomores and 270 juniors in a vocational girls&amp;apos; high school in Seoul. After a survey was conducted, the answer sheets from 547 students were analyzed except incomplete ones. Out of the students, 231 students who included 116 sophomores and 115 juniors were needy. They were basic livelihood security recipients, financially aided by local educational authorities or received free school food services. To assess their school adjustment, Kim Taek-ho(2004)&amp;apos;s School Adjustment Scale was employed, and as for perceived benefit, Kim Taek-ho, et al.(2005)&amp;apos;s Perceived Benefit Scale was utilized, which was an adapted version of McMillen and Fisher(1998)&amp;apos;s Perceived Benefit Scale, or PBS. The major findings of the study were as follows: First, Research Question 1 was what differences there were in perceived benefit between the needy students who settled in school resilience and the other needy students who didn&amp;apos;t. Overall, Resilient Group perceived more benefits of harsh situations than the Maladaptive Group, and the gap between the two was statistically significant. When their collective averages were analyzed in the subscales of perceived benefit, the former was ahead of the latter in six out of eight subscales that involved improved self-efficacy, improved intimacy with local community, improved spirituality, improved empathy, improved interpersonal confidence and improved familiarity with family. When their written statement about perceived benefits was analyzed, the Resilient Group perceived the benefits of tough situations 1.6 times on average, and the maladjusted group did it 0.9 times. It showed that the Resilient Group discovered more benefits in negative incidents than the Maladaptive Group though the two groups were both poverty-stricken. As a result of analyzing their written statement about negative incidents in personal, family-related, school-related and socio-environmental areas, the Maladaptive Group wrote more about negative incidents in personal, school-related and socio-environmental aspects than the Resilient Group. The latter wrote more about negative incidents in school-related regard. Second, Research Question 2 was whether there were any differences in school adjustment according to school grades. And it&amp;apos;s found that the students with higher school grades adapted themselves better to school. Third, Research Question 3 was whether there were any differences in perceived benefits according to school grades. Overall, the students who ranked 11th to 20th were the best at discovering the benefits of tough situations, and those who ranked 21st or lower were excelled by the others in that regard. But the gap between them was not statistically significant. The above-mentioned findings illustrated that the teenagers who were needy yet fitted into school well found more benefits in negative incidents than the others who were needy and maladjusted. It indicated that the adolescents who discovered more benefits in tough situations in the course of tiding over the difficulties were more flexible in terms of adjustment. And the fact they perceived more benefits of negative incidents showed that they took a more positive attitude toward life.;본 연구는 빈곤이라는 위험상황에도 불구하고 학교에서 적응유연한 청소년은 상대적으로 부적응을 보이는 청소년에 비해 삶에 대한 태도에 어떤 차이가 있는가를 파악하는 것이며, 이 두 집단의 이점 발견의 정도와 내용을 분석하여 그 차이를 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구는 서울시에 위치하고 있는 전문계 여자고등학교에 재학 중인 1학년 284명, 2학년 270명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였으며, 그 중 불성실하게 응답한 설문지를 제외하고 총 547부가 분석에 사용되었다. 547명 중 빈곤한(기초생활수급자, 교육청 학비지원 대상자, 무료급식 대상자) 학생은 1학년 116명, 2학년 115명으로 총 231명이었다. 학교생활적응 수준을 측정하기 위해, 김택호(2004)가 만든 학교생활적응 척도를 사용하였고, 이점 발견의 정도를 측정하기 위해 McMillen과 Fisher(1998)가 개발한 이점발견척도(PBS: Perceived Benefit Scale)를 김택호 등(2005)이 번안한 이점발견척도를 사용하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 연구문제 1은 ‘빈곤 상황에서 학교 적응유연한 청소년은 같은 빈곤 상황의 부적응 청소년에 비해 이점 발견에 있어서 어떠한 차이를 나타내는가?’이다. 연구결과는 전체적으로 학교 적응유연한 청소년 집단은 부적응 청소년 집단보다 이점 발견 점수가 높았으며, 통계적으로도 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 이점 발견 하위영역의 평균값을 분석한 결과, 빈곤 상황에서도 학교 적응유연한 청소년 집단은 부적응 청소년 집단보다 ‘자기효능감의 증진’과 ‘지역사회와의 친밀감 증진’, ‘영성의 증진’, ‘타인에 대한 공감의 증진’, ‘사람에 대한 신뢰감 증진’, ‘가족과의 친밀감 증진’ 등 하위영역 8개 중 6개 영역에서 이점 발견 수준이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 이점 발견과 관련된 서술 내용을 분석한 결과, 이점 발견 빈도에 있어서 학교 적응유연한 청소년 집단은 평균적으로 1.6개, 부적응 청소년 집단은 평균적으로 0.9개로 나타났다. 이는 빈곤 상황에서도 학교 적응유연한 청소년 집단은 부적응 청소년 집단에 비해 여러 가지 부정적인 사건을 경험하면서 이점을 많이 발견한다는 것을 의미한다. 한편 부정적 사건을 서술한 내용을 개인적인 영역, 가족 관련 영역, 학교 관련 영역, 사회 환경적 영역 등 4가지 영역으로 나누어 분석한 결과, 개인적인 영역과 학교 관련 영역, 사회 환경적 영역은 부적응 청소년 집단이 학교 적응유연한 청소년 집단보다 많았으며, 가족 관련 영역은 학교 적응유연한 청소년 집단이 부적응 청소년 집단보다 많았다. 둘째, 연구문제 2의 ‘학업성적에 따라 학교생활적응 수준에 차이가 있을 것인가?’에서 성적이 높은 학생일수록 학교생활적응 수준이 높다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 연구문제 3의 ‘학업성적에 따라 이점 발견 수준에 차이가 있을 것인가?’에서 전체적으로 성적이 11～20등인 학생이 이점 발견 수준이 가장 높았고, 21등 이상인 학생은 다른 학생보다 낮았으나 통계적으로는 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 볼 때 빈곤 상황에서 학교 적응유연한 청소년 집단은 같은 빈곤 상황의 부적응 청소년 집단에 비해 부정적인 사건을 경험하였을 때 그 사건을 통해 보다 많은 이점을 발견하는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 여러 가지 부정적인 사건을 극복해 나가는 과정에서 이점 발견을 잘하는 청소년이 그만큼 높은 적응유연성을 지니게 된다는 것을 의미한다. 결과적으로 부정적 삶의 사건의 경험 시 이점 발견을 잘 한다는 것은 그만큼 긍정적인 삶의 태도를 지니고 있다고 볼 수 있다.I.서론 = 1 A.연구의 필요성과 목적 = 1 B.연구문제 = 2 II.이론적 배경 = 4 A.빈곤 청소년과 적응 = 4 B.적응유연성과 학교 적응유연성 = 6 C.이점 발견 = 11 III.연구방법 = 17 A.연구대상 = 17 B.연구절차 = 17 C.측정도구 = 17 D.자료 분석 = 19 IV.연구결과 및 해석 = 20 A.조사대상자의 일반적 특성 = 20 B.학교생활적응 수준과 이점 발견과의 관계 = 23 C.학업성적에 따른 학교생활적응 수준과 이점 발견 수준 = 28 V.논의 = 31 참고문헌 = 36 부록 = 43 ABSTRACT = 5

