63 research outputs found

    Ablation of the deubiquitinase USP15 ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

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    Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) occurs due to the accumulation of fat in the liver, leading to fatal liver diseases such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying NAFLD is critical for its prevention and therapy. Here, we observed that deubiquitinase USP15 expression was upregulated in the livers of mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and liver biopsies of patients with NAFLD or NASH. USP15 interacts with lipid-accumulating proteins such as FABPs and perilipins to reduce ubiquitination and increase their protein stability. Furthermore, the severity of NAFLD induced by an HFD and NASH induced by a fructose/palmitate/cholesterol/trans-fat (FPC) diet was significantly ameliorated in hepatocyte-specific USP15 knockout mice. Thus, our findings reveal an unrecognized function of USP15 in the lipid accumulation of livers, which exacerbates NAFLD to NASH by overriding nutrients and inducing inflammation. Therefore, targeting USP15 can be used in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD and NASH.ope

    The Effects of Peer Status and Social Goal on Peer Conformity

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ์‹ ์ข…ํ˜ธ.๋˜๋ž˜ ๋™์กฐ(peer conformity)๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ, ํŒ๋‹จ, ํ–‰๋™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ, ํŒ๋‹จ, ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋œปํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„๋™์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋†’์•„์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋˜๋ž˜์˜ ์ค‘์š”์„ฑ์€ ์ปค์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋˜๋ž˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋™์กฐํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋˜๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋ž˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ด€๊ณ„์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์ง€์œ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ง€์œ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋™ ๋ฐ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์ด ๋˜๋ž˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ฐฉ์•ˆํ•˜์—ฌ ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋‚ด ์ง€์œ„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค์ˆ˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์ง€๋งŒ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ํ˜ผ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ํƒ์ƒ‰์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ ์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋˜๋ž˜ ์ง€์œ„ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ธ๋ฐ€ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๊ธฐ์กด ์ง€์œ„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์งˆ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๊ด€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ฃผ๋กœ ์˜์กดํ•˜์˜€๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€์œ„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์‹ค์ œ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋‚ด ์ง€์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋‚ด ์ง€์œ„์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜์™€ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋™์กฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐ ์ง€์œ„ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋™์กฐ์—๋Š” ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋™์  ์ธก๋ฉด ์ด์™ธ์— ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋™์  ์ธก๋ฉด ๋˜ํ•œ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์กฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋„์ ์ด๋ƒ, ๊ด€๊ณ„์ ์ด๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋™์กฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ , ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋์œผ๋กœ, ๋™์กฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‹ค์–‘ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋น„๊ต์  ๋‹ต์ด ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง€์œ„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์— ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์กฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ดˆ๋“ฑํ•™๊ต 5,6ํ•™๋…„ 290๋ช…์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ, ์นœ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ(์นœ๊ตฌ ๋•๊ธฐ), ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ(๋”ฐ๋Œ๋ฆผ), ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ทจํ–ฅ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋™์กฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์ „์— ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ž๊ธฐ๋ณด๊ณ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ํ›„, ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1) ์–ด๋ฅธ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ œ์‹œ๋ฐ›์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด, 2) ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋˜๋ž˜(๋ฐ˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค)์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ œ์‹œ๋ฐ›์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด, 3) ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ œ์‹œ๋ฐ›์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด, 4) ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ œ์‹œ๋ฐ›์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด์„  ํ• ๋‹นํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์กฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ, ์นœ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋˜๋ž˜ ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์–ด๋ฅธ ์ง‘๋‹จ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์•„๋™์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ๋†’์•„์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ์ฐจ ๋ถ€๋ชจ ๋“ฑ ์–ด๋ฅธ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ, ์ด ์‹œ๊ธฐ ์•„๋™ ๋ฐ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์˜ ํ–‰๋™ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์นœ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€์œ„ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋” ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ์•„๋™์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋‚ด์— ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์•„๋™์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์— ๋”์šฑ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋™์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ๋•Œ ๊ด€๊ณ„์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์•„๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ž…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ, ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์นœ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋†’์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ์ด์ค‘์š”์†Œ ๋ชจํ˜•์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋‚ด ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์œ ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„ํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ฐ ์œ ํ˜•์ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋‚ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ํ•™๊ตํญ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด, ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์นœ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๋์œผ๋กœ, ์นœ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ทจํ–ฅ ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋˜๋ž˜ ์ง€์œ„ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋‚ด ์ง€์œ„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์ง€์œ„๊ฐ€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•จ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.Peer conformity refers to changing one's opinions, judgments, and behaviors in accordance with peers' opinion, judgments, and behaviors. The importance of peer with increasing age, thus the tendency to peer conformity also intensifies. Not all peers, however, have the same influence. Like other social relationship, peer relationship also shows a status structure, and children who have high peer status