24 research outputs found

    Identification of autoantibody to melanocytes and characterization of vitiligo antigen in vitiligo patients

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ˜์ฆ(vitiligo)์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ฐฑ์ƒ‰ ํƒˆ์ƒ‰๋ฐ˜์„ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ถ€์˜ ์ƒ‰์†Œ์ด์ƒ์ฆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ ์กฐ์งํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์งˆํ™˜์ด๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ˜์ฆ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„ค์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๊ฐ€๋ฉด์—ญ์„ค์€ ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์—ญ๊ธฐ์ „์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ˜์ฆ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ 1980๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดํ›„ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ˜์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ๋‚ด์— ์ž๊ฐ€ํ•ญ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋“ค ์ž๊ฐ€ํ•ญ์ฒด๋Š” ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ • ํ•ญ์›, ์ฆ‰ ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ˜์ฆ ํ•ญ์›(vitiligo antigen)๊ณผ ํŠน์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋“ค ์ž๊ฐ€ํ•ญ์ฒด์˜ ์กด์žฌ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ํŠน์ด์„ฑ, ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ˜์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์—์„œ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์„ธํฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ˜์ฆ ํ•ญ์›์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์กฐ์ฐจ ๊ทœ๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ˜์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ๋‚ด์— ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž๊ฐ€ํ•ญ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ , ์ด๋“ค ์ž๊ฐ€ํ•ญ์ฒด์™€ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์„ธํฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ˜์ฆ ํ•ญ์›์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ •์ƒ์ธ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์™€ ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ˜์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋น„๋ณ‘๋ณ€ ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์„ธํฌ์— ์ •์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ˜์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์„ ๋ฐ˜์‘์‹œ์ผœ ๊ฐ„์ ‘๋ฉด์—ญํ˜•๊ด‘๋ฒ•, ํšจ์†Œ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ฉด์—ญํก์ฐฉ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ๋‚ด ์ž๊ฐ€ํ•ญ์ฒด์˜ ์กด์žฌ์—ฌ๋ถ€ ๋ฐ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ SDS-์ „๊ธฐ์˜๋™๊ณผ Western blotting์„ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1. ๊ฐ„์ ‘ ๋ฉด์—ญํ˜•๊ด‘๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ˜์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์€ ์ •์ƒ ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ˜์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋น„๋ณ‘๋ณ€ ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์„ธํฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ํ˜•๊ด‘๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ์†Œ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ฉด์—ญํก์ฐฉ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ˜์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์€ ์ •์ƒ ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ˜์ฆํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋น„๋ณ‘๋ณ€ ๋ถ€์œ„์˜ ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ ์„ธํฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋†’์€ ํก๊ด‘๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ์•…์„ฑ ํ‘์ƒ์ข… ์„ธํฌ์ฃผ ๋ฐ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšจ์†Œ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ฉด์—ญํก์ฐฉ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ˜์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ๊ณผ ์ •์ƒ์ธ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ๊ฐ„์˜ ์˜์˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4. ๋ฒ ์ฒดํŠธ๋ณ‘ ๋˜๋Š” ๋งค๋… ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์€ ํšจ์†Œ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ฉด์—ญํก์ฐฉ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ, IGR 3, ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ ์„ธํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ƒ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 5. ํšจ์†Œ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ฉด์—ญํก์ฐฉ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์—์„œ ํ•ญ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์„ธํฌ ํ† ๋ผํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์„ ์ „์ฒ˜์น˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ๊ณผ ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ฐจ๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 6. ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ๋‚ด์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๊ฐ€ํ•ญ์ฒด์˜ ์—ญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฉด์—ญ์–ต์ œ์ œ์ธ ์Šคํ…Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์ „์‹ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 7. SDS-์ „๊ธฐ์˜๋™์—์„œ ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ ์„ธํฌ๋Š” 65kDa์— ํ•ด๋‹น๋˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์œ„์— ํŠน์ดํ•œ band๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. 8. Western blotting์ƒ์—์„œ 65kDa์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉดํ•ญ์›๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„๋Š” ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ˜์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 44.4%, ์ •์ƒ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 7.1%๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 9. Western blotting์ƒ์—์„œ ํ•ญ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์„ธํฌ ํ† ๋ผํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์„ ์ „์ฒ˜์น˜ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ˜์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ๊ณผ 65kDa์˜ ํ‘œ๋ฉดํ•ญ์›๊ณผ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ์ฐจ๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ, ๋ฉœ๋ผ๋‹Œ์„ธํฌ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์—์„œ 65kDa์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฑ๋ฐ˜์ฆ ํ™˜์ž์˜ 44.4%๊ฐ€ ์ด ํ•ญ์›๊ณผ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๊ฐ€ํ•ญ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Vitiligo is a common pigmentary disorder affecting approximately 1% of the population. It is characterized by depigmented macules or patches due to destruction of melanocytes. Although the exact cause of vitiligo is still unknown, it is suggersted that autoimmune mechanisms may be involved in its pathogenesis. Since the 1980's there have been many studies and reports on the autoimmune theory. Recently, it has been suggested that autoantibodies to specific antigens on the surface of melanocytes are present in the sera of vitiligo patients. However, it is not known whether these autoantibodies exist, whether they are specific for vitiligo patients, and what percentage of autoantibodies to melanocytes and changes associated with the autoantibodies during treatment. The specificity of the vitiligo antigen, the difference between normal and vitiligo melanocytes, and the exact molecular weight of the antigen are all unsolved areas demanding further research. To investigate the possible role of autoimmune mechanisms inthe development of vitiligo, this study was designed to verify the presence of autoantibodies in vitiligo patients, the vitiligo antigen from the surface of melanocytes, the specificity of autoantibodies and vitiligo antigen. The results are as follows. 1. By indirect immunofluorescent method, vitiligo sera showed more prominent fluorescence on the surface of melanocytes cultured from nomal and vitiligo patients than normal sera. 2. In live cell ELISA, vitiligo sera showed higher optical density on the surface of melanocytes cultured from normal and vitiligo patients than normal sera. When performed with malignant melanoma cell lines and fibroblasts, no significant difference was observed between normal and vitiligo sera. 3. In live cell ELISA, the sera of Behcet's disease and syphilis patients showed no significant difference between normal and vitiligo sera in the reaction to fibroblasts, 1GR 3 and melanocytes. 4. Pretreatment with antimelanocyte rabbit sera blocked the reaction between vitiligo sera and melanocytes in ELISA. 5. The antibody titers of vitiligo patients decreased following systemic treatments with steroids. 6. SDS-PAGE analysis of melanocytic lysates showed the presence of specific surface protein of 65kDa. 7. The incidence if vitiligo sera and normal sera blocked the reaction to 65kDa protein were 44.4% and 7.1% respectively. 8. Pretreatment with antimelanocyte rabbit sera blocked the reaction between vitiligo sera and 65kDa-surface antigen of melanocytes in Western blotting. In conclusion, a surface antigen of 65kDa was identified from melanocytes and 44.4% of the vitiligo sera showed positive reactions to this antigen.prohibitio