(An) evaluation of accuracy of 3D reconstruction images using multi-detector CT and cone-beam CT and the CT synthesized cephalometric radiographs

학위논문(박사) --서울대학교 대학원 :치의학과(구강악안면방사선학전공),2010.2.Docto

Dietary acculturation and diet quality of hypertensive Korean Americans

AIM: This paper is a report of a study to describe the dietary acculturation of hypertensive and normotensive Korean Americans and native Koreans by comparing dietary pattern and diet quality. BACKGROUND: Dietary acculturation is a major factor that influences the risks for cardiovascular disease in immigrants. Nurses play a key role in educating immigrants about dietary acculturation. Limited studies have examined dietary acculturation of Korean immigrants with hypertension. METHOD: A descriptive study of hypertensive and normotensive Korean Americans and native Koreans (n = 398) was conducted in 2003-04, using the 24-hour dietary recall method. Dietary pattern was measured by consumption frequency of Korean, American and common food, and eating outside the home. Diet quality was measured by the revised version of the Diet Quality Index. FINDINGS: Korean Americans showed greater consumption of American food, common food and fast food, and ate away from home more often than native Koreans. Overall Diet Quality Index scores were not statistically significantly different between the two groups after matching. Compared with native Koreans, Korean Americans consumed lower amounts of sodium, potassium, vegetables and fruits, and energy from carbohydrates. Hypertensive Korean Americans consumed fewer vegetables and fruits, and less sodium and potassium than hypertensive native Koreans. No statistically significant differences were found between hypertensive and normotensive Korean Americans in dietary acculturation. CONCLUSION: Dietary acculturation of immigrants is a common phenomenon regardless of the country from which they immigrate. Healthcare professionals should consider the advantages and disadvantages of dietary acculturation in health promotion for immigrantsope