are likely to exert greater influence in peer relationships. Although numerous studies have conducted to investigate the effects of peer status on peer conformity, the results of these studies are mixed. Considering the following four points, this study tried to reveal the peer status effect more closely. First, there was a limitation that it was difficult to identify the causal relationship because the existing peer status studies mainly relied on qualitative research or correlation research. This study tried to find out whether the effects of peer status actually appears in an experimental research setting. Second, this study classified two subtypes of peer status, popularity and likability, in order to reflect the recent research on peer status, trying to identify the differential effects of each status type in the peer group. Third, considering that there is also an active aspect in conformity, this study predicted that the impact of peer status on peer conformity could vary depending on the individuals' social goal. Finally, in contrast to previous research, which examined the influence of peer status using task unrelated to the social situation, this study focused on social situations that are particularly sensitive to peer judgments. Two-hundred ninety 5th and 6th-grade elementary school students participated in this study. In order to confirm their peer conformity effect, students were asked to make a judgment in three situations: (a) prosocial situation - helping a friend, (b) antisocial situation - relational bullying, and (c) personal taste situation. Participants were randomly assigned to four conditions: (a) receiving adults' judgment group, (b) receiving all classmates' judgment group, (c) receiving popularity peers' judgment group and (d) receiving likeability peers' judgment group. The main results and implications of this study were as follows. First, consistent with the previous studies that children were more likely to be influenced by peers than adults, the conformity effects of peer group were higher than that of the adult group in both prosocial situation and antisocial situation. These results reassure that peer is vital to understand the behavior changes in childhood. Second, the effects of peer status were more intense for children who had a high communal goal. This result suggests that children who care about the relationship are more susceptible to high-status peers' judgments. It also suggests that intervention for children with high communal goal is needed when the problem of peer conformity becomes serious. Third, in the case of the popular peer, the conformity effects were significant in the antisocial situation, while the preferred peer showed a high influence in the prosocial situation. This is supported by the fact that the peer status is differentiated into two types as suggested in the social competence dual factor model, and that each type influences peers in different ways. These results indicate that it may be useful to use popular peers to reduce antisocial behavior, such as school violence, and to use preferred peers to promote prosocial behavior on the contrary. Finally, in contrast to prosocial and antisocial situations, there was no discriminative effect of peer status and social goals in personal taste situations. These results showed that it is necessary to consider the situation specificity in identifying peer conformity effects.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ 11 3. ์ฃผ์š” ์šฉ์–ด ์ •๋ฆฌ 11 ๊ฐ€. ๋˜๋ž˜ 11 ๋‚˜. ๋™์กฐ 12 ๋‹ค. ๋™์กฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ 12 ๋ผ. ๋˜๋ž˜ ์ง€์œ„ ์œ ํ˜• 13 ๋งˆ. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ 13 โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 15 1. ๋™์กฐ 16 ๊ฐ€. ๋™์กฐ์˜ ์ •์˜ ๋ฐ ์œ ํ˜• 16 ๋‚˜. ๋™์กฐ์˜ ์ด์œ  19 ๋‹ค. ๋™์กฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฐจ 22 2. ์•„๋™ ๋ฐ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ธฐ ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋™์กฐ 23 ๊ฐ€. ๋™์กฐ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์  ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ 23 ๋‚˜. ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋™์กฐ 26 ๋‹ค. ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋™์กฐ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ 31 3. ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋‚ด ์ง€์œ„ 33 ๊ฐ€. ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์ถœ์ฒ˜์™€ ์ง€์œ„ 33 ๋‚˜. ์•„๋™ ๋ฐ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ธฐ ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋‚ด ์ง€์œ„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ 34 ๋‹ค. ์•„๋™ ๋ฐ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ธฐ ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋‚ด ์ง€์œ„์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ 43 4. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ 47 ๊ฐ€. ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ๋˜๋ž˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 47 ๋‚˜. ์ฃผ๋„์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ์™€ ๊ด€๊ณ„์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ 51 5. ๋™์กฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋‚ด ์ง€์œ„, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ 55 ๊ฐ€. ๋™์กฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ 55 ๋‚˜. ๋™์กฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋‚ด ์ง€์œ„์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ํšจ๊ณผ 58 โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 61 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž 61 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 62 3. ์‹คํ—˜ ์ฒ˜์น˜ 67 3. ์‹คํ—˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ 69 5. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„๊ตฌ 69 ๊ฐ€. ๋™์กฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ 69 ๋‚˜. ๋™์กฐ ์ •๋„ 70 ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ 71 ๋ผ. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ง์„ฑ 73 6. ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 74 โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 77 1. ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ƒ๊ด€ 77 2. ์‹คํ—˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๊ฐ„ ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ • 79 ๊ฐ€. 1์ฐจ ํŒ๋‹จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์‹คํ—˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๊ฐ„ ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ • 79 ๋‚˜. ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์‹คํ—˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๊ฐ„ ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ • 80 ๋‹ค. ์ œ์‹œ๋œ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ๊ณผ 1์ฐจ ํŒ๋‹จ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ์žˆ์–ด ์‹คํ—˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด ๊ฐ„ ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ • 80 3. ๋˜๋ž˜ ์ง€์œ„ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋™์กฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 81 ๊ฐ€. ์นœ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋˜๋ž˜ ์ง€์œ„ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋™์กฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 82 ๋‚˜. ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋˜๋ž˜ ์ง€์œ„ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋™์กฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 87 ๋‹ค. ์ทจํ–ฅ ๊ด€๋ จ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋˜๋ž˜ ์ง€์œ„ ์œ ํ˜•๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ž˜ ๋™์กฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ถ„์„ 92 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 94 1. ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๋…ผ์˜ 94 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ œ์–ธ 99 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 102 ๋ถ€๋ก 120 A. ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ 121 B. ์‹คํ—˜ ํ™”๋ฉด 124 C. ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋ณ„ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ณ„์ˆ˜ 133 D. ์ „์ฒด ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 137 E. ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ 140 Abstract 141Docto