    Isolation, cultivation, and identification of microvascular endothelial cells derived from rat lung

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ดํ”ผ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋™๋งฅ ๊ฒฝํ™”, ๋‹น๋‡จ๋ณ‘์„ฑ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋ณ‘์ฆ ๋“ฑ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์งˆํ™˜์˜ ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์ „๊ณผ ์ข…์–‘์˜ ํ˜ˆํ–‰์„ฑ ์ „์ด ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์ข…์–‘ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ์ „๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์€ ์ง๊ฒฝ์ด ํฐ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์˜ ๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ ์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๊นŒ๋‹ค๋กญ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€ ๋‚ด์–˜์„œ ๋ฐฐ ์–‘์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ, ๋ฐฐ์ง€๋‚ด ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฏธ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธ ํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฐฑ์„œ์˜ ํ์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์ด์‹ํŽธ๋“ค์„ 1 % ์ ค๋ผํ‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜์น˜ํ•œ ํ›„ 24 well ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํŒ ์— ๋ถ„์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹ ๋ณด๊ฐ•์ œ ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐœ์œก ์ธ์ž, ์˜์–‘๋ถ„๋“ฑ์„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๋ฌดํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐฐ์–‘ 7์ผ์—์„œ 10์ผ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋‹ค๊ฐํ˜•, ๋˜๋Š” ์กฐ์•ฝ๋Œ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜์„ธํฌ๋“ค์— ์˜ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ์ธต์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค ์„ธํฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ์ด˜์ด˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜•ํƒœํ•™์ ์œผ ๋กœ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๋™์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์— ํŠน์ดํ•œ factor Vโ…ข-related antigen์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ฉด์—ญ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์กฐ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์ž„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋œ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์งˆ์ด ๋ฏธ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์‹œํ—˜๊ด€๋‚ด ์ฆ์‹์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ์ ค๋ผํ‹ด์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฐฐ ์–‘ํŒ๊ณผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€์•Š์€ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํŒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์‹œ์ผœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ ค๋ผ ํ‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํŒ์• ์„œ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ ์ฆ์‹์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ค๋ผํ‹ด์„ ์ž…ํžˆ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์„ธ ํฌ๋“ค์€ factor Vโ…ข-related antigen ์Œ์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๋ฐฐ์ง€๋‚ด ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด์™€ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ด ํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์  ์ฆ์‹๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฏธ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ ๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์„ฌ์œ ์•„์„ธํฌ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š” t[ํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , factorVโ…ข- related antigen๋„ ์Œ์„ฑ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ๋ฏธ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ ํƒ์  ์ฆ์‹์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ ค๋ผํ‹ด ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋œ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ํŒ๊ณผ ๋ฌดํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌดํ˜ˆ์ฒญ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์— ์˜ํ•˜ ์—ฌ ์ผ์ฐจ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์—์„œ ๋‹จ์ธต์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ด์ฐจ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์€ Oulbecco's modificat ion of Eagle's medium(DMEM)๊ณผ Ham's F l2 medium์ด 1:1๋กœ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋œ, 20%์˜ ์šฐํƒœ์•„ ํ˜ˆ์ฒญ์ด ํฌํ•จ๋œ ๋ฐฐ์ง€์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ 4์ผ์—์„œ 5์ผ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ฏธ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋‹จ์ธต์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Since the first reports of Jin vitro culture of vascular endothelium, most successes have been achieved with endothelial cells derived from large vessels such as human umbilical vein rind bovine aorta. Many authors have investigated adherence, chemotaxis, extravasation and intercellular interactions of various cell types, like neutrophils, lymphocytes, and tumor cells in contact with large vessel endothelial cells. However, it has become clear that there are many fundamental differences between microvascular endothelial cells and large vessel endothelial cells. Thus, the inferences that haute been made about the mechanisms of angiogenesis, inflammation, and tumor metastasis based on a study of large vessel endothelium may not be valid. In vitro culture of microvascular endothelium remains a difficult procedure because of the difficulty of obtaining pure population of micmvascular endothelial cell in primary cultures and the difficulty of satisfying their fastidious culture requiremcnt. In this report the isolation, cultivation, identification and growth pattern of microvascular endothlium from rat lunge arc described. Cells and explants derived from rat lungs were plated on 1% ge1atin coatod culture plate and cu1tured with serum-free media containing endothelial ce11 growth supplement, epidermal growth factor, insulin, hydrocortisone and so on. Five to seven days afar plating, cultured cells demonstated a homogencous population with features characteristic of cndothelium, namely they formed a monolayer of flats polygonal cells with round or oval nuclei contains several nucleoli. Identification of these cells was also performed by immunocytochemical method for factor Vโ…ข-related antigen and they expressed factor Vโ…ข-related antigen on virtually 100% of cells. Therefore, the cultured cells were identified as endothelial cells by their morphology and by positive stain for factor Vโ…ข-related antigen. Differences between gelatin coated culture plate and uncoatod culture plate in endothelial cell growth were evaluated. Cells plated on uncoated platic plate had a spindle shaped morphology and did not express factor Vโ…ข-related antigen. Serum-free media containing endothelial cell growth supplement and RPMI 1640 media supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum were also compared in primary culture. In contrast with serum-free media, cells cultured in serum-contains media showed fibroblast-like morphology, and these fibroblast-like cells did not express factor Vโ…ข-related antigen. These results suggest that a gelatin substratum and serum-free media containing endothelial cell growth supplement are necessary for the in vitro proliferation of microvascular endothelial cells. The cu1ture method and conditions outlined herr allows the proliferation of pure microvascular endothelial cells and may be useful for the studies of inflammation, angiogensis, metastanisms, and the role of microvascular endothlium in other pathologic states.restrictio

    (The) burn-out syndrome of the doctors and nurses working in the emergency department.

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    ๋ณ‘์›ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ข…ํ•ฉ๋ณ‘์› ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค์— ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ํƒˆ์ง„ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ , ์กฐ์ง์ , ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํƒˆ์ง„์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์„œ์šธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” 700๋ณ‘์ƒ ์ด์ƒ์˜ 6๊ฐœ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ณ‘์› ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค์— ์ข…์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ 2002๋…„ 4์›” 15์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 15์ผ๊ฐ„ ๊ตฌ์กฐํ™”๋œ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ธฐ์ž…์‹ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด 228๋ช…์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์ง์ข…๊ฐ„ ์†Œ์ง„์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด T๊ฒ€์ •๊ณผ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์™€ ํƒˆ์ง„์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ์ˆœ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํƒˆ์ง„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค์ค‘ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” ํƒˆ์ง„์˜ ํ•˜์œ„ ์ฐจ์› ์ค‘ ์ •์„œ์  ํƒˆ์ง„์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์•˜๊ณ , ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„ํ™”, ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์„ฑ์ทจ๊ฐ ๊ฐ์†Œ ์ˆœ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒ€์ง์ข…์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ณต์ง€์‚ฌ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•„ ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค ์˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒˆ์ง„ ์ •๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ „์ฒด ํƒˆ์ง„์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ž์•„์กด์ค‘๊ฐ์ด ๋‚ฎ์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ์—ฐ๋ น์ด ์ ์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ์—…๋ฌด๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก, ๋ณด์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์กฑํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ ์ˆ˜๋ก, ํƒˆ์ง„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ด ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ํƒˆ์ง„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์„ค๋ช…๋ ฅ์€ 54%๋กœ ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์˜์‚ฌ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋” ํƒˆ์ง„์„ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ž์•„์กด์ค‘๊ฐ, ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ˜•ํƒœ, ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ์—ฐ๋ น, ์ง์›๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„, ๋ณด์ƒ ๋“ฑ์ด ์›์ธ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ •์„œ์  ํƒˆ์ง„์€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€, ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„ํ™”๋Š” ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์  ๋‹ต๋ณ€์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ด€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ง‘๋‹จ๊ฐ„์— ํ‘œ๋ณธ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ œํ•œ์ ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค ์˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒˆ์ง„์›์ธ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ช…(็ฉถๆ˜Ž)ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์—์„œ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์˜ ํƒˆ์ง„ ์š”์ธ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ํƒˆ์ง„์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ์— ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ๋กœ ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค ์˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ์˜ ํƒˆ์ง„์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ณ‘์›์˜ ์™ธ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์ด ์ ์ • ์—…๋ฌด๋Ÿ‰์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์ œ๋„ ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ ์—…๋ฌด์˜ ์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‘๊ธ‰์ „๋ฌธ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฒ•์ œํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‚ด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๋ฉด์„œ ์พŒ์ ํ•œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์˜์‚ฌ์™€ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์›ํ™œํžˆํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‘๊ธ‰์‹ค ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜๋ฃŒ์ง„์˜ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๋ฉฐ ํ™˜์ž์™€ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก๊ณผ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ถ€์—ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The purpose of this study was to find the factors affecting the burn out syndrome and its degree in terms of personal, organizational and clients characteristics, and then to find the ways to reduce or eliminate those factors. The 228 doctors and the nurses who worked at the emergency departments in 6 general hospitals with more than 1000 beds in Seoul were surveyed from April 15, 2002 for 15 days. A structured self-recording questionnaire was used; the t-test and anova was used to analyse the median difference between the occupation, and multiple regression was employed to find the factors affecting the burn-out syndrome. The summary of this research analysis is as follows: First, of several variables, the highest frequency of the burn-out was the emotional burn-out followed by lack in personal touch toward the patients, decrease in sense of personal achievement. These results indicate that the doctors and nurses in emergency departments experience higher degree of burn-out than the social workers and the nurses who work at other departments in heath care environment as other studies revealed. Second, the analysis of the total burn-out factors showed the lower self respect, younger age, heavier work load, higher dissatisfaction rate toward remuneration and not-so-smooth relationship with the patients and their relatives the higher burn out rate. These variables explained 54% of the total variables. Third, the nurses experienced more burn-out syndrome than the doctors. The degree of self-respect, work pattern, relationship with the clients, age and remuneration were the causes of the burn-out. The doctors recorded lack in personal touch toward the patients more, while the nurses more to emotional exhaustion. The limitations of this research are the subjective answers of the respondents to certain questions and differences in sample numbers of each hospital in which some reservation can be exercised in explaining statistical significance of the data, and generalizing the conclusion. Despite of its limitation, this research has its own merit as an unpreceded research in this field, and provision of the basic materialsto prevent and find causes of the burn-out syndrome among the doctors and nurses in the emergency departments. This study is to suggest to reorganize as follows for decreasing and preventing the burn-out of the doctors and the nurses in an emergency room. First, reducing the work load of the health care providers by reorganizing the man power management system; legalizing emergency clinical nurse specialist system; increasing satisfaction rate of the health care workers by improving work pattern at the emergency department, and finally Seventh, providing education and training to deal with the patients and their relatives'' dissatisfaction and anxiety.ope