    Determination of the optimum experimental condition for enhancing the resolution in RBS using He ions

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์›์žํ•ต๊ณตํ•™๊ณผ,1996.Docto

    Saccharomyces cerevisiae์—์„œ ์•ฝ์‚ฐ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ ๋ฆฌ๋ณด์ข€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์กฐ์ ˆ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2018. 8. ํ•œ์ง€์ˆ™.Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely used in molecular and cell biology since it is one of the simplest eukaryotic single cell. Due to its easiness in manipulation and fast growth, S. cerevisiae has served as a model system for fundamental cellular processes for all eukaryotes. In nutrient rich conditions, yeast cells rapidly grow and proliferate. To maintain robust growth, yeast cells generate numerous ribosomes to synthesize proteins in need. In response to stresses, cells rapidly adjust global gene expressions to adapt to stresses. For rapid growth and stress responses, cells activate transcription factors to regulate gene expressions. In this dissertation, regulatory mechanisms of transcription factors Haa1/War1 for weak organic acid stresses and Ifh1/Crf1 for the expression of ribosomal protein genes were studied. Firstly, S. cerevisiae is known to activate transcription factors such as Haa1 and War1 for cellular adaption against weak acids. Haa1 plays important roles against less lipophilic acids such as acetic acid and lactic acid, whereas War1 exert protection against more lipophilic acids such as propionic acid, sorbic acid, and benzoic acid. However, it has been unknown how these transcription factor are activated in response to weak acid stresses. Using field-effect transistor (FET) type biosensor based on carbon nanofibers, it has been revealed that Haa1 and War1 directly bind to weak acid anions with varying affinities. In agreement with previous studies, Haa1 binds acetate most strongly followed by lactate, whereas War1 binds benzoate most strongly followed by sorbate. Upon activation of Haa1 by direct binding with acetate, Haa1 binds to DNA of target gene promoters through the N-terminal Zn-binding domain of Haa1. Acetate is shown to bind N-terminal 150 amino acid region of Haa1, however, further C-terminal region of Haa1 is required for acetic acid induced transcriptional activation of its target genes. Therefore, it is proposed that conformation changes caused by direct binding of acetate may activate Haa1, being capable of DNA binding and transcriptional activation. Secondly, transcription factors Ifh1 and Crf1 are involved in the regulation of ribosomal protein (RP) genes through interaction with a forkhead-associated (FHA) domain containing transcription regulator Fhl1. The FHA domain of Fhl1 interacts with FHB domains of RP gene co-activator Ifh1 or co-repressor Crf1. Ifh1T681 and Crf1T348, which are resides in the FHB domain, is phosphorylated by CK2 kinase. These phosphorylations play very critical roles for interaction with Fhl1. Cells expressing Ifh1T681A mutant showed reduced phosphorylation by CK2 followed by substantially decreased interaction with Fhl1. Decreased interaction resulted in defects in association of Ifh1 at the RP gene promoters and finally reduced RP gene transcriptional activation, thereby resulting in slow growth rates. On the contrary, cells expressing Crf1T348A failed to repress RP gene transcription upon inhibition of target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) by rapamycin treatment. Taken together, these results propose that CK2-dependent phosphorylation of transcription factors, Ifh1 and Crf1, regulates recruitment transcription factors at the RP gene promoters, which leads to transcription of RP genes. Abstractโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.1 Contentsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ......................................โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ5 List of Figuresโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..8 List of Tableโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..10 List of Abbreviationsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..11 Chapter 1. Research background and objectivesโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ14 Chapter 1. Literature reviewโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ17 2.1. Stress responses in S. cerevisiaeโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆ.18 2.1.1. An overview of adaptive response to weak acidsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ19 2.1.2. Transcription factors involved in resistance to weak acidsโ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ22 2.2. The expression of ribosomal protein genes in S. cerevisiaeโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆ27 2.2.1. An overview of ribosomal protein gene expression.......28 2.2.2. Transcription factors involved in ribosomal protein gene expressionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆ.โ€ฆ31 Chapter 3. Materials and methodsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...34 3.1. Strains and mediaโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.35 3.2. Plasmidsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.......37 3.3. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR)โ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆ..42 3.4. Fluorescence microscopy analysisโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ....42 3.5. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.42 3.6. Weak acid tolerance testโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.44 3.7. Fabrication of carboxyl-functionalized carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and CNF-FET biosensor electrodeโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..44 3.8. Measurement of real-time responses using CNF-FET electrodes.......โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.46 3.9. Yeast two-hybrid assayโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.47 3.10. in vitro phosphorylation assayโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.48 3.11. Western blottingโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..48 3.12. GST pull-down assayโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ49 Chapter 4. Activation of Haa1 and War1 transcription factors by differential binding of weak acid anions in S. cerevisiaeโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...51 4.1. Introductionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...52 4.2. Haa1 requires zinc ions for its proper functionsโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.55 4.3. N-terminal Zn-binding domain is required for DNA binding of Haa1โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆ65 4.4. Nuclear localization of Haa1 is not sufficient for Haa1 target gene transcriptionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ67 4.5. Mapping the activation domain of Haa1โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ73 4.6. Mapping the acid responsible region of Haa1โ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.75 4.7. Activation of Haa1 and War1 by different weak acidsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..77 4.8. Direct binding of acetate to Haa1 detected by CNF-FET sensor Electrodeโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...83 4.9. Differential binding of weak acid anions to Haa1 and War1....91 4.10. Conclusionsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ95 Chapter 5. Role of CK2dependent phosphorylation of Ifh1 and Crf1 in transcriptional regulation of ribosomal protein genes in S. cerevisiaeโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ....โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.98 5.1. Introductionโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ99 5.2. CK2 phosphorylates Ifh1 and Crf1โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ101 5.3. Phosphorylation of Ifh1 T681 and Crf1 T348 is required for interaction with Fhl1โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..108 5.4. Regulatory subunits of CK2 regulate the interaction between Fhl1 and Ifh1โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ...โ€ฆ112. 5.5. Impaired activation of RP gene transcription by Ifh1T681Aโ€ฆ.121 5.6. Impaired repression of RP gene transcription by Crf1T348โ€ฆ.128 5.7. Conclusionsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ130 Chapter 6. Overall discussion and recommendationsโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.133 Bibliographyโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ.โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..142 Abstract in Koreanโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..โ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆโ€ฆ..158Docto

    ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๋ฐ ์›์ธ์ด ์ •์„œ, ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ–‰๋™ ์œ ํ˜•, ์„ฑ์ทจ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ต์œกํ•™๊ณผ(๊ต์œกํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2014. 2. ์‹ ์ข…ํ˜ธ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด์™€ ์›์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹คํŒจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •์„œ, ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ–‰๋™ ์œ ํ˜•, ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 1์—์„œ๋Š” ํƒ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์›์ธ(์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๋ถ€์กฑ, ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋ถ€์กฑ)์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •์„œ(ํ™”, ์—ฐ๋ฏผ), ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ–‰๋™ ์œ ํ˜•(๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์ ‘๊ทผ, ๋น„๋‚œ ์ ‘๊ทผ), ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋Š๊ผˆ๊ณ , ๋” ์ ์€ ์—ฐ๋ฏผ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ–‰๋™ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„๋‚œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ๋” ์ ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ๊ณผ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 2์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด(์ž์‹ , ์ƒ๋Œ€)๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋˜, ๊ฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ, ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ท€์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œ์†Œ์žฌ, ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ, ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ํ‰์ •ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ1๊ณผ ๋™์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‹คํŒจ ์›์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‹คํŒจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •์„œ, ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ–‰๋™ ์œ ํ˜•, ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํšจ๊ณผ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด๋ƒ, ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ™”, ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์ ‘๊ทผ, ๋น„๋‚œ ์ ‘๊ทผ, ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ๋ถ€์กฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹คํŒจํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ™”, ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์ ‘๊ทผ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ๋” ์ ์€ ๋น„๋‚œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ, ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์ž์‹ ์ด๋ƒ, ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ฐจ์›์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‹ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์„œ๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ณผ์˜ ์ฐจ์›์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ–‰๋™ ์œ ํ˜•, ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์— ๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ ‘๊ทผ, ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋‚œ์ ‘๊ทผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ •์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ธ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด, ์›์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์›์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด๋”๋ผ๋„ ์ž์‹ ์ด๋ƒ, ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์›์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ถˆ๋ณ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ ‘๊ทผ, ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์‹คํŒจ๋ผ ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๋ฐ ์›์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •์„œ, ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ–‰๋™ ์œ ํ˜•, ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ต์ˆ˜์ „๋žต์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜์™€ ๊ฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์š”์ฒญ๋˜๋Š” ๊ต์ˆ˜์ „๋žต์„ ๊ฐ€์„ค์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ 3. ์šฉ์–ด์˜ ์ •์˜ ๊ฐ€. ์‹คํŒจ, ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด ๋ฐ ์›์ธ ๋‚˜. ์‹คํŒจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ–‰๋™ ์œ ํ˜• ๋‹ค. ์ •์„œ ๋ผ. ์„ฑ์ทจ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ๋งˆ. ์ธ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์› โ…ก. ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 1. ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต ๊ฐ€. ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต ๋‚˜. ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ 2. ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ์‹คํŒจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ–‰๋™ ์œ ํ˜• ๊ฐ€. ์‹คํŒจ์™€ ํ•™์Šต, ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต ๋‚˜. ์‹คํŒจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ–‰๋™ ์œ ํ˜• 3. ๊ท€์ธ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต ๊ฐ€. ๊ท€์ธ์ด๋ก  ๋‚˜. ๊ท€์ธ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ๋Œ€, ์ •์„œ ๋‹ค. ํƒ€์ธ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ท€์ธ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต โ…ข. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ1: ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ์ •์„œ, ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ–‰๋™ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฃผ์ œ 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๊ฐ€. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ๋‚˜. ์‹คํ—˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋‹ค. ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ ๋ผ. ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€. ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋‚˜. ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์›์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ์ฐจ์ด ๋‹ค. ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์›์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹คํŒจ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ–‰๋™ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ์ฐจ์ด ๋ผ. ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์›์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด 5. ์†Œ๋…ผ์˜ โ…ฃ. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ2: ํ˜‘๋™ํ•™์Šต ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด์™€ ์›์ธ, ์ธ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์›, ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ–‰๋™ ์œ ํ˜• ๋ฐ ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ฃผ์ œ 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‚ด์šฉ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์„ค 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๊ฐ€. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ๋‚˜. ์‹คํ—˜ ์ ˆ์ฐจ ๋‹ค. ์ธก์ •๋„๊ตฌ ๋ผ. ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 4. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ€. ์‚ฌ์ „ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋™์งˆ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ๋‚˜. ์ฃผ์š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋‹ค. ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด, ์›์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ •์„œ, ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ–‰๋™ ์œ ํ˜•, ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์˜ ์ฐจ์ด ๋ผ. ์ธ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์›์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ–‰๋™ ์œ ํ˜•, ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋งˆ. ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด, ์›์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์›์˜ ์ฐจ์ด 5. ์†Œ๋…ผ์˜ โ…ค. ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  1. ์ฃผ์š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ 2. ๋…ผ์˜ ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  3. ์ถ”ํ›„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œ์–ธ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ ๋ถ€๋ก AbstractMaste

    Adaptive application-level QoS management technique for multimedia traffic

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