    ๊ณ ์† ์ด๋™์ฒด์—์„œ ์œ„์„ฑ/์ง€์ƒ ์ „์†ก์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ˜• ๋ณตํ˜ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ CRC ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋˜ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋Šฅ๋ ฅ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ํ•œ๊ณ„์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋ฉด e-RS ๋ณตํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณตํ˜ธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด ์‚ญ์ œ ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ˆ˜์‹ ๋œ ์‹ฌ๋ณผ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, RS ๋ณตํ˜ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ˜• ๋ณตํ˜ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์‚ญ์ œ๋œ ์‹ฌ๋ณผ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์ •์ • ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ณผ์ด ์‚ญ์ œ๋œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ, ์‚ญ์ œ์ „์˜ ์ˆ˜์‹  ์‹ฌ๋ณผ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ RS๋ณตํ˜ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜ค๋ฅ˜์ •์ •์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€์•ˆ์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ํ‘œ์ค€์•ˆ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํšจ์œจ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์šฐ์‹œ์•ˆ ์ฑ„๋„ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ Train interruption (TI)ใ€€์ฑ„๋„ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ CRC ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธํ™” ๋ฐฉ์‹์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ์˜ ์†๋„, virtual interleaver size, data rate ๋ฐ IP Packet ์‚ฌ์ด์ฆˆ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ ๋ถ€ํ˜ธํ™” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์„ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ†ต์‹  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์ตœ์ ์˜ parameter๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๊ทธ๋ฆผ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ....................................................................................................ii ํ‘œ ๋ชฉ์ฐจ.......................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT................................................................................................iv ์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก ...............................................................................................1 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์„œ ๋ถ„์„...................................................................................3 ์ œ 2-1 ์ ˆ DVB-H ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์„œ ๋ถ„์„.............................................................3 ์ œ 2-2 ์ ˆ DVB-S2 ๊ทœ๊ฒฉ์„œ ๋ถ„์„..........................................................11 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ MPE-FEC ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ณตํ˜ธ ๊ณผ์ •........................................12 ์ œ 3-1 ์ ˆ CRC ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋ณตํ˜ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•...........................................................13 ์ œ 3-2 ์ ˆ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ˜• ๋ณตํ˜ธ๋ฐฉ์‹.......................................................15 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ Train interruption (TI)ใ€€์ฑ„๋„ ๋ชจ๋ธ๋ง.........................................18 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ์ด๋™์„ฑ DVB-SSP์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ˜ธํ™” ๋ฐฉ์‹.....................21 ์ œ 5-1 ์ ˆ Reed-Solomon ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ...........................................................21 ์ œ 5-2 ์ ˆ Erasure Reed-Solomon ๋ถ€ํ˜ธ.............................................23 ์ œ 5-3 ์ ˆ DVB-S2์— ์ ์šฉ๋œ LDPC๋ถ€ํ˜ธ.............................................26 ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ..........................................................................29 ์ œ 6-1 ์ ˆ CRC ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ์ œ์•ˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ๋น„๊ต................................29 ์ œ 6-2 ์ ˆ TI ์ฑ„๋„์—์„œ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ˜• ๋ณตํ˜ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ...................................30 ์ œ 7 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ ๋ก ...........................................................................................37 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ....................................................................................................3

    Effects of retinal illuminance on visual acuity and fusion.

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    ์˜๊ณผํ•™์‚ฌ์—…๋‹จ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์–‘์•ˆ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ง๋ง‰์— ๋งบํžˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ์„ ๋ช…๋„, ๋ฐ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด ๋“ฑ์ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์‹œ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œตํ•ฉ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ๊ธฐ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ง๋ง‰์˜ ์กฐ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์–‘์•ˆ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–‘์•ˆ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ธ ์„ฑ์ธ์—์„œ ์–‘์•ˆ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ต์ •์‹œ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์•ฝ์‹œ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ตœ์†Œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ค‘์„ฑํ•„ํ„ฐ (Neutral density filter)๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์–‘์•ˆ์˜ ๋ง๋ง‰์กฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ฌ ๋•Œ์— ์ตœ๋Œ€๊ต์ •์‹œ๋ ฅ๊ณผ, ์ขŒ์•ˆ์—๋งŒ ์ค‘์„ฑํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•œ ํ›„ ์–‘์•ˆ์˜ ์ตœ์†Œํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์–‘์•ˆ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ •์ƒ์ธ 50๋ช… 100์•ˆ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ํ‰๊ท  ์—ฐ๋ น์€ 31.9์„ธ์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค‘์„ฑํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ 0.1 ND (80%ํˆฌ๊ณผ์œจ)๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1.0 ND(10%ํˆฌ๊ณผ์œจ)๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ต์ •์‹œ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œตํ•ฉ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์ค‘์„ฑํ•„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํƒœ์™€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ 2.0 ND(1%ํˆฌ๊ณผ์œจ)์—์„œ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๊ต์ •์‹œ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œตํ•ฉ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ €ํ•˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค(P๏ผœ0.01). ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ง๋ง‰์˜ ์กฐ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ 2.0 ND ์ด์ƒ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œตํ•ฉ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์คŒ (P๏ผœ0.01)์œผ๋กœ 90% ์ดํ•˜์˜ ๋น›์˜ ์ฐจ๋‹จ์€ ์‹œ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œตํ•ฉ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์‹ฌํ•œ ์กฐ๋„์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œ์—๋Š” ์‹œ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์œตํ•ฉ์ด ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ์†Œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ–ฅํ›„ ์–‘์•ˆ์‹œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„ ์ง€์†์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์•ฝ์‹œ์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์กฐ๊ธฐ ์ง„๋‹จ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The normal binocular vision is known to be affected by interocular differences in retinal image size (aniseikonia), clarity (anisometropia), brightness. We examined the effects of induced retinal illuminance on visual acuity and fusion. Fifty adults, whose best corrected visual acuity were 20/20 or better with normal binocularity and fusion by major amblyoscope, were examined. Twenty eight subjects were men and twenty two subjects were women. The mean age was 31.9 years. To examine the effect of retinal illuminance on visual acuity and fusion, we used neutral density filter from 0.1 ND to 4.0 ND. While neutral density filter values were increased, we examined the best corrected visual acuity and least size fusion slide by major amblyoscope. The best corrected visual acuity and level of fusion were decreased significantly when monocular retinal illuminance was reduced to 2.0 ND (p<0.01, p<0.01, respectively) . Although the visual acuity and fusion was equally influenced by retinal illuminance, the effect on fusion was more prominent under large decrease of retinal illuminance. Further study will be needed in order to fully evaluate the influences of other factors on binocular fusion, and these studies will be of help for prevention and early detection of amblyopia.ope

    The formation of ROK-US mutual security pact: control of alliance dilemma through institutionalization of alliance

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์™ธ๊ตํ•™๊ณผ,2009.2.Maste

    ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก์˜ ์‹คํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ต์œก ์ „๊ณต,2003.Maste
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